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as his signal, comes up to the station where the Theodolite was and relieves the flagman there, who runs on and relieves the flagman at the forward station, who in his turn proceeds on to the next station.

All these reliefs are made whilst the Surveyor is engaged measuring the distance between the two station points, so that on his arrival at the end of the chain line, the flagmen are again in their proper position, to enable him to observe his second angle, and thus no time is lost.

The flagmen thus continue on from station to station, relieving one another, until the circuit of the village is completed. Flagmen should be light, smart, and active men, and well trained to running, for much time is sometimes lost by the Surveyor in having to wait for the forward flagman reaching his station.

Instrument carriers, are for the purpose of carrying the Theodolite or compass from station to station. They are supplied with a leather sling belt, (Fig. 7, Plate V.,) ending in a socket, into which the feet of the Theodolite stand, when closed up, are introduced; this sling belt bears the weight of the instrument, and should therefore be made of sufficient strength for the purpose, the instrument is kept steady and upright by holding it as shown in the figure.

Instrument carriers or Theodolite men, as they are generally called, should be selected from the strongest and most careful of the Classies, for it is no easy matter to carry a Theodolite about all day fixed on its tripod stand.

The instrument box is strapped over the shoulders, like a knapsack, and is slung, so that the Thedolite is always carried in an upright position (Fig. 8, Plate V.) These boxes being exposed to the sun the greater part of the day, should be well protected with a cloth cover wadded with cotton; a five or six inch Theodolite can be carried about the whole day by one man, but a 7 inch requires two men to relieve one another.

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These men should be taught to carry the instrument, so as not to jerk it by the motion of the body and to be careful in avoiding going under trees, as very often a stray branch is liable to knock the instrument off its stand, for which reason a Surveyor should be careful after every observation to see that the spring clamp which retains the instrument on its tripod (as described in page 129,) is secure.

The remaining Classies are employed in carrying the T square and board, the Cross-staff, &c., their duties requiring no particular notice.

CHAPTER XII.

ON THE COMMENCEMENT AND EFFECTIVE PROSECUTION OF A REVENUE SURVEY.

On the proper division of labor depends the successful progress of a Survey; duties once told off, should be adhered to for the season's operations; if a Surveyor is continually changing the duties of his establishment, he will as surely get his work into confusion, and delays and consequent check will be the result. Some system or method must be observed in disposing of a large establishment to the best advantage, and by a judicious distribution of the proportion of European to the Native establishment, and suitable localities of the HeadQuarters of each camp or party, the allowed means are turned to the best account.

It must not, however, be supposed that every Officer superintending a Survey, observes the precise same system of carrying out the details of his work.

The profession of a Surveyor above all others affords the most ample scope for ingenuity of practice, and it will generally be found that every Surveyor has peculiar methods of various practical sorts by which he believes his operations are benefitted; we shall therefore endeavour to explain in the following pages, the leading principles of our own experience combined with the knowledge of that of several contemporaries.

On the Revenue Surveys in India, the Surveyor is not merely dependant on his own resources, he has to look to the

proceedings of another and distinct establishment, that of the Civil or Settlement Officer, to be supplied with a sufficient quantity of work, and without the proper adjustment and preparation of boundaries by this functionary, no Survey can proceed. This is explained at length under Part IV. of this Book, treating of the important division of all Revenue proceedings the Khusrah or Native Field measurement.

In the first place, it is advisable to obtain, if possible, a map or sketch of the district coming under Survey, and by getting a bird's eye view of the country, to decide where the Surveyor should commence, and how and in what direction he ought to proceed so as to keep his work compact; he must settle at once the spot where his first meridian line is to be laid down and note the different localities where he will test his meridian as he proceeds.

Some months previous to taking the Field, he will communicate with the Settlement Officer, and make all necessary arrangements with him for the progress of the combined operations of both Professional and Khusrah Survey. The Pergunnahs or other divisions to be surveyed during the season, must be decided on, as well as that portion of each Pergunnah, on which the Survey operations are to commence, the number of Thâkbusts of villages or demarcation papers required monthly must be settled, as well as the number of villages requiring measurement by Khusrah. All preliminaries must be arranged prior to taking the Field, and there should be such an understanding between the Surveyor and Settlement Officer, as may prevent all hindrance to the progress of the work; the object of both should be to co-operate mutually with each other, and so overcome all difficulties that may present themselves.

The season's work being thus, as it were, set in order, about a month previous to the establishment taking the Field, the main circuit line-cutters are sent out, to prepare the stations of the main circuits as shown in the last chapter.

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