tana.' In 1834 he issued the prospectus of a 'New English Dictionary,' and the work itself was published by Pickering in parts between January 1835 and the spring of 1837. The dictionary is a republication of the lexicon, with improvements and additions. Richardson's principle was to arrive at the original and proper meaning which was inherent in a word from its etymology. He was severely taken to task by Webster in his Mistakes and Corrections' (1837), especially for his ignorance of oriental languages. Tooke's principle,' wrote Webster, that a word has one meaning, and one only, and that from this all usages must spring, is substantially correct; but he has, in most cases, failed to find that meaning, and you [Richardson] have rarely or never advanced a step beyond him.' The spelling was antiquated, the etymologies frequently wrong; sounds were not distinguished by signs; the wrong word often headed the lemma. Nevertheless, the work was generally received with much favour, especially by the Quarterly' and the Gentleman's Magazine.' Anabridged 8vo edition, without the quotations, appeared in 1839, with a new preface, but uncorrected. In quotations from authors the dictionary was far more copious than any previous work of its class in English.

Richardson gave up his school after 1827, and thenceforth lived at Lower Tulse Hill, Norwood. Before 1859 he removed to 23 Torrington Square. In 1853 a pension of 757. a year was granted to him from the civil list. He died at Feltham on Friday, 6 Oct. 1865, and was buried in his mother's grave at Clapham. The bust of Horne Tooke at University College, by Chantrey, was bequeathed by him.

He married Elizabeth, widow of Daniel Terry, the actor, whose son was at his school. She died in 1863, and to her daughter Jane he bequeathed his house at Tulse Hill.

In addition to the above works, he published a book on the study of language, being an explanation of the Diversions of Purley' (1854). He also contributed several papers to the Gentleman's Magazine,' and wrote essays on English Grammar and English Grammarians,' and on Fancy and Imagination.'

[Notes and Queries, 8th ser. v. 144 s. v. John M. Morton;' Gent. Mag. 1865 ii. 796; Mr. H. B. Wheatley in Philological Soc. Transactions, 1865; Quarterly Review, li. 172; Times, 12 Oct. 1865; Richardson's will and publications.] E. C. M. RICHARDSON, CHARLES JAMES (1806–1871), architect, born in 1806, was a pupil of Sir John Soane [q. v.] From 1845 to 1852 he was master of the architectural

class in the school of design at Somerset House. In 1852 he designed the Earl of Harrington's mansion in Kensington Palace Gardens; in 1853 he carried out various works at Belsize Park, Hampstead, and in 1856 a block of mansions in Queen's Gate, Hyde Park, for W. Jackson. He died in 1871. In the library of the South Kensington Museum is a collection of 549 original drawings by English architects, formed by Richardson, with several volumes of studies, including tracings from designs by Vanbrugh, R. Adam, Thorpe, and Tatham, and drawings of buildings, furniture, and ornaments, chiefly of the Elizabethan period. In the Soane Museum, Lincoln's Inn Fields, are a sketchbook of views and details of his house at Ealing, and a collection of the drawings which he used at his architectural lectures. In the British Museum Library are two volumes of proofs of Richardson's designs, from the 'Builder.' Richardson published: 1. "Holbein's Ceiling of the Chapel Royal, St. James's,' 1837. 2. 'Observations on the Architecture of England during the Reigns of Queen Elizabeth and James I,' 1837. 3. A Design for raising Holborn Valley,' 1837 reissued in 1863. 4. A Popular Treatise on the Warming and Ventilation of Buildings,' 1837. 5. Description of Warming Apparatus,' 1839. 6. Architectural Remains of the Reigns of Elizabeth and James I,' 1840. 7. 'Studies from Old English Mansions,' 4 vols. 1841-8. 8. The Workman's Guide to the Study of Old English Architecture,' 1845. 9. A Letter to the Council of the Head Government School of Design,' 1846. 10. Studies of Ornamental Design,' 1851. 11. The Smoke Nuisance and its Remedy,' 1869. 12. 'The Englishman's House, from a Cottage to a Mansion,' 1870.

[Dict. of Architecture; Brit. Mus. Library Catalogue; Universal Catalogue of Books on Art, Science and Art Department, South Kensington, 1870] C. D.

RICHARDSON, CHARLOTTE CAROLINE (1775-1850?), poetess, born at York on 5 March 1775, of poor parents named Smith, received a meagre education at the Greycoat school, York, a charitable institution where the girls were chiefly trained for domestic service. In July 1790 she obtained a situation, and remained in service at various houses until 31 Oct. 1802, when she married a shoemaker named Richardson, to whom she had long been attached. Shortly after the marriage Richardson was found to be suffering from consumption. He died in 1804, leaving his widow destitute, with a two

months-old infant, who fell ill and became blind. In these straits Charlotte opened a school, but, although it had some measure of success, she was forced to discontinue it in consequence of her own ill-health.

She had a natural liking for poetry, and, despite her defective education, had for many years been in the habit of writing verse. Her poems came under the notice of Mrs. Newcome Cappe, who appealed through the 'Gentleman's Magazine' for subscriptions to defray the expenses of printing a selection from them (cf. Gent. Mag. 1805 ii. 813, 846, 1808 ii. 697). The appeal was successful. Among the subscribers were Dr. and Miss Aiken, Mrs. Barbauld, Mrs. Lenoir, Mrs. Meeke, and Messrs. Longman & Co., and six hundred more copies than the number subscribed for were sold. To the volume, which was published in 1806, Mrs. Cappe prefixed an account of the author. Mrs. Richardson's verses have little distinction, and are chiefly remarkable as the work of an uneducated woman. The poems are mainly religious or personal, such as paraphrases of passages from the New Testament or addresses to relatives and friends. Mrs. Richardson died about 1850.

Other works by Mrs. Richardson are: 1. Waterloo, a Poem,' 1815. 2. Isaac and Rebecca, a Poem,' 1817. 3. Harvest, a Poem, with other Poetical Pieces,' 1818. 4. The Soldier's Child, or Virtue Triumphant: a Novel,' 2 vols. 1821. 5. Ludolph, or the Light of Nature, a Poem,' 1823.

A contemporary, Mrs. Caroline Richardson (1777-1853), born at Forge, Dumfriesshire, on 24 Nov. 1777, wife of George Richardson, East India Company's servant, who died at Berhampore in 1826, published a volume of 'Poems in 1829, which reached a third edition in the following year. She also wrote a novel, Adonia,' and several tales and essays. She died on 9 Nov. 1853 (IRVING, Eminent Scotsmen, p. 433).

[Mrs. Cappe's Memoir prefixed to the Poems (1806); Biogr. Dict. of Living Authors, 1816.]

E. L.

RICHARDSON, CHRISTOPHER (1618-1698), nonconformist divine, was born in York and baptised on 17 Jan. 1618 at St. Mary's, Bishophill, York. He was educated at Trinity College, Cambridge, and graduated M.A. In 1646 he obtained the sequestered rectory of Kirkheaton, near Huddersfield, Yorkshire, which he held till the Restoration, when, being a man of property, he purchased Lassell Hall in Kirkheaton parish, and made it his residence. Though disabled by the uniformity act of

1662, he continued to preach in his house, using the staircase as a pulpit. He was an intimate associate of Oliver Heywood [q. v.], in whose diaries is frequent mention of visits to Lassell Hall for religious exercises. Under the indulgence of 1672 he was licensed as chaplain to William Cotton of Denby Grange, Penistone, Yorkshire, and retained this connection till 1687, preaching also at Sheffield and at Norton, Derbyshire.

In 1687 he removed from Lassell Hall, and in his seventieth year became the founder of nonconformity in Liverpool. Availing himself of James II's declaration for liberty of conscience, he conducted worship in a building in Castle Hey (now Harrington Street). His services were fortnightly, and alternately he preached at Toxteth Park chapel, founded (1618) by Richard Mather q. v.] This arrangement was maintained till his death in November or December 1698; he was buried on 5 Dec. in the graveyard of St. Nicholas's Church, Liverpool. In 1884 a tablet to his memory was erected in Kirkheaton church by his descendants. He married, first, Elizabeth (d. 1668), by whom he had a son Christopher; secondly, on 23 Jan. 1683, Hephzibah (b. 3 Jan. 1655, d. 1735), daughter of Edward Prime, ejected from a curacy at Sheffield; she survived Richardson, and married (25 July 1722) Robert Ferne (d. 1727), nonconformist minister of Wirksworth, Derbyshire. Portraits of Richardson and of his second wife are given in Nightingale.

[Calamy's Account, 1713, p. 795 (derived from Oliver Heywood, who began a life of Richardson on 2 Oct. 1699); Walker's Sufferings of the Clergy, 1714, ii. 374; Wright's Funeral Sermon for Thomas Cotton, 1730, pp. 28 sq.; Hunter's Oliver Heywood, 1842, p. 253; Thom's Liverpool Churches and Chapels, 1854, pp. 66 sq.; Nonconformist Register (Turner), 1881, pp. 45, 114, 217, 297; Heywood's Diaries (Turner), 1882 i. 260, 296, 1881 ii. 9, 1883 iii. 119, 1885 iv. 184; Evans's Hist. of Renshaw

Street Chapel, Liverpool, 1887, pp. 2, 174; Nightingale's Lancashire Nonconformity (1893), iii. 83 sq. 110 sq.; Extract from burial register of St. Nicholas, Liverpool.] A. G.

RICHARDSON, DAVID LESTER (1801-1865), poet and miscellaneous writer, was born in 1801. He became a cadet in the Bengal army, and went to India in 1819, but, though he ultimately became a major, he saw little military service, and was soon given civil employment. He served on the staff of Lord William Bentinck, and in the education department at Calcutta, under Macaulay. In 1827 he returned to England, and founded the 'London Weekly Review,'

in 1619. He became fellow of his college in 1607, and rector of Heythrop, Oxfordshire, in 1635. He died on 31 Dec. 1642, and was buried on 1 Jan. in the church of St. Mary the Virgin, Oxford.

Richardson wrote 'Of the State of Europe, XIIII Bookes conteining the Historie and Relation of the many Provinces hereof, continued out of approved Authours,' Oxford, 1627, fol. (each book paged separately, and beginning with a half-title). This was dedicated to John, bishop of Lincoln. Wood states that the manuscript, amounting to several volumes, of the remainder of the work came into the hands of Dr. Henry Bridgman, who neglected, if he did not mutilate, it.

[Wood's Athenæ Oxon. iii. 37, and Fasti Oxon. i. 302, 326; Clark's Oxford Reg.; Foster's Alumni Oxon. The Registers of Brasenose College give little information.] W. A. S.

RICHARDSON, GEORGE (1736?1817?), architect, was in full professional practice towards the end of the eighteenth century in London. From 1760 to 1763 he was travelling in the south of France, Italy, Istria, and Dalmatia, and studying the remains of ancient architecture and painting. The materials which he there collected were utilised in his subsequent work on the five orders of architecture, and in what formed the main branch of his professional activity, viz. the decoration of apartments in the antique taste. In 1765 he gained the premium of the Society of Arts for the elevation of a side of a street in classical style, being then under thirty years of age, and from 1766 he was a frequent exhibitor at that society's gallery. From 1774 to 1793 he also exhibited at the Royal Academy. In 1766 he lived in King Street, Golden Square; but had removed by 1767 to 95 Great Titchfield Street, and again by 1781 to No. 105 in the same street, which continued to be his address till 1816, the date of his last publication. His terms as a teacher of architectural drawing are advertised in his New Designs in Architecture,' 1792. In his old age he was in reduced circumstances, and was relieved by Nollekens.

Original coloured designs for ceilings, by Richardson, are in the Scane Museum, Lincoln's Inn Fields. The range of his studies and the measure of his ability as a decorator may be deduced from his published works: 1. Edes Pembrochianæ,' 1774 (an account of the antiquities at Wilton House). 2. 'A Book of Ceilings,' 1776. 3. Iconology,' 2 vols. 1778-9, with plates by Bartolozzi and other engravers after W. Hamilton. 4.A

VOL. XLVIII.

New Collection of Chimney Pieces,' 1781. 5. Treatise on the Five Orders of Architecture,' 1787. 6. 'New Designs in Architecture,' 1792. 7. 'New Designs of Vases and Tripods,' 1793. 8. Capitals of Columns and Friezes from the Antique,' 1793. 9. Original Designs for Country Seats or Villas,' 1795. 10. The New Vitruvius Britannicus,' 2 vols. 1802-8 (a sequel to Colin Campbell's Vitruvius Britannicus,' 1715, &c.) 11. 'Ornaments in the Grecian, Roman, and Etruscan Tastes,' 1816. In all these works, with the exception of 'Iconology' (No. 3), the plates were engraved in aquatint by Richardson himself, jointly, in the later publications, with his son William, who exhibited architectural designs at the Royal Academy, 1783–1794.

[Richardson's published works; Dict. of Architecture; Smith's Nollekens and his Times, ed. Gosse, 1895, p. 122; Dossie's Memoirs, 1782, iii. 421.] C. D.

RICHARDSON,

GEORGE (17731862), quaker, born on 18 Dec. 1773 at Low Lights, near North Shields, Northumberland, was fourth son of John Richardson (d. 1800), a tanner there, by his wife, Margaret Stead (cf. Newcastle Advertiser, 5 April 1800). George's mother died when he was eight, and he was sent to live with an aunt who kept a shop at Shields. There he read largely, chiefly quaker books. At fourteen he was apprenticed to Joshua Watson, a grocer in Newcastle, where he settled for life, and soon took charge of a branch of his master's business. He began preaching at twenty, and was recorded a minister by the Society of Friends at twentyfour. After travelling seven hundred miles or more as guide' to friends from America, he began religious tours on his own account, and during the next forty years visited every county in England, as well as Wales, Ireland, Scotland, Jersey, and Guernsey. He also interested himself in missions, and was for fifty years connected with the Bible Society. He actively helped to found the Royal Jubilee schools at Newcastle by way of celebrating the jubilee of George III (1809). He spent his leisure among the fishing population of Cullercoats (Northumberland), and provided for the village efficient water supply and schools. Even in advanced age he would, when at Cullercoats, put out to sea with bibles for the French sailors in the ships in the offing.

He died, aged nearly 90, on 9 Aug. 1862, and was buried in the Friends' burialground, Pilgrim Street, Newcastle. By his wife, Eleanor Watson, niece of his first employer, Richardson had five children, who

Q

reached maturity. Of a son Isaac, who died at Ventnor, aged 30, Richardson wrote a brief Memoir, published in London, 12mo, 1841. He also wrote tracts and pamphlets on tithes and other subjects, and Annals of the Cleveland Richardsons and their Descendants,' Newcastle, 12mo, 1850.

[Mrs. Ogden Boyce, Records of a Quaker Family, London, 1889, 4to, with genealogical charts, based on Richardson's Annals of the Cleveland Richardsons; Journal of the Gospel Labours of George Richardson, &c., London, 1864; Smith's Cat. of Friends' Books, ii. 483; Northern Daily Express, 11 Aug. 1862.]

C. F. S.

RICHARDSON, GEORGE FLEMING (1796-1848), geologist, was born about 1796. He acted at one time as curator to the collection of Dr. Gideon Algernon Mantell [q. v.], when it was on exhibition at Brighton in 1837. He also took notes of a series of Mantell's lectures, which were published as 'The Wonders of Geology' (1838).

6

In 1838, when Mantell's collection was bought by the trustees of the British Museum, Richardson entered their service as assistant in the department of minerals.' This post he filled for ten years. During the same period he lectured on geology and kindred subjects, and was elected a fellow of the Geological Society on 22 May 1839. In 1848 pecuniary embarrassments led him into the bankruptcy court, and he committed suicide in Somers Town on 5 July 1848. His geological handbooks were useful compilations; he was less successful in his efforts in general literature. He was author of: 1. Poetic Hours,' &c., 12mo, London, 1825. 2. Rosalie Berton,' in 'Tales of all Nations,' 12mo, London, 1827. 3. Sketches in Prose and Verse,' 8vo, London, 1835; 2nd ser. 8vo, London, 1838. 4. Geology for Beginners,' &c., 12mo, London, 1842; 2nd ed. 1843; reissued 1851. 5. Geology, Mineralogy,' &c., revised by Wright, 8vo, London, 1858. 'An Essay on the German Language and Literature,' by Richardson, is advertised in A Descriptive Catalogue of the Objects. . . in the Museum attached to the Sussex Scientific and Literary Institute, 1836,' which last he possibly also wrote. He also translated "The Life of C. T. Körner,' 8vo, London, 1827; 2nd edit. 1845; and at his death he had completed a translation of Bouterwek's 'History of German Literature.'

[Athenæum, 1848, p. 704; Gent. Mag. 1849, p. 550; Introd. to Wonders of Geology, 3rd edit.; information kindly supplied by the authorities of the British Museum and by the assistant secretary of the Geological Society; Brit. Mus. Cat.] B. B. W.

RICHARDSON, JAMES (1806-1851), African traveller, was born in 1806 in Lincolnshire, and was educated for the evangelical ministry. His early training and enterprising temper produced in adult life an ambition to propagate Christianity and suppress the slave trade in Africa. He attached himself to the English Anti-Slavery Society, and under its auspices went out to Malta, where he took part in the editing of a newspaper and also engaged in the study of the Arabic language and of geography, with a view to systematic exploration. His first attempt to penetrate into North Africa was by Morocco, but here his resources were unequal to the enterprise, and, after visiting the chief coast towns of that district during a stay of some months, he gave up the project. His next effort was by way of Algiers and Tripoli in the spring of 1845. On this side he reached Ghadames and Ghat (by the end of October 1845), where he made a stay of some weeks and recorded many interesting but not very original observations. He tried to penetrate still further south, but was forced to be content with what had been already done. Returning by Fezzan, he re-entered Tripoli on 18 April 1847, and made his way back to England cf. art. LYON, GEORGE FRANCIS]. He contrived to enlist the sympathies of Lord Palmerston, who supported his scheme for a government exploration of the Sahara and Soudan. To this plan he tried hard to give an international character, first visiting Paris in September 1849 and attempting to gain the help of the president of the republic through the mediation of Walckenaer, Jomard, and other savants, but without success; and finally obtaining, with the aid of Bunsen, then Prussian ambassador in London, the co-operation of two Germans, Barth and Overweg, who accompanied him at the expense and under the direction of the English government. The especial object of this expedition was to explore Lake Tchad, which, in spite of the visits of Oudney, Denham, and Clapperton (1822-4), still remained on the horizon of European knowledge. Richardson's wife, whom he had married shortly before his start on this his third and final venture, went with him as far as Tripoli, and was left there to wait for his return. On 23 March 1850 the three explorers set out from Tripoli, arriving at Ghat on 24 July. They reached Aheer, or Asben, on the southern edge of the Sahara, on 4 Sept., and Damerghou in December of the same year. At this point they were delayed some time, and at last decided to take different ways to Lake Tchad, their rendezvous. Richardson went straight by