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compared her to Juno for jealousy and Xantippe for violence, and shortly after she had given birth to a son he quitted her for ever. For two years she was dependent on a nurse named Lespagnier, to whom the French academy on 25 Aug. 1783 consequently awarded the Montyon prize. Rivarol was much mortified at the stigma thus cast on him, and did his utmost to prevent the prize from being awarded; but all that he could effect was the omission of his wife's name from the report. During the revolution she was imprisoned for three months in 1794, but on her release obtained a divorce as the wife

of an émigré. After her husband's death at Berlin in 1801 she published a Notice sur Rivarol,' in which she complained of his brother and other mischief-makers as the cause of the estrangement, affected great admiration and love for him, and protested bitterly, notwithstanding the divorce, against her exclusion from his will. In straitened circumstances, she translated several English works into French, and in 1801 offered to write for Suard's Publiciste.' After the Restoration she obtained a small pension, and she died in Paris on 21 Aug. 1821. Her son Raphael, who resembled his father in wit and good looks, joined Rivarol at Hamburg at the end of 1794, and served first in the Danish and then in the Russian army. He died in Russia in 1810.

[Cotton's Reynolds and his Works, p. 103; Northcote's Reynolds; Hill's Letters of Dr. Johnson; Grimm's Correspondance Littéraire; Notice sur Rivarol; Lescure's Rivarol; Le Breton's Rivarol; Alger's Englishmen in the French Revolution, App. E.]

J. G. A.

RIVAULX or RIVALLIS, PETER DE (d. 1258?), favourite of Henry III, a Poitevin by birth, is said by Roger Wendover (iii. 48) to have been a son, and by Matthew Paris to have been a son or nephew, of Peter des Roches [q. v.] In 1204, being then apparently a minor, he was granted various churches in Lincolnshire (Rot. Lit. Pat. Record edit. p. 43). In 1218 he appears as one of the king's chamberlains and a clerk in the wardrobe, and in 1223 he was chancellor of Poitou (SHIRLEY, Letters of Henry III). On the fall of Hubert de Burgh in June 1232, the Poitevins became all-powerful. Rivaulx was made custos of escheats and wards and treasurer, in place of Hubert's friend, Ranulf Brito [q. v.] He was also granted the custody of many of the most important castles in England, the royal purveyorship at fairs, the chamberlainship of the exchequer in Ireland, custody of the Jewry, and of many ports and vacant sees (ib. passim). According to Matthew Paris,

the king at this time put no trust in any one except Rivaulx, cujus Anglia tota dispositionibus subjacebat.' In 1232 he was sent to demand Hubert de Burgh's treasure; in the following year he took an active part in the proceedings against Richard Marshal [q. v.], and received custody of the lands of the earl's two chief supporters, Gilbert Basset and Richard Siward. In November he was present at Grosmont, and lost his property in the retreat which followed Marshal's defeat of the king's forces.

Meanwhile a strong reaction set in against the Poitevin favourites. Robert Bacun told the king there would be no peace until Rivaulx was removed, and the bishops threatened to excommunicate him. At length, in April 1234, Henry was forced to yield to the clamour; Peter was deprived of all his offices, and fled to Winchester for sanctuary. Thence he was summoned in July to appear before the king, who reproached him with his evil counsel, and sent him to the Tower. A few days later he was released, on the intervention of Edmund Rich, archbishop of Canterbury, and allowed to retire to Winchester. In 1236 he was once more restored to favour and made keeper of the wardrobe; in 1249 he had temporary charge of the great seal, and in the same year was sent to receive the tallage of the city of London. On 16 July 1255 he was constituted a baron of the exchequer; in the following year he was dean of Brug and rector of Claverley in Shropshire (EYTON, Shropshire, iii. 75). In 1257 he was again appointed treasurer, and in the same year was sent on an embassy to France to renew the truce (MATT. PARIS, Chron. Maj. v. 611, 620). On 20 May 1258 he was granted some land at Winchester; but his name does not appear again, and he probably died in the same year.

[Matthew Paris, Roger Wendover, Matthew of Westminster, Annales Monastici, and Shirley's Letters of Henry III (Rolls Ser.), passim ; Roberts's Excerpt. e Rot. Fin.; Madox's Hist. of the Exchequer; Devon's Issue Rolls, pp. 39, 40; Rotuli Litt. Patent. 1204-16, p. 43; Cal. Rot. Pat. passim; Cal. Rot. Chart. pp. 49, 50; Rymer's Foedera (Record edit.), 1. i. 370; Rôles Gascons, ed. Michel; Sussex Archæol. Coll. v. 144, 152, 153, xviii. 142, xxiii. 25; Dupont's Pierre des Roches; Foss's Judges of England.] A. F. P.

RIVERS, EARLS OF. [See WOODVILLE OF WYDEVILLE, RICHARD, first EARL, d. 1469; cond EARL, d. 1483; SAVAGE, RICHARD, WOODVILLE or WYDEVILLE, ANTHONY, sefourth EARL, 1664–1712.]

RIVERS, first BARON. [See PITT, GEORGE, 1722 ?-1803.]

RIVERS, ANTONY (A. 1615), jesuit, who also went by the name of THOMAS BLEWETT, was living in London from 1601 to 1603, and was socius or secretary to Father Henry Garnett [q. v.] He corresponded with Robert Parsons (1546-1610) [q. v.], and, after the execution of Garnett in 1606, he seems to have joined Parsons in Italy. From London Rivers wrote letters, extant partly in the Old Clergy Chapter and partly in the Record Office, containing minute accounts of palace intrigues and state secrets. The description of the movement fostered by Elizabeth against the jesuits is interwoven with court news and amusing remarks on the queen's habits.

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In 1692 a dedication to a new issue of Shirley's fine tragedy 'The Traytor' (then recently revived at Covent Garden) spoke of the play as being originally the work of 'Mr. Rivers, and Motteux, in the 'Gentleman's Journal' for April 1692, stated that the real author was a jesuit, who wrote the play in Newgate, where he subsequently died. The Traytor' was, however, licensed as by James Shirley on 4 May 1631, and produced as by him at the Cockpit in 1635. Both Dyce and Mr. Fleay treat the ascription to Rivers in the dedication of 1692 as a dishonest attempt to claim the play for a Roman catholic (SHIRLEY, Dramatic Works, ed. Dyce, vol. i. p. xiv; FLEAY, Biogr. Chronicle, s. v. 'Rivers').

[Foley's Records of the Engl. Prov. of the Soc. of Jesus, i. 3 f.; Oliver's Jesuit Collections, p. 180; Baker's Biogr. Dram. ed. 1812, iii. 249.]

E. C. M.

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took part in founding the British Pomological Society. As a memorial of his services his portrait was painted in 1870, and placed in the rooms of the Royal Horticultural Society. He died on 17 Oct. 1877, and was buried at Sawbridgeworth. By his marriage in 1827 Rivers left a son, Mr. Thomas Francis Rivers, the present head of the firm and editor of his father's works. As a practical nurseryman, by the introduction of the Early Rivers' plum, Rivers both extended the native fruit season and enabled British fruit-growers to compete successfully with their continental rivals; while, by his development of small fruit trees, he gave a valuable lesson to English gardeners in the economy of space.

[Loudon's Arboretum et Fruticetum Britannicum, ii. 350; Journal of Horticulture, 1877, xxxiii. 327-8, 342-4; Repertorium Annuum Literaturæ Botanica Periodicæ, vi. 335, vii. 290 ; information from T. Francis Rivers, esq.]

W. A. S. H.

RIVERS, WILLIAM (1788-1856), lieutenant in the navy and adjutant of Greenwich Hospital, was entered on board the Victory in May 1795. In her he went out to the Mediterranean, was slightly wounded in the action of 13 July 1795, was present in the battle of Cape St. Vincent, 14 Feb. 1797, and on the return of the Victory to England continued in her while she was employed as a depot for prisoners, till paid off in 1799. He again joined the Victory in 1803, when she went out to the Mediterranean as flagship of Lord Nelson, and, continuing in her, was present in the RIVERS, THOMAS (1798-1877), nur- battle of Trafalgar, 21 Oct. 1805, when he seryman, the son of Thomas and Jane Rivers was severely wounded by a splinter in the of Sawbridgeworth, Hertfordshire, was born mouth, and had his left leg shot off in the very there on 27 Dec. 1798. His ancestor, John beginning of the action. On 8 Jan, 1806 he Rivers, a native of Berkshire, established was promoted to be lieutenant of the Princess nurseries at Sawbridgeworth between 1720 of Orange. He received a gratuity from the and 1730. On the retirement of his father patriotic fund, and in 1816 was awarded a in 1827, Rivers directed his efforts to the pension of five shillings a day for the loss of cultivation of roses, of which he obtained his leg. From April 1806 to January 1807 the best collection in England. In 1833 he he served in the Otter sloop in the Channel, published his Catalogue of Roses,' and in from April 1807 to October 1809 he was in 1837 The Rose Amateur's Guide' (11th the Cossack frigate, in which he was present edit. enlarged, &c. London, 1877, 8vo). His at the reduction of Copenhagen in SeptemMiniature Fruit Garden; or the Culture of ber 1807 [see GAMBIER, JAMES, LORD GAMPyramidal Fruit Trees,' &c. 1840, 8vo (20th BIER], and in the end of 1809 was in the Cretan edit. London, 1891, 8vo), gave an impulse to off Flushing. For the following years, and till root-pruning. In 1850 he published The the peace, he served in successive guardships Orchard House; or the Cultivation of Fruit at the Nore. After many fruitless applicaTrees in Pots under Glass' (London, 8vo, 16th tions for employment, he was in November edit.; edited and arranged by T. F. Rivers, 1824 appointed warden at Woolwich dockLondon, 1879, 8vo). Rivers also contributed yard, and in April 1826 to Greenwich Hoslargely to gardening journals, commencing pital. Here he remained for upwards of with a paper on apple-culture in 'Loudon's thirty years, during which time he took an Gardener's Magazine' (1827). In 1854 he active part in the administration and organi

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RIVERSTON, titular BARON OF (d. 1715). [See NUGENT, THOMAS.]

RIVETT or REVETT, JOHN (16241674), protestant brazier. [See under LE SUEUR, HUBERT.]

RIVIERE, HENRY PARSONS (18111888), watercolour painter, son of Daniel Valentine Riviere, a drawing-master, and younger brother of William Riviere [q. v.], and of Robert Riviere [q. v.], was born in the parish of St. Marylebone, London, on 16 Aug. 1811. He became a student of the Royal Academy, and also painted rustic figures from life at the Artists' Society in Clipstone Street. His earliest exhibited drawings were 'An Interior and a copy of The Triumph of Silenus,' by Rubens, which appeared at the Society of British Artists in 1832. Two years later, in 1834, he was elected a member of the New Society of Painters in Water-Colours, where he exhibited 101 drawings before his retirement from it in 1850. In 1852 he became an associate of the older Society of Painters in Water-Colours, but he never rose to the rank of a full member. Subjects of Irish life and humour, such as A Bit of Blarney,'' A Little Botheration,' and 'Don't say Nay, charming Judy Callaghan,' formed the staple of his exhibited works until 1865. About that time he gave up his practice as a teacher, and went to Rome, where he remained until near the end of his life. Henceforward the drawings which he sent home for exhibition consisted chiefly of views of the ancient ruins in Rome and its environs. Between 1852 and 1888 he contributed 299 works to the exhibitions of the society. He exhibited also occasionally between 1832 and 1873 at the Royal Academy, British Institution, and Society of British Artists. Among his more important works may be named The Dying Brigand' and The Forum, 1867, and The Coliseum,' 1868. He was an able copyist of the old masters. Titian's 'Entombment' and Paul Veronese's Marriage at Cana,' both in watercolours, are in the possession of Mr. Briton Riviere, R.A. The South Kensington Museum has A Temple, formerly known as a

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Temple of Vesta, and the House of Rienzi, Rome,' painted by him in 1887.

Riviere returned finally to England in 1884, and died at 26 St. John's Wood Road, London, on 9 May 1888.

[Roget's History of the Old Water-Colour' Society, 1891, ii. 369-72; Bryan's Dictionary Armstrong, 1886-9, ii. 770; Graves's Dictionary of Painters and Engravers, ed. Graves and of Artists, 1895; Athenæum, 1888, ii. 734; Exhibition Catalogues of the Society of Painters in Water-Colours, 1852-88.] R. E. G.

RIVIERE, ROBERT (1808-1882), bookbinder, was born on 30 June 1808 at 8 Cirencester Place (now called Titchfield Street), near Fitzroy Square, London. He was descended from a French family, who left their country on the revocation of the edict of Nantes. His father, Daniel Valentine Riviere (1780-1854), who was a drawing-master of considerable celebrity and a gold medallist of the Royal Academy, married, in 1800, Henrietta Thunder, by whom he had a family of five sons and six daughters. The eldest and third sons, William and Henry Parsons Riviere, both painters, are noticed separately. Anne, the eldest daughter, became the second wife of Sir Henry Rowley Bishop [q. v.], the composer, and acquired much distinction as a singer.

Robert, the second son, was educated at an academy at Hornsey kept by Mr. Grant, and on leaving school, in 1824, was apprenticed to Messrs. Allman, the booksellers, of Princes Street, Hanover Square. In 1829 he established himself at Bath as a bookseller, and subsequently as a bookbinder in a small way, employing only one man. But not finding sufficient scope for his talents in that city, he came in 1840 to London, where he commenced business as a bookbinder at 28 Great Queen Street, Lincoln's Inn Fields, afterwards removing to 196 Piccadilly. The excellent workmanship and good taste displayed in his bindings gradually won for them the appreciation of connoisseurs, and he was largely employed by the Duke of Devonshire, Mr. Christie-Miller, Captain Brooke, and other great collectors. He also bound for the queen and the royal family. In the Great Exhibition of 1851 he exhibited several examples of his skill, and he obtained a medal. He was chosen by the council to bind one thousand copies of the large 'Illustrated Catalogue,' intended for presentation to 'all the crowned heads in Europe' and other distinguished persons. It is said that two thousand skins of the best red morocco, as well as fifteen hundred yards of silk for the linings of the covers, were used by Riviere for this undertaking. He also restored and bound

the famous Domesday Book, now preserved in the Record Office, an excellent piece of work.

While the binding of Riviere, like that of his equally celebrated fellow-craftsman, Francis Bedford, is deficient in originality, it is in all other respects-in the quality of the materials, the forwarding, and in the finish and delicacy of the tooling-deserving of almost unqualified commendation. Taking into consideration the fact that he was entirely self-taught, his bindings are wonderful specimens of artistic taste, skill, and perseverance. He died at his residence, 47 Gloucester Road, Regent's Park, on 12 April 1882, and was buried in the churchyard at East End, Finchley.

Riviere married, in 1830, Eliza Sarah Pegler, by whom he had two daughters. He bequeathed his business to the eldest son of the second daughter, Mr. Percival Calkin, who had been taken into partnership by his grandfather in 1880, when the style of the firm was altered to Robert Riviere & Son.

[Bibliographer, ii. 22; Bookseller, 1882, p. 418; Bookbinder, i. 150; Great Exhibition of 1851. Reports of Juries, pp. 425, 453; information from the family.] W. Y. F.

RIVIERE, WILLIAM (1806-1876), painter, born in the parish of St. Marylebone, London, on 22 Oct. 1806, was son of Daniel Valentine Riviere, a drawing-master, and brother of Henry Parsons Riviere [q. v.] and of Robert Riviere [q. v.] After receiving instruction from his father, William became a student of the Royal Academy, and distinguished himself by his powers as a draughtsman, and by his passionate devotion to the study of the old masters, especially of Michael Angelo and the artists of the Roman and Florentine schools. He exhibited first in 1826, when he sent to the Royal Academy a portrait and a scene from Shakespeare's King John,' and he continued to exhibit at intervals during the next few years portraits, domestic subjects, and landscapes, both at the academy and at the British Institution. In 1843 he sent to the Westminster Hall competition a cartoon, the subject of which was a 'Council of Ancient Britons,' and in 1844 a fresco of 'An Act of Mercy, and a painting in oils of a' Council of Ancient Britons.' In 1845 he sent to Westminster Hall a sketch representing Prince Henry, afterwards Henry V, acknowledging the authority of Chief Justice Gascoigne,' with a portion of the same subject in fresco, and in 1847 an oil-painting illustrative of 'The Acts of Mercy.' He was an excellent landscape-painter both in oil and in watercolours, and several fine

examples of the latter now belong to Mr. Briton Riviere. But it was to the educational side of art that Riviere mainly devoted himself, and in 1849 he was appointed drawing-master at Cheltenham College, where he succeeded in creating a drawingschool which was unique of its kind, and was probably the best school of art out of London. After ten years' work he resigned his appointment and went to Oxford, where he laboured earnestly to develop his theory that the study of art should form an essential part of higher education. His last exhibited work was a portrait of Dr. Wynter, president of St. John's College, Oxford, which was at the Royal Academy in 1860. He likewise essayed sculpture, and left behind him an original model of 'Samson slaying the Lion.'

Riviere died suddenly, at 36 Beaumont Street, Oxford, on 21 Aug. 1876. A miniature of him when a young man, by C. W. Pegler, is in the possession of his son, Mr. Briton Riviere, R.A.

[Jackson's Oxford Journal, 2 Sept. 1876; Redgrave's Dict. of Artists of the English School, 1878; Bryan's Diet. of Painters and Engravers, ed. Graves and Armstrong, 1886-9, ii. 388; Royal Academy Exhibition Catalogues, 18261860; information kindly supplied by Mr. Briton Riviere, R.A.]

R. E. G.

RIVINGTON, CHARLES (1688-1742), publisher, eldest son of Thurston Rivington, was born at Chesterfield, Derbyshire, in 1688. He was apprenticed to Matthews, a London bookseller, and made free of the city in 1711, when the premises and trade of Richard Chiswell (1639-1711) [q. v.] passed into his hands, and the sign of the Bible and Crown' was first affixed to the house in Paternoster Row. By 1715 Rivington had published editions of Cave's 'Primitive Christianity,' Nelson's Thomas à Kempis,' and other works, chiefly theological. The Scourge, in Vindication of the Church of England' (1720), is the earliest book known to bear the well-known sign of the Rivingtons. Charles Rivington brought out one of Whitefield's earliest works, The Nature and Necessity of a new Birth in Christ' (1737), and Wesley's edition of 'Thomas à Kempis' (1735). With Bettesworth he formed a New Conger' in 1736, in rivalry to the old 'Conger,' or partnership of booksellers which had existed in various forms from before 1700 (MURRAY, New English Dict. 1893, ii. 820; NICHOLS, Lit. Anecd. i. 340). He soon became the leading theological publisher, and carried on a large commission business in sermons. Writing to Aaron Hill, Samuel Richardson says that Rivington and Osborne ‘had long been urging me to give them a little book, which they

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Rivington died at his house in St. Paul's Churchyard on 22 Feb. 1742, aged 64. He married Eleanor Pease of Newcastle-onTyne, by whom he had thirteen children. Samuel Richardson acted as executor, and guardian to the children. The fourth son, John [q. v.], and the sixth son, James (see below), succeeded to the business.

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JAMES RIVINGTON (1724-1803), the sixth son, soon left the firm and joined a Mr. Fletcher of St. Paul's Churchyard, with whom he brought out Smollett's History of England,' clearing thereby 10,0007. He took to horse-racing, and in 1760 settled as a bookseller in Philadelphia. The following year he opened a book store at the lower end of Wall Street, New York. In 1762 he commenced bookselling in Boston. He failed, and recommenced in New York, and in April 1773 began Rivington's New York Gazetteer,' supporting the British government, which brought him into trouble with the colonists. He returned to England, purchased a new press, was appointed, on going back to America, king's printer for New York, and started Rivington's New York Loyal Gazette' (1777), afterwards the Royal Gazette.' He was the publisher of Major André's 'Cow Chase.' About 1781 he is said to have turned spy, and to have furnished Washington with important information. He remained in New York after the evacuation by British troops, and changed the title of his paper to 'Rivington's New York Gazette and Universal Advertiser;' but his business declined, his paper came to an end in 1783, and he passed the remainder of his life in comparative poverty. He died at New York in January 1803. He married twice: first, a Miss Mynshull in England, and, secondly, Elisabeth van Horne of New York (d. July 1795), by whom he had children. A portrait, which has been engraved, is in the possession of Mr. W. H. Appleton of New York.

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Cyclopædia of American Literature, vol. i.; Sabine's American Loyalists, Boston, 1857, pp. H. R. T. 557-60.]

RIVINGTON, FRANCIS (1805-1885), publisher, third son of Charles Rivington the younger (1754-1831), was born on 19 Jan. 1805 [see under RIVINGTON, JOHN, 1720-1792]. Having been educated at Bre men in Germany, he became in 1827 a member of the firm of Rivington, of St. Paul's Churchyard and Waterloo Place, London. As connected with the publication of Tracts for the Times' (Rev. T. MoZLEY, Reminiscences, i. 312) and Newman's Parochial Sermons,' and as publisher of the British Critic,' he was associated with Ward, Newman, the Mozleys, and other leading members of the Tractarian party (ib. ii. 217, 394-6; W. WARD, W. G. Ward and the Oxford Movement, 1890, p. 247; Rev. J. B. MozLEY, Letters, 1885, pp. 109, 146-8; LIDDON, Life of Pusey, 1893, i. 423424). In 1853 the business was entirely withdrawn from St. Paul's Churchyard to the branch in Waterloo Place. Rivington retired from the firm in July 1859, and was succeeded by his second cousin, John (18121886), a partner since 1842, and his son, Francis Hansard (b. 1834). The former retired in 1867, and the business was carried on by the latter and his brother Septimus (b. 1846) until May 1889. From this date Francis Hansard was the sole member of the firm to June 1890, when the whole business was taken over by Messrs. Longman (Bookseller, December 1859 and June 1890). In 1893 the name reappeared in the style of Rivington, Percival & Co., of King Street, Covent Garden, of which Mr. Septimus Rivington is the chief partner (Publishers' Circular, 1 July 1893; Athenæum, 1 July 1893).

During the latter part of his life he resided at Eastbourne, where he died on 7 Jan. 1885, on the eve of completing his eightieth year. Rivington was twice married, and left a large family. A portrait, taken in his fifty-ninth year, is reproduced by S. Rivington (The Publishing House of Rivington, 1894, p. 32, see also pp. 46-54). Besides a few pamphlets on church subjects, he wrote 'Some Account of the Life and Writings of St. Paul,' London, 1874, 8vo; and edited Dean William Sherlock's 'Practical Discourse concerning Death.'

[Bookseller, January 1885; Publishers' CirH. R. T.

[S. Rivington's Publishing House of Rivington, 1894; Curwen's Hist. of Booksellers, 1873, pp. 296-300; Knight's Shadows of the Old Booksellers; Gent. Mag. 1742, p. 107; Timper-cular, 15 Jan. 1885.] ley's Encyclopædia, 1842, p. 668; Nichols's Lit. Anecd. vols. i., ii., iv., viii.; and for James Rivington: Appleton's Cyclopædia of American Biogr., New York, 1888, v. 267-8; Thomas's Hist. of Printing in America, 1874, 2 vols.; Duyckinck's

RIVINGTON, JOHN (1720-1792), publisher, born in 1720, was the fourth son of Charles Rivington the elder (1688-1742) [q. v.], and after the death of his father

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