escaped to the east. Roberts soon afterwards handed over his force to General (afterwards Sir John) Michel [q. v.], and was appointed commissioner and commander of the troops in Gujarat. He received the thanks of parliament for his services, with the medal and clasp for Central India, and was made K.C.B. on 14 May 1859. He left India in 1859, and died on 6 Oct. 1860 at Hazeldine House, Redmarley d'Abitôt, in Worcestershire. He married Julia, daughter of the Rev. Robert Raikes of Longhope, Gloucestershire, on 2 May 1838; and he left two sons, both soldiers, and one daughter. [Wilson's Hist. of India, vol. viii.; Napier's Conquest of Scinde, and Life and Opinions of Sir C. J. Napier; Malleson's Hist. of the Mutiny; Royal Engineers Prof. Papers, new ser. vol. viii. (for siege of Kotah); East India Company's Reg.; Gent. Mag. 1860, ii. 565; Illustrated London News, 17 Nov. 1860; private information.] E. M. L. ROBERTS, JAMES (A. 1564-1606), printer, was made free of the Company of Stationers on 27 June 1564, and on 24 June 1567 began to take apprentices. The first entry to him is for 'An almanacke and pronostication of Master Roberte Moore, 1570' (ARBER, Transcript of the Registers, i. 240, 326, 402). He was one of several who petitioned the company for pardon on 27 Jan. 1577-8, after having presented certain complaints (ib. ii. 880). With R. Watkins he had a patent for almanacs and prognostications for twenty-one years from 12 May 1588 (ib. ii. 817-18). This patent lasted to the end of the reign of Elizabeth. James I granted for ever the right to the Stationers' Company from 29 Oct. 1603 (ib. iii. 15). Roberts took over John Charlewood's books on 31 May 1594 (ib. ii. 651-2), including the right of printing playbills, which William Jaggard unsuccessfully applied for. About 1595 Roberts probably married Charlewood's widow, Alice. He is also said to have married a daughter of Heyes the stationer. The court of assistants ordered, on 1 Sept. 1595,' that James Roberts shall clerely from hensforth surcease to deale with the printinge of the Brief Catechisme' lately printed by him, and that he should deliver up all sheets of the book (ib. ii. 824). On 25 June 1596 he was admitted into the livery (ib. ii. 872). 'A booke of the Marchaunt of Venyce, or otherwise called the Jewe of Venyce,' was entered to him on 22 July 1598 (ib. iii. 122), and he printed the first edition of the play in 1600. He also issued the first editions of A Midsummer Night's Dream' and 'Titus Andronicus' in the same year. He paid a fine on 26 March 1602 for not serving the rentership (ib. ii. 833). On 26 July 1602 he had entered to him 'The Revenge of Hamlett, Prince of Denmarke, as yt was latelie acted by the Lord Chamberleyne his servantes' (ib. iii. 212). The first edition was printed by N. Ling in 1603; the second and third impressions were printed by Roberts for Ling in 1604 and 1605. One other Shakespearean entry to him is for Troilus and Cressida, as yt is acted by my lord chamberlen's Men,' 7 Feb. 1603 (ib. iii. 226), of which the first printed edition came from the press of G. Eld in 1609. The last entry is on 10 July 1606 (b. iii. 326). The players billes' and some books were transferred to William Jaggard on 29 Oct. 1615 (ib. iii. 575). A long list of books belonging to Roberts towards the end of his life is reprinted in Ames's Typographical Antiquities' (ed. Herbert, ii. 10311032). Roberts first lived in St. Paul's Churchyard, London, at the sign of the Sun; he afterwards had a house in the Barbican. He printed down to 1606. Mr. F. G. Fleay (Shakespeare Manual, 1878, p. 145) says that he seems to have been given to piracy and invasion of copyright.' ROBERTS, JAMES (A. 1775-1800), portrait-painter, son of James Roberts, a landscape engraver, by whom there are a few plates after George Barret, Paul Sandby, Richard Wilson, and others, was born at Westminster, and resided there during the greater part of his life. He gained a premium from the Society of Arts in 1766, and, though of slender abilities, achieved some success as a painter of small wholelengths, chiefly of actors in character. Between 1775 and 1781 he furnished most of the drawings for the portrait plates in Bell's 'British Theatre; and more than sixty of these, carefully executed in watercolours on vellum, are preserved in the Burney collection of theatrical portraits in the British Museum. Roberts exhibited annually at the Royal Academy from 1773 to 1784, and again from 1795 to 1799. In the interval he resided at Oxford, where in 1790 he commenced the publication of a series of engravings of the sculptured works of the Hon. Anne Damer, from drawings by himself; but only one number, containing five plates, was issued. He painted, for the Duke of Marlborough, three of the scenes in the private theatricals organised at Blenheim in 1787, of which engravings by John Jones were published in 1788. These, like all his works, are treated in a formal, inartistic manner. In or before 1795 Roberts was appointed portrait-painter to the Duke of Clarence. In 1809 he published Introductory Lessons, with Familiar Examples in Landscape, for the use of those who are desirous of gaining some knowledge of the Art of Painting in Watercolours.' A portrait of Sir John Hawkins (1719-1789) [q. v.], painted by Roberts in 1785 for the music school at Oxford, has been engraved. His portraits of Mrs. Abington as Lady Teazle in the School for Scandal,' and Miss Pope as Mrs. Ford in the Merry Wives of Windsor,' belong to the Garrick Club. time in 1610, and was tried under the statute which prohibited Roman catholic priests from exercising their office in England. On his own confession he was found guilty of high treason, together with his companion, Thomas Somers, who was arraigned on the same charge. They were executed on 10 Dec., but were suffered to hang until quite dead before being disembowelled. Roberts's remains were secretly conveyed to Douay by the catholics, with the exception of his right leg, which was intercepted on the way and buried in St. Saviour's, Southwark, by the orders of Archbishop Abbot, and an arm taken to his old monastery of St. Martin's, Compostella. [Le Vénérable Jean Roberts, by D. Bede Camm., in 'Revue Bénédictine,' 1895-6; Challoner's Martyrs to the Catholic Faith, ed. 1878, ii. 41-5; Pollen's Acts of English Martyrs, Quarterly ser. lxxv. 142-70.] E. I. C. ROBERTS, JOHN (1623?-1684), quaker [Redgrave's Dict. of Artists; Graves's Dict. humourist, born at Siddington, near Cirenof Artists, 1760-1893; Bryan's Dict. ed. Arm-cester, about 1623, was son of John Rostrong; Chaloner Smith's British Mezzotinto Portraits.] F. M. O'D. ROBERTS, JOHN (1576-1610), Benedictine monk, born in 1576 at Trawsfynydd in Merionethshire, was the son of John Roberts, esq., of Llanfrothen, a merchant of ancient descent. He was educated as a protestant, and on 26 Feb. 1595-6 matriculated at St. John's College, Oxford. Foster's conjecture that he graduated B.A. from Christ Church and M.A. from St. Mary Hall is erroneous. Leaving Oxford in 1598, he studied for a few months at one of the inns of court, and then visited Paris. There he was converted to Roman catholicism, and entered the jesuit college of Saint Alban at Valladolid on 18 Oct. 1598. In the following year he wished to enter the Spanish congregation of St. Benedict, but the jesuits were unwilling to lose him, and brought several charges against him, which almost deterred the Benedictine superiors from receiving him. He was able to prove the falsity of the accusations. In 1602 he was ordained priest, and was sent over to England as a missionary on 26 Dec. that year, though he did not reach the country till April 1603. He was four times arrested and imprisoned, once, after the failure of the gunpowder plot, in the house of Thomas Percy's first wife.' He was, however, acquitted of any complicity in the plot. On each occasion he was condemned to banishment (Cal. State Papers, Dom. 1603-10, pp. 239-40, 514). He helped to found the house of St. Gregory's, Donay, 1606-7, and became its first prior. He was arrested for the fifth berts alias Hayward, a well-to-do yeoman, who purchased a small estate at Siddington in 1618. His mother was Mary, sister of Andrew Solliss, a neighbouring magistrate. After being educated at his native place, he joined, soon after coming of age, the army of the parliament. Subsequently, when journeying to visit his family, he was waylaid and nearly killed by royalist soldiers, but he soon rejoined the parliamentary forces, and remained on active service till 1645. His father was then dead, and he inherited the family property at Siddington, where he settled and married. Though of humorous disposition, Roberts was always devoutly inclined, and sympathised with the puritans. In 1655, some eight years after George Fox had established the Society of Friends, it pleased the Lord to send two women Friends out of the north to Cirencester, who, inquiring after such as feared God, were directed to Roberts's house. They induced their host to visit the quaker Richard Farnworth [q.v.] in Banbury gaol, and Roberts was quickly led by Farnworth to embrace the quaker doctrines. He came to know George Fox, whose marriage at Bristol in 1669 to Margaret Fell he attended. Like others of the sect, he suffered much persecution. For defending before the magistrate some Friends who had stood with their hats on in Cirencester church he was imprisoned in Gloucester Castle in 1657, and released only through his uncle's interposition. Twice he was imprisoned for the nonpayment of tithes at the suit of George Bull [q. v.], rector of Siddington, afterwards bishop of St. Davids (see BESSE, Sufferings of Friends, fol. edit. i. 221), and suffered much persecution otherwise. On the other hand, Bishop Nicholson of Gloucester befriended him. They amicably discussed together their theological differences, and on one occasion when the bishop, his chancellor, and twenty clergymen proceeded to Tetbury, in the neighbourhood of Siddington, for an episcopal visitation, the party called and drank ale at Roberts's house, George Bull, the rector, alone refusing, saying the ale was 'full of hops and heresy.' The bishop was also interested in Roberts's apparent telepathic power, in the way of tracking lost cattle and the like, which he ascribed chiefly to the exercise of common-sense. The bishop's opinion of him was that he was a man of as good metal as any he ever met with, but quite out of tune.' Roberts retorted that it was quite true, for he could not 'tune after the bishop's pipe.' Roberts died in February 1683-4, and was buried in a burying-ground he had given the quakers in his orchard. Roberts married, in 1646, Lydia, the orphan daughter of Thomas Tyndale of Melksham Court, Stinchcombe, Gloucestershire. The lady's cousin, Matthew Hale [q. v.], afterwards lord chief justice, drew the marriage settlements. She died in 1698. By her Roberts had six children. The youngest son, Daniel Roberts (16581727), who, with a brother, was in 1683 committed to Gloucester Castle for holding a conventicle, was allowed by the gaoler to visit his father during his last illness, and remained with him until his death. He was released after some months' further detention, Justice George himself discharging all the fees. Daniel settled at Chesham, Buckinghamshire, in 1685, and wrote in 1725 the Memoir of the Life' of his father. He died at Chesham on 16 Feb. 1727, having married twice, and leaving a son Axtel (d. 1759). His 'Memoir of John Roberts' was first published at Exeter, 1746, 8vo; second edition, Bristol, 1747, and reprinted over thirty times. An edition of 1834 was edited with a preface by William Howitt. It was republished under the title, 'Some Account of Persecutions,' &c., Philadelphia, 1840, and edited by T. Dursley as The Bishop and the Quaker,' London, 1855, 8vo. An edition issued in London in 1859, small 8vo, contains, with some notes and additions by Oade Roberts (d. 1821), great-greatgreat-grandson of the author, an engraving of Roberts's house at Siddington. The house still stands, but is falling into decay. The chief interest attaching to Daniel Roberts's Memoir' of his father lies in the recitals of John Roberts's humorous conversa tions. He delighted in smart repartee and in pointed illustration. Of the literary value of the 'Memoir,' Dr. Oliver Wendell Holmes wrote: The story is so admirably told, too, dramatically, vividly; one lives the whole scene over, and knows the persons who appear in it as if they had been his townsmen. It is as good as gold, nay, better than gold, every page of it;' and Whittier observes: Roberts was by no means a gloomy fanatic; he had a good deal of shrewdness and humour, loved a quiet joke, and every gambling priest and swearing magistrate stood in fear of his sharp wit.' [Memoir by Daniel Roberts, ed. 1834, with preface by William Howitt; Whittier's Old Portraits and Modern Sketches in Collected Works (London, 1889); a humorous poem ('The Library') in Sketches of Scarborough, 1813, and illustrated by Rowlandson, which deals incidentally with Roberts's memoirs; Smith's Cat. of Friends' Books, ii. 496-8; Stratford's Good and Great Men of Gloucestershire; Rudder's Gloucestershire, p. 659; Fosbrooke's Gloucestershire, ii. 484.] C. F. S. E. T. L. ROBERTS, JOHN (1712?-1772), politician, was possibly son of Gabriel Roberts of St. Anne's, Westminster, M.P. for Marlborough from 1713 to 1727, and a brother to Lieutenant-colonel Philip Roberts, royal horse guards. The latter's eldest son, Wenman, assumed the name of Coke on inheriting the estates of his uncle, the Earl of Leicester, in 1759. Roberts was born about 1712 (cf. BROMLEY, p. 268); he early in life came under the notice of Henry Pelham. In June 1735 he received a grant, jointly with Edward Tuffnell, of the sinecure office of collector of the customs at Southampton, and worth 1251. 6s. 8d. per annum (Gent. Mag. 1735; cf. CHAMBERLAYNE, Present State, 1741). In July 1743 he became secretary to Henry Pelham, when the latter was appointed first lord of the treasury, and he held that confidential position until Pelham's death in March 1754. During this period Roberts dispensed large sums of secret-service money. It is said that he paid each ministerial member from 500l. to 8007. per annum, and that he distributed these sums in the court of requests on the day of each prorogation, entering the names of the recipients in a book seen only by the prime minister and the king. George II is stated to have burned the volumes after Pelham's death (WRAXALL, Memoirs). Roberts's services were rewarded by a series of sinecures. He was receiver-general of the revenues of the post office from December 1745 to September 1746, when he was appointed principal inspector of the out port collectors' accounts of the customs, with a salary of 6001. a year. This post he appears to have enjoyed until 1761. In addition he was deputy-paymaster of the forces at Gibraltar from 1745 to 1762 (Court and City Register), and on 16 May 1748, in conjunction with Philip Ludwell Grymes, received a grant of the office of receiver-general of the revenues, duties, and imports in the colony and dominion of Virginia. He was granted a pension of 8001. a year, on the Irish establishment, on 3 June 1754 (Gent. Mag.) At the general election of March 1761 Roberts, who owned property at Harwich and Esher (Royal Kalendar), entered parliament for Harwich, and represented that constituency until his death. From 23 Oct. 1761 to 28 Dec. 1762, and again from 20 July 1765 until his death, he was a lord commissioner of trade and foreign plantations, with a salary of 1,000l. a year. He died in London on 13 July 1772. A marble monument to his memory was erected by his three surviving sisters, Susannah, Rebecca, and Dorothy, in Westminster Abbey in 1776. To make room for it part of Chaucer's tomb was removed (WALPOLE, Letters, ed. Cunningham). His portrait was painted, with Pelham, by John Shackleton [q.v.], and engraved by R. Houston (BROMLEY). His son, JOHN CHRISTOPHER ROBERTS (1739-1810), was for some time a clerk in the secretary of state's office, and was undersecretary of state for the southern department from July 1765 to October 1766 (Cal. State Papers). He was made secretary of the province of Quebec on 12 July 1768, and afterwards commissary-general. He died in 1810. [Parliamentary Returns; Haydn's Book of Dignities; Foster's Peerage; Brayley's History of Westminster Abbey.] W. R. W. ROBERTS, JOHN (1749-1817), Welsh poet. [See SION LLEYN.] ROBERTS, JOHN (1767-1834), Welsh divine, was son of Evan and Mary Roberts of Bronyllan, Mochdre, Montgomeryshire, where he was born on 25 Feb. 1767. He was one of twelve children. His sister Mary was mother of William Williams (Gwilym Cyfeiliog) (1801-1876) and the Rev. Richard Williams (1802-1842) of Liverpool. A younger brother, George (1769-1853), an independent minister, emigrated to America, and started the Cambria settlement at Ebensburg, Pennsylvania, where he published, in 1834, A View of the Primitive Ages,' a translation of the 'Drych y Prif Oesoedd,' by Theophilus Evans [q. v.]; this was reprinted at Llanidloes, North Wales, about 1864 VOL. XLVIII. (WILLIAMS, Montgomeryshire Worthies, pp. 124-6, 281-3, 313, 319). John's parents removed in his youth to Llanbrynmair, and joined the old-established independent church there. Roberts commenced to preach in January 1790. In March following he entered the Oswestry academy, then under Dr. Edward Williams (17501813) [q. v.]; he was ordained on 25 Aug. 1796 as co-pastor of the Llanbrynmair church with the then aged Richard Tibbot, upon whose death, in March 1798, he became sole pastor. In addition to his pastoral work, Roberts kept a day-school at his chapel, and through his exertions six schoolhouses for occasional services and Sunday schools were built within a radius of five miles of Llanbrynmair. In 1806 he was induced to take a small farm belonging to Sir W. Williams-Wynn of Wynnstay, called Diosg, on the improvement of which he spent much money and energy, though only a tenant from year to year; but the harsh treatment subsequently dealt to him, and, after his death, to his widow and children, by raising the rent on his own improvements, under threat of a notice to quit, was made public by his son, Samuel Roberts (18001885) [q. v.], in Diosg Farm: a Sketch of its History' (Newtown, 1854, 12mo), and has since been frequently quoted as a typical example of the confiscation of tenants' improvements by Welsh landlords (see HENRY RICHARD, Letters and Essays on Wales, 1884, pp. 107-9; Minutes of Evidence before Welsh Land Commission, 1893-6, Qu. 74898 et seq.) He died on 21 July 1834, and was buried in the burial-ground of the parish church. On 17 Jan. 1797 Roberts married Mary Brees of Coed Perfydau, Llanbrynmair, who died on 9 March 1848. By her he had three sons-Samuel (1800-1885) and John (18041884), who are separately noticed-and Richard, besides two daughters, one of whom, Maria, was the mother of John Griffith (1821-1877), a Welsh journalist, widely known as 'Y Gohebydd.' Roberts was noted for his suavity of temper and eminent piety. His theological views, which were moderately Calvinistic, he expounded in Dybenion Marwolaeth Crist' (The Ends of Christ's Death'), Carmarthen, 1814, 12mo. This evoked a tedious controversy, in which Roberts was bitterly assailed by Arminians on the one hand and by ultraCalvinists on the other. Thomas Jones (17561820) [q. v.] of the latter school replied to Roberts, and this drew from him in 1820 'Galwad Ddifrifol ar Ymofynwyr am y Gwirionedd,' Dolgelly, 12mo (A Serious Call to Inquirers for the Truth'), which was C C endorsed by leading independent ministers (REES, Protestant Nonconformity in Wales, pp. 431-3). A second edition of Jones's work and of Roberts's reply was issued in one volume in 1885 (Bala, 8vo). 6 In addition to the above, and contributions to magazines, including the 'Evangelical Magazine,' of which he was a trustee, Roberts's chief works were: 1. 'Anerchiad Caredigol at bawb sydd yn dymuno gwybod y gwirionedd,' 1806. 2. 'Galwad Garedigol ar yr Arminiaid' (Dolgelly, 1807), of which an English version was also issued under the title 'A Friendly Address to the Arminians,' &c. (1809), followed by A Second Address to the Arminians,' which was a rejoinder to a reply by a T. Brocas of Shrewsbury (Universal Goodness,' &c., 1808, 12mo) to the first address. 3. 'Cyfarwyddiadau ac Anogaethau i Gredinwyr,' &c. ('Directions and Counsels to Believers'), Bala, 1809, 12mo [this was reprinted in 'Y Dysgedydd' for 1824]. 4. Hanes Bywyd y Parch. Lewis Rees (a biography of Lewis Rees, 17101800), Carmarthen, 1814, 12mo. 5. Y Wenynen' (a collection of short anecdotes), 1816. [An autobiographical article, published posthumously (with a few notes and portrait) in the Evangeli al Magazine for 1834 (pp. 485-94; see also p. 380); Cofiant y Parch. John Roberts of Lanbrynmair, a Welsh biography (Llanelly, 1837, 8vo), by his son, Samuel Roberts; Dr. Pan Jones's Cofiant y Tri Brawd (Bala, 1893, 8vo); Foulkes's Enwogion Cymru, pp. 902–4; Hanes Eglwysi Annibynol Cymru, i. 253-8; Williams's Montgomeryshire Worthies, pp. 283-4; Charles Ashton's Hanes Llenyddiaeth Gymreig, pp. 520-4.] D. LL. T. ROBERTS, JOHN (1822-1877), Welsh musician, better known as Ieuan Gwyllt, was born at Tan-rhiw-felen, Penllwyn, near Aberystwyth, on 22 Dec. 1822. His father, a maker of sieves, was musically inclined, and his own love of music manifested itself early. He gained his first insight into the theory of music from the 'Gamut' of Owen Williams of Anglesey. Subsequently he attended the classes of Richard Mills [q. v.], who did much towards improving congregational singing in Wales. He was only fourteen when he was chosen leader of the local choir. At sixteen he became schoolmaster. He had adopted the pseudonym of Ieuan Gwyllt before November 1839, when he contributed to a Welsh magazine, the 'Athraw,' a musical composition known as 'Hafilah. In 1842 he became clerk and messenger to a business firm in Aberystwyth, and in 1844 he took charge of the Skinner Street schools in the same town. In July 1844 he entered a solicitor's office there. In December 1852 William Rees (1802–1883) [q.v.] offered him the post of assistant editor of the 'Amserau' (i.e. 'Times'), the most important Welsh paper of that day. It was published in Liverpool, whither Roberts removed. He devoted himself to the work with enthusiasm, writing most of the leading articles, in which he gave expression to his ardent radicalism, and compiling a large proportion of the news columns. By the end of the year the circulation of the paper had nearly doubled. In June 1856 he began to preach as a Calvinistic methodist. In 1858 he settled at Aberdare, and edited for a year the 'Gwladgarwr' (i.e. 'The Patriot'), a paper circulating largely among the miners of Glamorganshire. He still taught music; and at Aberdare, on 10 Jan. 1859, under his leadership, was held the first of those musical festivals which became established institutions all over the country. In 1859 his tune-book (Llyfr Tonau') was published. It became popular at once, and in July 1863 the seventeenth thousand was in circulation. It contains selections from nearly three hundred musical worksWelsh, English, Scottish, American, and European. His aim was to secure tunes marked by simplicity, breadth of view, dignity, and devotion. The preface, in Welsh, well defines the principles of good congregational singing, and the Calvinistic methodist hymn-book was entirely adapted to Roberts's work. In 1864 an edition in the tonic sol-fa notation was published, and in 1876 another edition in the short or compressed score. From 1859 to 1861 he published 'Telyn y Plant' for the use of children, and from 1861 to 1873 'Cerddor Cymreig,' a magazine devoted to music generally, with essays on the theory. From 1869 to 1874 he edited Cerddor y Solffa,' and in 1874 'Swn iwbili,' a translation of Sankey and Moody's hymns, which for a time had an immense popularity. On 29 Aug. 1865 Roberts removed to Llanberis in North Wales to the pastorate of Capel Coch, and in 1866 he founded the Snowdon temperance musical union. He died on 6 May 1877. On 4 Jan. 1859 he married Jane Richards of Aberystwyth, but there was no issue. Probably no other musician has left such a deep impression on musical Wales. His chief aim was educational; but of the twentyone or more tunes he composed some half a dozen are still in popular use. His most ambitious literary attempts are his contributions to the Traethodydd,' the Welsh |