II.

Question 6. What was the Spanish partition treaty? What rendered such a treaty necessary? Were its provisions carried out? To what contest did it give

rise?

7. Trace the rise and gradual increase of the kingdom of Prussia. Give some
account of Frederick the Great.

8. Show by a genealogical tree the descent of Queen Victoria from Henry the
Seventh.

9. What places on the continent of Europe have been at any time under the con-
trol of England? In each case mention the date and manner of acquisition,
and of loss, if not retained at the present time.

10. Of what elements is the British Legislature composed? Which do you con-
sider the predominant element at this day? Notice the periods at which it
has increased its influence.

11. Give a sketch of the political and social state of Europe at the commencement
of the eighteenth century.

12. Assign dates to the following events: the discovery of America, the death of
Charles the First, the taking of Quebec, the battle of Waterloo, the massacre
of St. Bartholomew, the first Crusade, the taking of Constantinople by the
Turks, the union of Great Britain and Ireland, the accession of William and
Mary, the accession of Henry the Eighth of England, the treaty of West-
phalia, the taking of Gibraltar, the first French Revolution, and the Battle of
Blenheim. In each case, state who reigned in England at the period in
question.

Madras.

MORAL PHILOSOPHY.

Examiner, William Holloway, Esq.

Question 1. Distinguish between a law and a command. In what sense can we allege the
existence of a moral law?

2. What quality renders an agent subject to moral law? Show by examples that
this is absolutely essential.

3. "Inasmuch as the goodness of God is boundless and impartial, he designs the
greatest happiness of all his sentient creatures: he wills that the aggregate of
their enjoyments shall find no nearer limit than that which is inevitably
to it by their finite and imperfect nature. From the probable effects of our
actions on the greatest happiness of all, or from the tendencies of human
actions to increase or diminish that aggregate, we may infer the laws (moral
laws) which he has given but has not expressed or revealed." What test of a
moral law does Mr. Austin here propose? Do you agree with him? State
any objections to which you consider his doctrine liable. If you agree with
him, answer those objections. If not, state and illustrate what appears to you
the preferable theory.

4. The Rajputs murdered their female children, the Spartans exposed weakly chil-
dren unfit for war. The law of England punishes such acts with death.
Were there separate moral laws in these countries? If not, how can you
account for such diversity of opinion and practice?

5. What does Wayland mean by moral organization? When would such organi-
zation be considered perfect? Show from the definition that this perfection
may and will vary.

6. What is your definition of an immoral man? How would you class his actions?
Show how you would estimate the merit and demerit of each class.

7. What office in moral government is filled by pain? Has all pain a moral aim?
8. The great aim of the stoics was to annihilate all passion. Seeing the frightful
evils which arise from the indulgence of the passions, do you not think this aim
a wise one? Distinguish between passion, self love, and selfishness.

9. What do you mean by general consequences? Shew by examples that a con-
sideration of them is most necessary in determining the merit or demerit of a
particular act. Will such a consideration be a perfect guide to the judgment?
If not, where does the defect lie?

10. What is supposed by Christian writers to be the great argument for the necessity
of revealed religion? Exhibit first the facts on which their doctrine is
founded, and secondly the reasons which account for the necessity.

II. Madras.

MILTON'S PARADISE LOST-Book II.

Examiner, Edmond Thompson, Esq., M. A.

Question 1. Give some account of the life and writings of John Milton.

2. Give a sketch of the general argument and object' of the Paradise Lost with an analysis of the second book. What do you mean by the Hero of a Poem? Whom does Dryden consider the Hero of the Paradise Lost? What is your opinion on this subject?

3. Paraphrase the following passage:

"I should be much for open war, O Peers!
As not behind in hate; if what was urg'd
Main reason to persuade immediate war
Did not dissuade me most, and seem to cast
Ominous conjecture on the whole success:
When he, who most excels in fact of arms,
In what he councils and in what excels
Mistrustful, grounds his courage on despair,
And utter dissolution, as the scope

Of all his aim, after some dire revenge.

First, what revenge? The tow'rs of Heav'ns are filled
With armed watch, that render all access

Impregnable; oft on the bord'ring deep

Encamp their legions, or, with obscure wing
Scout far and wide into the realm of night,
Scorning surprise."

Explain the words which are underlined. What is peculiar in the word "access?" adduce parallel instances from this passage and the book in general. To whom is this speech ascribed, and to whom does "he," line 6, refer? Point out the distinguishing features of the chiefs of hell, and show that Milton sustains them throughout the poem.

4. What qualifications in the fable and characters ought to be found in a good epic poem? How have these requirements been satisfied in the Iliad, Æeid, and Paradise Lost?

5. In what kind of verse is the Paradise Lost written? What difficulties attend the description of writing, and how has the poet sought to overcome them? Support your answer by examples. Scan lines 11 to 14 inclusive in the

above extract.

6. What do you mean by simplex and implex fables? How may the latter class be subdivided? To which class does our poem belong, and what remarks does Addison make on this head?

7. What imperfections in sentiment and language does Addison remark in this poem ?

8.

Illustrate your answer by quotations from the Second Book.

"Part on the plain, or in the air sublime;
Upon the wing, or in swift race contend,
As at the Olympian games or Pythian fields;
Part curb their fiery steeds, or shun the goal
With rapid wheels, or fronted brigades form.
As when, to warn proud cities, war appears
Wag'd in the troubled sky, and armies rush
To battle in the clouds, before each van
Prick forth the airy knights, and couch their
Till thickest legions close; with feats of arms
From either end of heaven the welkin burns.
Others with vast Typhaan rage more fell,
Rend up both rocks and hills, and ride the air;
In whirlwind; Hell scarce holds the wild uproar,

spears

As when Alcides, from Oechalia crown'd
With conquest, felt th' envenom'd robe, and tore
Through pain up by the roots Thessalian pines,
And Lichas from the top of Oeta threw
Into th' Euboic sea."

Paraphrase this passage as far as "welkin burns," line 11. Explain the words underlined. To what class of verbs does "couch" (1. q.) belong? Can you quote any passage in which this word occurs in a different sense? Who was Alcides? To what myth

do

II.

do the concluding lines allude? What part of speech is fell, line 12? Mention all
the uses and meanings of the word.

Madras.

Question 9. Explain the allusions in the following passages?

10.

By Equinoctial winds close sailing from Bengala or the Isles of Ternate and
Tidore, whence merchants bring their spicy drugs."

"A gulf profound as that Serbonian bog
Betwixt Damiata and Mount Casius old,
Where armies whole have sunk."

"Far less abhorred than these

Vexed Scylla, bathing in the sea that parts
Calabria from the hoarse Trinacrian shore."

"If all I can will serve

That little which is left so to defend ?"

But I should ill become this throne, O Peers!

And this imperial sov'reignty adorned

With splendour, armed with power, if aught proposed

And judged of public moment, in the shape

Of difficulty or danger, could deter

Me from attempting.

"With iron sceptre rule us here, as with his golden those in heaven." Carefully
explain the grammatical construction of these extracts. Notice the rhetorical
figure employed in the last, and the peculiarities of the adjectival forms there
used.

11. Define the following words, ambrosial, progeny, purlieus, empyrical, subtlety,
suffrage, adamant, ethereal, seraphim, atom, portcullis. In each case men-
tion the language from which the word is derived, adding any cognate forms
which may serve to illustrate your definitions.

N. B.-In paraphrasing take care to clear up any grammatical obscurity that may
occur in the

passage.

TRENCH'S LECTURES, in ENGLISH.-Past and Present.

EXAMINER, Edmund Thompson, Esq., M. A.

Question 1. Of what elements and in what proportions is the English language composed?
Support your statement by examples, illustrating all the sources from which
it is derived.

2. Contrast the Saxon and Latin elements, showing the peculiar province of each,
and the necessity of using both in good composition.

3. What effect had the writings of Chaucer on the English language? When did
words of Latin origin enter most rapidly into its composition? What influ-
ence restrained this influx within due bounds? Mention some words now
in very common use introduced from this source in the time of Queen
Elizabeth.

4. Mention any changes foreign words undergo in entering the English language.
Give illustrations of each with any exceptions to the general rules that you
may recollect.

5. State clearly what you mean by the losses of a language, and point out all the
ways in which English has suffered. How do you account for the varieties
observable in provincial and American English?

6. What do you mean by strong and weak preterites? Show by examples what
change is going on in words of this class.

7. Why is it important to trace the change of meaning in English words? Give
examples of words whose meaning has been narrowed or enlarged in the pro-
gress of the language.

8. What arguments have been used in favour of phonetic spelling? What would
be the disadvantages of adopting such a system.

9. Give instances of spelling obscuring the derivation of a word, and show how
many words have changed their form from a misconception of their original
meaning.

10. What objection may be made to the expression "incorrect orthography," adduce
parallel instances from the English, or any other language.

IL

Madras.

Question 11. State any peculiarity that may strike you in the following words:-idea, miscreant, starvation, rather, preposterous, nostril, runagate, orange, spinster, nugget, Hotspur, bombast, dirge, its. In each case mention the source to which the English language is indebted for the word.

GENERAL PAPER on ENGLISH LITERATURE.

Examiner, Edmund Thompson, M. A.

Question I. Paraphrase the following passage:-" The history of time representeth the magnitude of actions, and the public faces and deportment of persons, and passeth over in silence the smaller passages and motions of men and matters. But such being the workmanship of God, as he doth hang the greatest weight on the smallest wires, it comes therefore to pass, that such histories do rather set forth the pomp of business than the true and inward resorts thereof. But lives, if they be well written, propounding to themselves a person to represent in whom actions both greater and smaller, public and private, have a commixture, must of necessity contain a more true, native, and lively representation.

II. Give an account of the life, character, and writings of Lord Bacon. What advice to the biographer and historian do you gather from the above passage? Point out any expressions or constructions in it which would now be considered old fashioned. In what case is the word "be"? State any rules you may recollect (with examples) pointing out when the subjunctive mood should be preferred to the indicative. In what case is "person" and why? Explain the words underlined, with derivations.

By what by-paths, and indirect crook'd ways,
I met this crown; and I myself know well,
How troublesome it sat upon my

head:

To thee it shall descend with better quiet,
Better opinion, better confirmation;

For all the soil of the achievement goes

With me into the earth. It seemed in me

But as an honour snatched with boisterous hand;
And I had many living to upbraid

My gain of it by their assistances;

Which daily grew to quarrel and to bloodshed,

Wounding supposed peace: All these bold fears,
Thou see'st, with peril I have answered;

For all my reign hath been but as a scene
Acting that argument: and now my death

Changes the mode: for what in me was purchased,
Falls upon thee in a more fairer sort;

So thou the garland wear'st successively."

Shakespear-Second Part of King Henry IV.

IV. In what reigns did Shakespear live? Mention anything you know of his life. What other illustrious writers were contemporary with him? What has Shakespear written besides plays? Into what classes may his plays be divided? Sketch the plot of that play of his with which you are best acquainted. Carefully explain lines 12-15, " and I had many," "supposed peace," what is peculiar in the use of the word " upbraid "? To what does "which" refer? How do you understand the expression "bold fears"? Point out the meaning of "purchased " in this passage. What is unusual in line 20? Can you quote any parallel expressions? Explain the word “ successively." What does the king mean by lines 17 and 18? To what events

does he refer.

66

V. They who to States and Governors of the commonwealth direct their speech to high Court of Parliament! or wanting such access in a private condition, write that which they foresee may advance the public good; I suppose them, as at the beginning of no mean endeavour, not a little altered and moved inwardly in their minds; some with doubt of what will be the success, others with fear of what will be the censure; some with hope, others with confidence of what they have to speak. And we perhaps each of these dispositions, as the subject was whereon I entered, may have at other times variously affected; and likely might in these foremost expressions now also disclose which of them

them swayed most, but that the very attempt of this address thus made, and
the thought of whom it hath recourse to, hath got the power within me to a
passion far more welcome than incidental to a preface. Which though I stay
not to confess ere any ask, I shall be blameless, if it be no other than the joy
and gratulation which it brings to all who wish to promote their country's
liberty; whereof this whole discourse proposed will be a certain testimony, if
not a trophy."- Milton.

Question VI. Paraphrase this passage:-Explain the construction of the first sentence in this extract, with reference to the pronoun "they." Parse the words underlined, and point out anything which may appear to you peculiar, either in their use, or in that of any other words in the passage. Enumerate all the words in the sentence of Latin or French origin, and supply as far as you can, their Saxon equivalents.

VII. Paraphrase the following:

So saying, from the ruined shrine he stept,
And in the moon athwart the place of tombs,
Where lay the mighty bones of ancient men,
Old knights, and over them the sea-wind sang,

Shrill, chill, with flakes of foam. He, stepping down
By zig-zag paths, and juts of pointed rock,
Came on the shining levels of the lake;
There drew he forth the broad Excalibur,
And o'er him drawing it, the winter moon,
Brightening the skirts of a long cloud, ran forth,
And sparkled keen with frost against the hill:
For all the hill twinkled with diamond studs,
Myriads of topaz lights, and jacinth-work,
Of subtlest jewellery. He gazed so long,
That both his eyes were dazzled, as he stood,
This way and that dividing the swift mind,
In act to throw : but at the last, it seemed
Better to leave Excalibur concealed
There in the many knotted water flags,
That whistled stiff and dry about the marge.
So strode he back slow to the wounded king.

Tennyson.

Explain the words and expressions underlined.

Examine the grammatical construction of the opening sentence.

VIII. How far may we trace the history and character of the English people from
an attentive study of the English language? Mention any expressions now
in use which tend to prove that Norinan French was once the language of
English courts of law.

IX. Derive and explain the use of a preposition, an interjection, an adverb. Show
by examples how other words, or combinations of words, are used as adverbs.
What do you mean by " diminutives"? Give examples of their various
forces. Describe the nature and use of auxiliary verbs.

X. Derive and explain the following words; autobiography, obnoxious, numismatic,
pleurisy, monastic, sycophant, illustrious, virtuoso, pedagogue, chivalry,
ingenious.

From what languages are these words respectively taken? Give examples of the use on their roots in other words.

XI. Mention the principal works of the following authors, Spenser, Dean Swift,
Pope, Sir Walter Scott.

Give some account of a celebrated work by one of their authors.

II. Madras.