adsentitur statim,' he alters quid to nihil, thinking that Cicero meant, the man who is without sense gives a hasty assent.'

The readings of the Hadoardus MS. have been supplied to Dr. Schwenke by others; but he has himself inspected anew the readings of Ciceronian MSS. of the first importance in passages quoted by Hadoardus. This portion of the work deserves espe cial praise. Indeed the labour expended upon the publication has been immense, and merits warm recognition. On some future occasion I may draw attention to some details arising out of Dr. Schwenke's collations.-J. S. REID.

Cicero de Senectute, edited by L. HUXLEY, B.A. Part I.-Introduction and Text. Part II.-Notes. (Clarendon Press.) 2s.

THIS edition has some merit of arrangement. The text and the notes are in separate volumes, an obvious advantage for school purposes; and there is a useful 'Index of Persons,' which will save reference to the Classical dictionary. Here our praise must end. The notes are much the sort of thing which might he expected from a cleverish school-boy in an unseen paper. They are given where they are not wanted, omitted where they are wanted, and they contain elementary blunders on points correctly explained by former editors. In p. 28, 1. 29, if any note were given on the words coagmentavit, conglutinavit, it should have been for the purpose of explaining the metaphor contained in them, not simply to give the equivalents combined,' 'compounded,' the latter of which is moreover inconsistent with the words that follow, omnis conglutinatio recens aegre, inveterata facile divellitur. p. 6, 20, chiamus is explained as 'gaping,' Mr. Huxley evidently connecting it, not with xi, but with xaivw, xáoμa. p. 16, 15, the idiom nunc cum maxime is misunderstood. p. 21, 19, jumentum is said to be contracted from jugumentum. 15, 29, dissolutos

senes is translated broken-down' old men. 24, 32, Cicero says there was an interval of forty-six years between the first and sixth consulship of Corvinus, itr quantum spatium aetatis majores ad senectutis initium esse voluerunt, tantus illi cursus honorum fuit, referring of course to the fact that after fortysix a man was classed as senior. Mr. Huxley says, his public life hal lasted as many years as would bring a man to senectus, i.e. sixty,' and leaves it to his reader to reconcile this with the statement of Cicero. p. 23, 20, ut in gratiam cum voluptate redeamus (to make up our quarrel with pleasure) is rendered by the following lucid sentence so that we are restored at last to favour with pleasure to ourselves.' p. 29, 11, on hoc meditatum ab adulescentia debet esse (we must con this from our youth), we have the note by the persons included in adulescentia.' p. 27, 31, in the sentence neque enim histrioni ut placeat peragenda fubula est (an actor does not need to finish the play in order to secure approval), ut placeat is turned at his own pleasure.' 25, 20, superior actas fructus capit auctoritatis extremos (receives the reward of influence at last), Mr. Huxley translates extremos to the full'; with which may be compared his version of spatio supremo, 'in the most glorious race' (p. 8, 13). It is unnecessary to give further specimens. The book is one which should never have been printed, first because the ground was already preoccupied by Mr. Reid's excellent edition, secondly because the editor has taken no pains to fit himself for the work. It is not creditable to the management of the Clarendon press that such a book should have received the stamp of its imprimatur.

THREE LEXICONS TO CAESAR. Lexikon zu den Schriften Cäsars und seiner Fortsetzer mit Angibe sämtlicher Stellen von H. MERGuet. Jena, Gustav Fischer. 1886. 4to, pp. iv, 1138, and 4 pages of corrections and additions. 55 Mk. THIS lexicon is a companion to the author's wellknown lexicon to Cicero's speeches in four volumes. It aims at the same absolute completeness, e.g. the article et fills 38 columns. In many respects it is an advantage to have the latinity of Caesar and his continuators collected in one alphabet; Merguet's lexicon alone of the three rivals can boast of this advantage. In regard to the text, Merguet follows Nipperdey throughout, not recording various readings or conjectures. The arrangement, according to syntactical construction, not according to signification, is for rapid reference convenient, but has its disadvantages. It is to be regretted that the references are to chapters, not to paragraphs.

Lexicon Caesarianum confecit H. MEUSEL. Berlin, H. Weber. fasc. i-vii, col. 1-1344 (A —FUGA). 1884-1886. 2 M. 40 Pf. per part.

THIS lexicon confines itself to Caesar's own writings; it contains proper names, which are treated as in Orelli's onomasticon to Cicero; it gives various readings and emendations; the editor himself has made valuable grammatical collections, e.g. on Caesar's use of a and ab; on the use of ac before different letters. It is generally agreed by critics that this lexicon is the lexicon to Caesar.

Lexicon Caesarianum composuerunt RUDOLFUS MENGE et SIEGMUNDUS PREUSS. Leipzig, Teubner. fasc. i, ii, 1885-6. 4to. col. 1-256. 1 M. 60 Pf. each part.

THIS is the cheapest and most concise of the three lexicons. In plan and appearance it resembles the Lexicon Taciteum of Gerber and Greef, with which it ranges in size. Brevity is secured by giving in many cases bare references, not the full context. Various readings are recorded. The type is smaller than in Merguet and Meusel, and abbreviations save space, so that fasc. 1 in 128 columns comes down to capillus, which stands on col. 444 in Meusel, and on p. 132 (= col. 263) in Merguet.

A necessary supplement to both Meusel and MengePreuss is

Vollständiges Lexikon zu den pseudocäsarianischen Schriftwerken. Von SIEGMUND PREUSS. I Teil: bell. Gall. 8 und bell. Alex. 11 Teil: bell. Afr. und Hisp Erlangen, Deichert. 1884. 8vo. pp. 433. 8 Mk.

As the two parts have separate alphabets, Merguet has a very decided claim to preference on those who wish to learn briefly the whole evidence on any word contained in the corpus Caesarianum.

Holder also in 1882 added a complete index to his edition of Caesar's Gallic war; and Leopold Vielhaber long since spent much labour on a lexicon to Caesar. It is greatly to be regretted that so much energy has been absorbed in rival services to one author, while the greater part of Cicero, both Senecas, Quintilian's declamations, Petronius, and many other store-houses of Latinity, have had little or nothing done for them. Teubner announced a lexicon Lucretianum by Woltjer as preparing in 1882, and in the same year Edm. Hauler appended to his Terentiana (Vienna, Hoelder) a specimen of a lexicon, which is to contain parallels from Plautus and other comic poets, Latin and Greek. May they soon appear and find many imitators. -JOHN E. B. MAYOR.

[Since the above was in type, part III of the lexicon of Menge and Preuss (to eruptio) and part VIII (to Hyrrus, completing vol. I) of that of Meusel, have appeared.]

Livy. Books V, VI, and VII, with introduction and notes by A. R. CLUER; second edition, revised by P. E. MATHESON (Clarendon Press Series) 1887. 58.

THIS is an enlarged and revised edition of Mr. Cluer's book published in 1881. The additions consist of (1) An excursus on the style of Livy. In this, under the three heads of 'general arrangement, 'ornaments of style,' and 'use of particular forms,' Mr. Matheson has given a sound and full account of the main peculiarities of Livy's language, as exemplified in these books. A valuable portion of the excursus is an excellent classified list of metaphors. (2) A note on the Roman army at this period, after Marquardt. (3) A useful map of Central Italy. (4) An analysis prefixed to each chapter of the text. (5) Additions to the notes, e.g., in I. 1, on Comitia, in vi. 41, 10, on Patres auctores fiunt, in vi. 41, 10 on At hercule. The character of these additions, which are chiefly historical, makes one regret that they are not more extensive. (6) A good index, to some extent supplementing the notes.

.

.

In revision proper Mr. Matheson has confined himself to correcting some errors in Mr. Cluer's book, as in the notes on At enim, which Mr. Cluer apparently mistook for sed enim, on Antesignani, wrongly explained by Mr. Cluer, and in others. One or two errors appear to have been passed over, as signa convertit, leads his troops,' which seems a loose translation. It is a pity that Mr. Matheson has not revised or remodelled the notes more extensively. There are a number of fragments of translation, of which it is difficult to see the utility, such as, tantum abest ut ut, so far from. . . that' (this occurs three times), ratio haberetur, 'regard should be had,' ducibus captivis, guided by the prisoners,' &c., &c. These might well have been excised (stereotyping permitting), and the room so gained advantageously occupied by additional notes, as, for example, on the origin of the Roman Drama (vii. 2), and on jus gentium (v. 36, 6). Notes on these and other similar points from Mr. Matheson would clearly have been very useful, while references to Teuffel's Rom. Lit. and Maine's Ancient Law, are not practically of much use to schoolboys, or even to most undergraduates. On the other hand some pieces of translation might well have been supplemented or superseded by explanations. Utique, decidedly,' ultro offerrent (which by the way should be se ultro offerrent) openly faced,' may enable a boy to translate the phrases, but will not instruct him much.

Looking at the book as a whole, however, Mr. Matheson may certainly be said to have improved Mr. Cluer's book into a sound and very useful school and college edition.

H. M. STEPHENSON.

Methods of Historical Study, and Chief Periods of European History. By EDWARD A. FREEMAN, M.A., Hon. D.C.L. and LL.D., Regius Professor of Modern History at Oxford. 1886. 10s. 6d. THESE Volumes form two introductory courses of lectures delivered by Professor Freeman at Oxford, and forming, together with a minute study of Gregory of Tours and Paulus Diaconus, his first year's work in the Chair of Modern History.

The earlier course sets forth the propaedeutic of Historical Study, its relations to cognate or sub

sidiary sciences, and its methods and instruments of investigation. Amid much in these lectures which is of only secondary importance, that which deals with original authorities' is especially worthy of study. Compared with the critical thoroughness with which original authorities are treated, the lecture on subsidiary authorities is a little disappointing. Professor Freeman indeed recognises the importance of inscriptions and coins, but in insisting that their province is merely to illustrate, explain, and correct, he seems hardly to appreciate as highly as it deserves the very large amount of positive and original information which epigraphy has furnished for the Roman empire of the first three centuries. At least the examples which are given are not the most striking which might have been selected, and one would gladly exchange the whole of the lecture on Modern Historians for a fuller treatment of the uses and methods of epigraphical evidence,

In the second course of lectures Professor Freeman is at his best. He is using his instruments instead of explaining their construction, and the perhaps too sustained rhetoric of the earlier volume is less noticeable amid the wonderful fertility and aptness of illustration which is nowhere more marked than here. The abiding influence of Rome on European History is illustrated in its rise, its headship, its material but not moral decline, and its ultimate disappearance. Of course, as Professor Freeman observes, the division of European History into periods is partly arbitrary, but surely, if it is to centre round the power of Rome, the first three centuries of the empire deserve somewhat greater prominence than is here assigned to them. While

the lecture on the Headship of Rome practically ends with Julius Caesar, the next passes on at once to the universal citizenship granted by Caracalla. And yet in the interval thus left two of the most important factors of the succeeding age were evolved - the Romanisation of the west, and the successive steps towards the administrative unity of the whole. Neither of them had really commenced at the accession of Augustus; both were well on their way towards completion when Rome became merged in Romania.' Briefly as the periods selected are necessarily sketched, and concentrated as the point of view is on Rome's oecumenical position, a few felicitous phrases often light up a whole epoch. That the mission of the Greek race was to be the teachers, the lights, the beacons of mankind, but not their rulers,' is no less true than epigrammatic; while the description of the zones within zones of Hellenic culture ranging from the old Hellas to the Greek court varnish of the Parthian kings sums up the intellectual characteristics of five centuries. The two lectures on 'Rome the Head of Europe' and 'Rome and the New Nations' will well repay the most careful study. Especially striking is the comparison between the gradual building up of the Roman power and its gradual falling away. The same stages of alliance, heriotship and dependence are seen in both, but in the one case alliance is a decent name for subjection which the time has not yet come to press to an extreme point, while in the other it is a decent name for independence which the time has not yet come formally to acknowledge.' The essay on Greek Cities under Roman Rule which is added to the volume is perhaps deprived of some of its importance by Mommsen's brilliant chapter on Greek Europe in his new volume, where the same subject is treated in a more exhaustive and systematic way.

G. HARDY.

Lectures on the Rise and Early Constitution of Universities, with a Survey of Mediaval Education, A.D. 200-1350, by S. S. LAURIE, A. M., Professor of the Institutes and History of Education in the University of Edinburgh. London: Kegan Paul, Trench & Co. 1886. Pp. v.-xii. ; 293. 68. IN publishing fifteen lectures which the fulness of his programme has not permitted him to deliver to his class, Mr. Laurie has given a practical example of that intellectual productiveness which, as he sets himself to show, is the true moral end of academical endowments.

The book is addressed chiefly to schoolmasters interested in educational origins. It occupies a place somewhat similar to that taken by Prof. H. Malden's smaller book half a century ago; and, like Peacock's Observations on the Cambridge Statutes, it may stimulate an interest in scholastic institutions from a practical point of view.

He

Lectures I-IV. only (or portions of them) fall properly within the scope of this Review. In these the author sketches briefly the academic position of Athens, the collegiate education in Alexandria, and the more systematic organization of Rome. shows how the Christian Church took up the torch just when the Romano-Hellenic educational system had lost all moral vitality, and when there was no faculty with sufficient energy to hold it, excepting that of jurisprudence (pp. 9, 19), which apparently he does not think to be very trustworthy for keeping alive the flame of science (p. 252n). He discusses the attitude of the Fathers towards 'Humanity,' and their differences of opinion on the subject. In this connexion Jerome's letter to Magnus (Ep. 83 or 84) ascribed to 397, the very year before a council of Karthage gave a decision on the matter, might have been thought worthy of notice. After the rise of the schools of Cassian and Benedict, where sometimes the Greek trivium was pursued within the narrowed range of monastic limitations, we come to the Irish schools, and so to Theodore of Tarsus, Alcuin, and Bede, and to the schools under Bishops and Chancellors of Cathedrals.

Here the reader will probably be encouraged to turn to the special work of Mr. Mullinger on the Schools of Charles the Great, as, later on, to his larger History of Cambridge.

When Prof. Laurie speaks of the 'Greek' period at St. Gall as 'short-lived,' he is presumably correct; but it may be worth while to notice the curious survival of the Greek language in their early tenth century Notkerian troper (No. 484) which was exhibited in the gallery of the Albert Hall in 1885, and is described in Mr. Weale's Music Loan Exhibition catalogue.

We must not here follow beyond our limits to the School of Salerne (who, by the way, wrote better verse than to call themselves tota schola Salerni), Paris, Bologna, and Prague; nor yet to Oxford and Cambridge. When Mr. Laurie issues the second edition which he contemplates, he will, I hope, add a list of universities down to the present time

A Course of Modern Greek, or the Greek Language of the Present Day. By D. ZOмPOLIDES, Ph. D. Part I., Elementary Method. Williams and Norgate. 58.

THIS little volume is the first of a promised series of four, which, when completed, will probably form a Modern Greek Course of considerable thoroughness. Mr. Zompolides tells us in his preface, that he has followed a new and independent plan, in so far as he has arranged his material according to standard Ancient Greek grammars, while he has endeavoured to represent every form of the Modern Greek language always in comparison with the Ancient Greek. The latter aim, it would seem, might in several cases have been more fully carried out. In remarking on the history of the language Mr. Zompolides fixes the date for the beginning of its present structure at about the commencement of the eleventh century A. D.; a question which admits of a variety of opinions.

This introductory volume is divided into three parts. The first deals with the pronunciation. Commenting shortly on the vexed question of accents Mr. Zompolides says: It is an empty philological speculation to contend that the quantitative prosody does not congrue (?) or does not exist together with the accentual prosody, because one forgets the uniting medium of both, viz. music, which in ancient times was and will always be the anima (xh) of poetry.'

The second division treats of the Accidence, beginning with the verb. It seems a pity that the ancient form of the Infinitive, which is frequently used at the present day, and is found in the grammars of the national schools of Greece, should be bracketed as Ancient Greek only. Also in the verbs in the original forms, as sometimes, even though rarely used, might advisedly be given as well as the modern ones.

The third division, consisting of vocabularies, and exercises from English into Greek and Greek into English, is well suited to assist the student in rapidly acquiring the language. At the conclusion a few letters are given as specimens of the epistolary style, but there is a want of number and variety, a defect it would be well to correct in a future edition.

The whole book is simple in its arrangements and practical for non-classical students; and is sufficient to guide the classical student to a rapid knowledge of the language as now spoken.

M. C. DAWES.

ARISTOPH. Acharn. 36.-While I fully appreciate the ingenuity of Mr. A. S. Murray's rendering of this line in p. 3 of our first number, and consider his view of pior to be perfectly legitimate as a hypothesis, yet I am not by any means persuaded that this is the meaning of the scholiast whom he cites. The words, which will be found in p. 3 of Didot's edition of the scholia (not in the earlier editions) are x piwv àπñv.

'pun

τοῦτο παιδιὰ καλεῖται· ἀπὸ γὰρ τοῦ πρίω ρήματος ἴνομα τὸ πρίων. Mr. Murray prefers to understand T... in the literal sense ('there is a game called by this name ') rather than in the metaphorical ('this is what is called a pun'). In favour of his interpretation it may be urged that the lexicons do not recognize as a meaning of raidid, and that, if the scholiast had meant this, he would probably have said τοῦτο πέπαικται, as he does elsewhere. On the other hand, if the literal translation were intended, we should rather have expected παιδιά τις τοῦτο καλεῖται, and the following γάρ would be difficult to account for. But what settles the matter to my mind is, that we find an exact parallel in the note on 1. 8, ἄξιον γὰρ Ἑλλάδι.—τοῦτο παρῳδιά καλεῖται. Apparently the scholiast thought it necessary at the commencement of his commentary on Aristophanes to explain what was meant by certain figures of speech. Instead of saying briefly, as he does later on, observe the pun,' "observe the parody,' he condescends to the ignorance of beginners and says 'this is what is called a parody' or a pun.' I think therefore that the lexicons may safely add this to their meanings of the word waidid, and that, unless further evidence is forthcoming, we must continue to understand the pun of Aristophanes in the old way, taking play as a double entendre of the saw and the man who shouts 'who'll buy,' ('the rasping sound of the crier was unheard '). It is perhaps worth mention hat we read in Aristot. Probl. 35, 3 of the sound of

This verse is translated by Paley, 'If I have not already slain him, at least I have a foretaste of the pleasure by the time.' I venture to differ from this rendering. I rather see in the line an implied assent to the proposal for immediate action. Creusa had no particular hostility to Ion, and intended to wait till he had actually invaded her home. She had before consented to put the intruder out of the way, and now, being further pressed to act at once, she yields. 'Well, be it so; it is not quite right, but, at any rate, I shall get my satisfaction earlier,' or, in point of time I at any rate anticipate my pleasure.'FREDERIC T. COLBY.

ARCHAIC FIBULAE WITH INCISED DESIGNS.Furtwaengler in Arch. Zeit. 1884, p. 105, gives a small list of bronze and gold fibulae with side plates engraved with designs, and says that he knows of no other examples; in my sale catalogue of the Biliotti. Collection (Dec. 1885), Nos. 607-8, three more are mentioned; the process of cleaning which was successful in those cases has been recently applied to two more in the British Museum from Kamiros, which now show similar geometric patterns.-[C. S.]

to

OUR Classical school at Dublin may be said to date from about thirty years ago. Previous to that time, the College Fellowships were given for Mathematical knowledge exclusively. The course usually pursued by an aspirant for Fellowship was rather a curious one. The Foundation Scholarships (commonly called Scholarships of the House) were given upon an examination in Classics. The examiners were the Seven Senior Fellows, who then constituted the governing body of the College and University. The qualification was almost entirely limited to the power of finent viva voce translation of a tolerably wide selection of books-all those read for Ordinary and Honour Examinations in the first, second, and up Trinity Term of the third year. As a rule, intending candidates for Fellowship competed at this Scholarship Examination. It might be taken up in any year, but the usual time was the Trinity term of the third year. An intending candidate Fellow, if he failed, might perhaps go up again in the year following; but this was not very usual. If however he secured his Scholarship, or if on the other hand he made up his mind not to compete again, in either case he dropped Classics altogether, and gave himself up wholly to Mathematics. At one time there was a so-called Examination in Literis Humanioribus as part of the Fellowship course; but it was wholly perfunctory. No attempt was made to test linguistic

Then

or grammatical knowledge, to say nothing of taste or scholarship. The examination began with the stock question Quid est chronologia to which the respondent was expected to return the stock answer, Ea scientia, sine qua historia indigesta moles est followed a string of equally stock questions and auswers in the traditional chronology of Abp. Usher or some such old world authority. As time went on, the examination became somewhat more of a reality; but the real competition was in Mathematics, and into that the candidates put all their strength, whether they had or had not been Scholars of the House. The consequence was that at one time the Fellows might have been divided into three pretty sharply marked classes. Some were distinguished Mathematicians who had either never known any Classics or had forgotten any they ever knew. Many were good all round' men, leaning more to Mathematics however than to Classics, and in no case what would be called 'scholars' in the present acceptation of the word. Lastly, there were a few who had comfortably forgotten their Latin and Greek and had acquired just as much Mathematics as would secure a Fellowship, which feat accomplished, they proceeded to forget that too. It must be said, however, of some of the Fellows who had been Scholars of the House, that they kept their Classical learning up, and came to the front as teachers or in some other way, in spite