Rule 3. To place buildings in good repair, with tight floors, good roofs and underpinnings.

Rule 4. To see that the grounds do not permit standing water, and to prepare gravel or board walks to keep the children's feet out of the mud. Rule 5. Suitable closets for each of the sexes should be provided with every school house. They should be situated far enough away to secure privacy, be kept in good repair and cleaned and disinfected at least twice a month.

Rule 6. The rooms should be so warmed as to maintain an even temperature, and all be kept comfortable; stoves and furniture should be safe and in good order.

Rule 7. Rooms should not be overcrowded; not less than fifteen square feet of floor space and 215 cubic feet of air space should ever be allowed to each pupil.

Rule 8. Blackboards should not be placed between windows; the surface should be dead black, not glossy.

Rule 9. The light should, if possible, be admitted from the rear, or rear and left of the pupil-never from the front.

Rule 10. Desks and seats of different heights should be furnished to suit the size and age of pupils.

SCHOOL HEALTH OFFICERS.

In the ideal State, each school will have its own health officer, who will look after the construction, warming, ventilating and lighting of the school building. He will also examine each pupil at stated periods, and will have a general oversight of the sanitary condition of the school buildings and the health of each pupil. He may propose to boards sanitary rules, and give teachers instruction in hygiene, and may make suggestions as to proper text-books for use in the schools. It is earnestly urged upon boards of control that these health officers be selected and set to work at the earliest practicable moment.

CO-OPERATION OF PARENTS.

Some of the best sanitary results can only be obtained through the co-operation of parents. They need to be shown that their children. should not attend school too young. They should start to school with fairly developed and healthy bodies, for which parents are in large measure responsible. Children should be well fed, should be taught at home regular habits, and should sleep from eight to ten hours every night. Parents should care for the general health of their children and see that on holidays they have a chance to secure fresh air and exercise.

BOOKS OF REFERENCE.

The following books are valuable and should be in all school libraries: School Hygiene.-Six lectures delivered before the teachers of Boston. Price 80 cents. Ginn & Co., publishers, Boston, Mass.

School and Industrial Hygiene.-By Dr. C. H. Lincoln. P. Blakiston, Son & Co., Philadelphia, Pa., at 50 cents.

Published by

Text Book of Hygiene.-By Dr. A. Wilson. Published at $1.00, by P. Blakiston, Son & Co., Philadelphia, Pa. This is one of the best works on hygiene now accessible to teachers. They will find it a store-house of knowledge on which to draw for plain talks on the school room.

School Hygiene.-Dr. A. Newsholme. D. C. Heath & Co., Boston. Price 50 cents.

The Sanitary Conditions and Necessities of School Houses and School Life.-D. F. Lincoln, M. D. Lomb Prize Essay.

School Hygiene.-Farquharson. Smith, Elder & Co., London, $2.75. (For private schools.)

School Buildings.-By E. C. Gardener. E. H. Kellogg & Co., New York city, publishers, $1.25.

Rural School Architecture.-Circular of Information No. 4, issued by the Commissioner of Education, Washington, D. C.

School Hygiene.-By W. J. Abel. Longman, Green & Co., publishers. $1.00.

School Hygiene No. 1, Addressed to Teachers.-Circular of Pennsylvania State Board of Health; to be had free, of the Secretary, in Philadelphia, Pa.

Sanitary Conditions for School Houses.-Circular of Information No. 3, 1891, of the U. S. Bureau of Education, Washington, D. C., 1891. PRECAUTIONARY AND HYGIENIC CIRCULARS ISSUED BY THE STATE BOARD OF HEALTH OF PENNSYLVANIA.

No. 7. Precautions against cholera, cholera infantum, cholera morbus, summer diarrhoea and dysentery.

No. 8. Precautions against small-pox.

No. 18. Precautions against typhoid fever.

No. 19. Precautions against diphtheria.

No. 20. Contagious and infectious diseases.

No. 20. Contagious and infections diseases. (German.)

No. 21. Precautions against scarlet fever.

No. 22. Precautions against trichinosis.

No. 24. Recommendations in regard to the care of infants.

! No. 25. The importance of caution and precision in the diagnosis of typhoid fever, with description of a cheap and convenient earth closet. No. 26. School hygiene, addressed to teachers.

No. 28. Precautions against consumption.

No. 29. The dangers arising from public funerals of those who have died from contagions and infectious diseases. Addressed to the clerical profession.

No. 30. The disposal of the sewage of public edifices. Addressed to the trustees and managers of public institutions.

No. 31. Precautions to be adopted by funeral directors to prevent the spread of contagious and infectious diseases.

No. 32. Precautions against sunstroke.

No. 33. School hygiene, No. 2. Addressed to school directors and trustees.

No. 34. First treatment of the apparently drowned.

No. 35. The prevention of blindness.

No. 36. Sanitary protective associations.

No. 37. Emergency hospitals.

No. 38. The care of the eye.

Any of the above circulars may be obtained on application to Dr. Benjamin Lee, Secretary of the State Board of Health, 1532 Pine street, Philadelphia, enclosing a two-cent postage stamp. The postage for the entire series, enclosed in a substantial box envelope, is four cents.

GEORGE G. GROFF, M. D.,

Chairman, Committee on School Hygiene.

BENJAMIN LEE, M. D.,

Secretary.

APPENDIX G.

ANNUAL REPORTS OF CITIES AND TOWNS.

Carbondale.

Chester.

Johnstown.

Hazleton.

Lancaster.

Philadelphia.

Phoenixville.

Pittsburg.

Reading.

Scranton.

Shippensburg.

Titusville.

REPORT OF CITY OF CARBONDALE.

Annual report of the Secretary of the Board of Health of the city of Carbondale, Lackawanna county, made to the State Board of Health of Pennsylvania, for the year, beginning January 1, 1891, and ending December 31, 18.1.

3. No improvements or changes made in city as regards water supply, drainage and sewerage, or in the methods employed in disposing of excreta?

4. Nuisances. In one instance where action was commenced to compel a property owner to comply with notice to connect his premises with the public sewer, the alderman before whom it was tried, said that the

notice did not cover all the buildings on the premises and the board is now prosecuting the case in another court.

6. These diseases are reported to board by the physicians in attenance in accordance with the law ordinance or regulation requiring such report?

7. Action taken by board when cases of the communicable diseases have been reported to it? Signs are placed on the buildings and families are directed to observe the rules of the board.

8. All houses in which cases of small-pox, diphtheria and scarlet fever occurred are placarded.

9. Diseases more than usually prevalent during the year were measles and scarlet fever.

11. No contagious diseases entered any of the schools?

12. Lack of sewerage appears to be the cause of unhealthy localities. 13. What methods can you suggest for improving the sanitary condition of your city? More sewers.

14. No accidents.

16. No instance of food adulteration, or injurious effects from it. 17. No diseases of animals.

18. Were any by-laws adopted by your board in 1891? If so, please forward copies of all such to the office of the State Board. Will do so as soon as we have them printed.

19. Please give an account of any other work of interest which has been done by your board during the year. See letter.

21. What compensation or pay has been received by the secretary or health officer of your board, or by other members? If payment has not been received, for what reason? Secretary receives $200 per annum, sanitary policeman $600. Health officer is one of the members of the board and receives no compensation whatever. The total cost of maintaining the sanitary department during 1891 was $438, as the fees and fines made up the balance.

January 30, 1892.

SAMUEL S. IMES, Secretary Board of Health.