Finales, Con écutives, Suppositives, Concessives, Comparatives, Temporelles, Relatives). A chapter on the Infinitive (Proposition Infinitive) follows. In this arrangement one recognises a sound principle-that Syntax should be based on a classification of sentences: whether the scheme of analysis adopted is the best possible may be open to doubt. But in general this part of the book deserves considerable praise, as an attempt to introduce into France a rational system of Syntax-teaching.

I append a few criticisms on miscellaneous points. The Optative in Greek is declared in a note to be nothing but an historical subjunctive. This doctrine should not be asserted without noticing that the Optative corresponds in usage quite as much to the present as to the imperfect subj. of Latin. Modern science recognises two distinct moods for Greek (see Brugmann in Iwan Müller). --Dies me deficiat is not synonymous, as an apodosis, with Dies me deficirt.The interpretation of Aen. IX. 288 Inque salutatum linquo (nox et tua dextera testis) quod nequcam lacrimas perferre parentis which is assigned to Thurot, that quod nequeam (‘je serais incapable') depends on linguo is not new, (Conington after Madvig).-Is it really a good thing for French boys to learn gender rules in German? The author has adopted the verses of Zumpt entire. His readers will be inclined to think the French language capable of such lyrical flights as

Commune heisst was einen Mann
Und eine Frau bedeuten kann.
E. A. SONNENSCHEIN,

Syntaxe Latin par O. RIEMANN, viii. and 496 pp. Paris: Klincksieck. 4 frs.

THERE is no doubt of the author's competence to write a Latin Syntax. His 'Studies on the language and grammar of Livy,' prove that to any one who is acquainted with them. The same excellent scholarship is seen in this little book. There is much careful discrimination of the usage of particular authors and clear and full statement (with references to the particular passages) of the facts of Latin construction. But the method of exposition is somewhat defective. It is largely built on a comparison of the French and Latin text or idiom. There is no clearly visible and firm skeleton in the treatise. Little attempt is made to arrange, for instance, the usages of the subjunctive under leading conceptions and show their descent and collateral affinities. There are of course many differences among grammarians, but two main schools may be distinguished, those which take their cue from the forms, and those which take it from some abstract classification of the meaning. The former (eg. Madvig) look to the case and to the mood for their points of grouping: the latter to the character of the qualification or of the sentence. As regards the treatment of case the former has generally prevailed as regards the sentence the latter school (eg. Kuhner) is perhaps yet predominant. M. Riemann belongs to the latter, and so far I differ from him; and still more when he puts, e.g. as coordinate divisions the indicative, the potential (present and perfect subjunctive) and the inode irréel' (imperfect and pluperfect subjunctive). I have not noticed any special novelty of an important character, but some old errors, as I regard them, continue. E.g. he classes under one general head such very different datives as those in locum castris capere and uenire auxilio; he has a vague dative of relation' which contains oppidum primum est uenicntibus ab Epiro and id remedium timori fuit. Dicat (dixerit) aliquis appears as potential without question of the frequency of the former or of the mood of the latter. Again

NO. VII. VOL. I.

the historical infinitive receives no further explanation than that it is used to replace in narrations the imperfect indicative: and the gerund (gérondif) and verbal adjective in -ndus are treated together without any attempt to account for their parallelism. In the passages of Cæsar which M. Riemann as well as myself and others have converted into orat. recta, he has mistaken (as I once did) the meaning of impune injurias tulisse (B. G. i. 14, § 4) which is not suffered wrongs but bore off' i.e. committed wrongs' (p. 343). I gladly add that the book is otherwise very accurate. H. J. R.

DICTIONNAIRE DES ANTIQUITÉS GRECQUES ET ROMAINES d'après les textes et les monuments, contenant l'explication des termes qui se rapportent aux mœurs, aux institutions, à la religion, aux arts, aux sciences, au costume, au mobilier, à la guerre, à la marine, aux métiers, aux monnaies, poids et mesures, etc. etc., et en général à la vie publique et privée des anciens. Ouvrage rédigé par une société d'écrivains spéciaux, d'archéologues et de professeurs, sous la direction de MM. CH. DAREMBERG et EDM. SAGLIO, avec 3000 figures d'après l'antique, dessinées par P. Sellier et gravées par M. Rapine. Paris: Hachette 1873-1887. Vol. I pt. 1 A. B. pp.

1-756.

pt. 2 C. pp. 757-1703. large 4to (saine size as Littré's French Dictionary, issued by the same firm). Each part 5 frs.

THE enterprising publishers, to whom we owe the magnificent editions of Duruy's History of the Greeks and History of the Romans, the History of Art in Antiquity by G. Perrot and Ch. Chipiez, and an excellent series of annotated editions of Greek and Latin classics, present the learned world in this stately quarto with a work worthy of the country of Saumaise, Hérault, and Montfaucon. No other nation as yet possesses anything approaching to it in beauty and completeness; it is absolutely necessary to every classical library and to every public library frequented by scholars or artists.

When the first fascicule (pr. 5 fr., containing 20 sheets of text and 189 engravings) appeared, it was hoped that three or four fascicules might appear in a year, and five or six years bring the work to completion. M. Renier, when offering to the Academy of Inscriptions, on 20 June, 1873, the first part, stated that the work had been set on foot, by Daremberg, twelve years before. Abbé Martigny's well-known Dictionary of Christian Antiquities was originally intended to form part of Daremberg's collection.

Among many criticisms, by competent judges, printed on the covers of successive parts, one, by A. Dumont, explains and excuses the slowness of publication: 'il a tout revu (he is speaking of M. Saglio), tout relu, vérifié ces milliers de notes, refondu un grand nombre d'articles pour assurer l'unité de l'ouvrage, sans compter tous ceux qui sont restés son œuvre exclusive.'

Many topics omitted in Smith's and Rich's dictionaries, find a place here, as mythology. The article Alphabetum by Lenormant is (as many others are) a complete treatise, occupying 30 pages, and illustrated by 11 plates. References, always at the foot of the page, are attached to each statement of the text, and a bibliography concludes each article. The writers are evidently masters of the literature of their subjects, and references are in general precise and made to the latest editions. Criticism of details would be out of place in dealing in a few lines with a work of vast fabour; we would rather congratulate the editor and publishers on the acceleration of their pace (No. 6 appeared in 1879, No. 7 in 1880, No. 8 in 1882,

P

No. 9 in 1884, No. 10 in 1886, No. 11 completing the letter C and vol. 1 in this year), and purchasers on being able at last to bind the book. If future volumes are limited to about 800 pages, they will not remain, as vol. 1 has done, for fourteen years in drawers and cupboards. For one raid that has hitherto been made on this great storehouse of ancient learning, a hundred will be made in future.

J. E. B. M.

Monuments of Classical Antiquity (Denkmäler des Klassischen Altertums zur Erläuterung des Lebens der Griechen und Römer), edited by A. BAUMEISTER. Munich and Leipzig. 1884-87. Vol. I. 26 Mk.

THIS work, which has been little noticed, if at all, in English periodicals, has now reached its 37th part and the article 'Phigalia.' It will be convenient to deal here with parts 1-21 which constitute volume I. and contain the letters A-I. In the absence of any satisfactory Dictionary of Classical Antiquities the appearance of the work is of rather exceptional importance. The Dictionnaire des Antiquités of Dareinberg and Saglio is indeed an excellent and elaborate book, but though begun in 1873 it has only reached the letter D. The new edition of Smith's Dictionary of Antiquities is not likely to be ready for some time, and revised editions of Dr. Smith's other Classical Dictionaries are not even in contemplation. Baumeister's Monuments is not, and apparently does not claim to be, a complete Dictionary of Antiquities, but it is so rapidly nearing completion, and its articles (which are lexicographically arranged) deal with so many subjects, that the archaeologist naturally turns to it as a tolerable substitute for a dictionary.

The great feature of the book is the illustrations. The idea seems to have been to bring together in a work of moderate extent and cost reproductions, accompanied by a series of articles, of all the more important ancient monuments that illustrate the Religion, Art and Custom of the Greeks and Romans. The text, though it does not often degenerate into mere writing to pictures,' hardly attempts to be exhaustive, for in many cases subjects are dealt with only from the artistic and archaeological standpoints, little reference being made to the information deriv. able from the literary sources. There is no systematic indication of Bibliography (as there is in Daremberg and Saglio), though most of the articles incidentally furnish a good many references to the literature of the subjects discussed. As a complete bibliography has not been aimed at, it is perhaps hardly necessary to record here such omissions as I have discovered, for instance in the article 'Abraxas' (on Gnostic Gems), where there is a reference to Matter and to an essay by Bellermann, but not to Mr. King's book; and in the article on River-gods ('Flussgötter') where no notice is taken of an important dissertation by Prof. Percy Gardner. Perhaps also the reader may legitimately complain that he is rather too frequently sent on to complete his bibliographical researches in Marquardt' and Becker-Göll.'

Certain defects in the work appear to arise from an attempt to cover too much ground and, perhaps, from its limits not having been very clearly defined beforehand. The Editor not only admits many of the subjects usually found in Dictionaries of Antiquities but includes Mythology and Iconography, and, at a pinch, Geography and Biography. Besides dissertations on ancient art and custom we find articles on divinities, heroes and mythical person

ages; articles on the portraiture of emperors, statesmen and poets; an article, mainly topographical, on the city of Athens, and even biographies of the minor sculptors. The Editor seems never to have quite set aside the notion of making his book a complete Dictionary of Antiquities, for he has admitted several articles which are not, and could not well be, illustrated by Denkmäler.' Thus, we find short dissertations on Banks and Bankers, on the use of Iron and the Exposing of Children. An almost inevitable result of attempting so much is that several of the articles are too brief and superficial to be of much practical usefulness to students. At the same time, there are in the work many articles of which the solid merit cannot be denied, and one feels grateful for a book that contains so much information not readily accessible elsewhere. The illustrated part of the work is, on the whole, satisfactorily carried out. Many of the monuments, especially the more important works in sculpture, are reproduced by photography. There are numerous engravings and some illustrations in colour. The form of the book is convenient, and the printing and paper are good, thus forming a pleasant contrast to the Lexicons of Roscher and Pauly. Even the archaeologist who has a good library at his command will find Baumeister's 'Monuments' a handy book to cite and to turn to for reference. To ordinary students of Classical Literature and Art who cannot afford and who have no inclination to get together the numerous and costly books which constitute an archaeological library this work may be cordially recommended. Each part costs 18., which considering the ordinary price of such illustrated books is reasonable.

Among the more elaborate articles in the book may be noted Athens' by Dr. Milchhöfer; Architecture' ('Baukunst '), Sculpture' ('Bildhauerkunst '), Erechtheion' and 'Etruscan Antiquities' ('Etrurien') by Dr. Julius; 'Chorus' and 'Choregia' by Dr. B. Arnold; 'Siege-operations' (Festungskrieg und Geschützwesen ') by Dr. A. Müller; Flutes and Wind-organs' (Flöten') by Dr. K. Von Jan; and 'Ilias' and 'Ilinpersis' by the Editor.

The mythological articles have been undertaken by Dr. Baumeister himself. This task was, perhaps, almost too much for one man-and that man the editor of a dictionary-to accomplish in an entirely satisfactory manner. Some of the articles (for instance that on Antinoos), might certainly have been worked out more thoroughly: others, however, are fairly elaborate and painstaking. In point of fulness and learning the mythological part of this book cannot compare with Roscher's new Lexicon, though in the number and excellence of its illustrations as well as in its typographical arrangements Baumeister is decidedly ahead of Roscher. There are a few articles which might have been more liberally supplied with illustrations: Aphrodite,' Erinyen' (which is not illustrated at all), Europe,' 'Baumkultus,' 'Flussgötter.' The iconographical articles are interesting and useful, though it is to be regretted that the portrait-coins have been reproduced by engraving and not by photography. Numismatic wood-cutters almost invariably fail to catch likenesses, and Dr. Baumeister's eminent hands are no exception to the rule. Perhaps it might be found possible before the work is completed to furnish the reader with a series of portrait-coins of emperors reproduced by some photographic process. Some of the Greek Imperial coins with heads should also have been reproduced by photography: the engraving, for instance, of the coin of Mitylene accompanying the article Alkaios' is poor and misleading. Alexander the Great' is well illustrated by photographs, though,

strangely enough, there is no reproduction of his head as it appears on the coins of Lysimachus. With these exceptions, however, the work is well and fully illustrated. Under Sculpture' ('Bildhauerkunst') a long series of important monuments is reproduced, and many of the shorter articles are accompanied by interesting illustrations. Thus, under Barber there is a photograph of the quaint terra-cotta group at Berlin of an ancient hair-dresser operating upon his subject. As I have already stated, there are few antiquarian topics which are not treated of in this work; it may be noted however that there is no article Contorniates,' and a separate article on Hygieia' as well as portrait-coins of Allectus and Carausius might have been included with advantage.

An ideal criticism of so comprehensive a work as Dr. Baumeister's could only be penned by a writer of encyclopaedic knowledge having unlimited columns of the Classical Review at his disposal. The present article has, however, I hope indicated with tolerable fairness the principal merits and defects of the first volume of the work. I may perhaps add that my opinion has been formed not only after reading through a large number of the articles, but also after having frequently consulted the book for information on the very numerous and varied points' that have to be looked up by one engaged in the study of Greek and Roman Numismatics.

WARWICK WROTH.

Physikalische Geographie von Griechenland-NEUMANN und PARTSCH, Koebner, Breslau, 1885. 9 Mk.

THE Universities of Oxford and Cambridge have recently determined, at the suggestion of the Geographical Society, to establish Readerships in Geography. To all who are interested in this decision I would commend Neumann and Partsch's book as an example of the kind of work which such Readers might do with advantage.

Dr. Partsch has completed and brought up to date the important treatise on the physical geography of Greece which was the work of his teacher and predecessor, Dr. Neumann. The scheme of the book, and the leading ideas belong to Neumann; but his pupil deserves immense credit for the conscientious labour which he has devoted to its completion in detail. This is not one of those airy handbooks which give you a little art, a little history and a few commonplaces about the effect of climate upon the temper. It is a serious work, a perfect mine of facts and references; a mine, too, of ideas. Its aim is stated by Neumann in his admirable introduction to be the systematic exhibition of the physical features of Greece and their influence upon national character and institutions in ancient times. The definiteness and moderation with which he lays down the limits of his subject contrast strongly with the vague and ill-proportioned claims by which Buckle and other writers have made the name of physical environment unpopular in England. The body of the book is divided into five chapters, dealing with the climate of Greece, the relation of land and sea, the conformation of the land, its geology, and its vegetation. In the last two chapters, which form rather more than half the book, the classical reader will be chiefly interested in the sections that describe the influence of limestone rocks upon the worship of Poseidon, and of the connection between the cultivation of corn and the festivals of Athene. It appears that the cultus of Poseidon is only found in districts which are distinguished either by the presence of barathra or by the frequent occurrence of earthquakes.

Re

But it is not only in these chapters that light is thrown upon myths and religious ceremonies. searches of that kind form one of the most interesting features of the book; and their inductive method and moderate tone make them convincing as well as agreeable reading.

Another valuable part of the book is the analysis of the mountain system. No one who has not made a study of Greek geography can realise the difficulties of getting a clear conception of the structure of Aetolia and Arcadia. No existing map (not even the Vienna map) throws much light upon it: most of them represent it as mere confusion. But the third chapter of this book makes the reader feel that there is order in the seeming chaos, and that a map might show it. The same chapter states with admirable clearness and impartiality the political results of the country's peculiar formation. It contains little that is absolutely new: but its completeness and philosophical tone may make it welcome as a compendium even to those who are familiar with its doctrines.

But the book has one serious fault. It is undeniably dull, both in style and in arrangement. Gratitude for much information cannot blind the reader to the fact that a catalogue of trees which fills a hundred pages is excessive when thirty are found sufficient for the mountains. And catalogues are too prominent in other parts; while those single instances, by which many writers at once relieve and illustrate a long argument, are strangely wanting. Dr. Neumann's style is clear and often forcible, but it lacks brightness and variety. Dr. Partsch is neither clear nor forcible. And neither style gains by the arrangement which presents them in a kind of irregular sandwich. But, despite its faults, this is a book which no student of Greek history can afford to neglect.

M. G. GLAZEBROOK.

The Story of the Nations: Alexander's Empire. By J. P. MAHAFFY, D.D. London :T. Fisher Unwin. 5s.

EVEN if this book were much less cleverly put together than it is, it would be impossible for a critic to withhold his sympathy from the author. He has undertaken to write a story without a plot, and with hardly any unity of scene or of national character. He repeatedly betrays his own discomfort under these trying circumstances, by explaining and apologising for omissions and curtailments. He has to tell something reluctantly of wars and quarrels which carry little human interest with them, and lead only to results which were soon in their turn obliterated; and he has to cut short chapters evidently written con amore, where his wide reading and great knowledge of antiquity must have often tempted him to pause and talk at leisure to his readers. His progress through the two centuries that followed Alexander's conquests must have been a somewhat dreary one, and we seem to see signs in the latter part of the book that he was glad to get to the end of it.

It may be useful to give a brief indication of the contents of a book which in 300 pages covers so long and complicated a period of history. The story of Alexander's conquests is compressed into forty pages, with plans of his three great battles; brief as the account is, it is full of suggestive comment, and the only thing wanting seems to be some explanation of the way in which the notion of a great attack on Persia, which originated in Greece, was transferred to Philip, and through him to Alexander; Isokrates is not even mentioned. Seven chapters follow, on the period of the Diadochi, and these are some of the best in the book. The two figures of greatest human interest,

Demetrius and Eumenes, are handled (the former especially), with due appreciation of the importance of their lives by Plutarch; we have two or three interesting pages upon Hellenistic city life, and wish for more, for we do not learn anything about the method of government of these cities, nor does the author make it clear to us (see p. 95), whether he agrees with Droysen or Grote as to the number of foundations attributed to Alexander and his successors. A brief sketch of the philosophy of this period, given in chapter xi., is written in Dr. Mahaffy's most lively and original style, and the strange contrast of Aristotle's political thinking and his great pupil's political actions is skilfully touched. Leaving the Diadochi, the author faces the most difficult part of his task with surprising coolness, and the chapter on the three young kings' is a model of the art of marshalling complicated facts in a very short space; it is followed by a valuable chapter, one of those which must have greatly tempted its writer to give himself rein, on the litterati and scientists of Alexandria. Thence we pass to the further history of the three great kingdoms, to the age of the Achæan League, the reign of Philip V., and the first interference of Rome in Greece and the East, where the young reader will find himself once more on ground with which he is tolerably familiar. In this last part of the book it must be confessed that even Dr. Mahaffy has not always been able to make the narrative perfectly lucid or really interesting; but he has probably done all that could well be done in the space allowed him. The chapters on Pergamon and Rhodes, and on the influence of Hellenism on Rome, contribute some relief to the rapid narrative of events.

The book is copiously illustrated with maps, and cuts of statues and coins; and the only real blemish I have found is on p. 50, where a strange blunder has been committed which the author must have already noticed. It is all the more to be regretted that we are occasionally offended by faults of taste, which betray a tendency to loose historical thinking, and a desire to make the book readable by means which a judicious writer would on second thoughts reject.

AESCHYL. Agam. 301.

W. W. FOWLER,

πλέον καίουσα τῶν εἰρημένων.

The Story of the Nations: Carthage. By Professor A. J. CHURCH. T: Fisher Unwin. 58. PROFESSOR CHURCH has used his story-telling powers to great advantage in this excellent little book. It is a melancholy tale of continuous defeat and disaster, but by going to the original authorities, and selecting from them what best suits his purpose, he has contrived to make it really interesting. Even an unpretentious book, written for young readers, gains greatly by being the work of a scholar; and this one has also the advantage of numerous cuts of Carthaginian coins and monuments, together with plans of Carthage, Utica, &c. and a rough but pleasantlooking map of the Carthaginian empire. A good Inap of Sicily might well have been added.

The author has wisely broken the long record of the campaigns which constitute almost all we know of Carthaginian history by three short but useful and interesting chapters on the discoveries, the constitution, and the trade of Carthage, the first of which contains a translation, with geographical notes, of the Periplus of Hanno. In the second, as indeed throughout the book, he has carefully steered clear of all controversy, in order to give as clear an outline as possible of the really salient facts. This is by no means an easy matter, in a history bristling, like that of Carthage, with points of doubt and controversy; but the result is quite successful. Incidentally it is interesting to note that Professor Church (in spite of Mommsen) accepts the date 509 B. C. for the first treaty with Rome, following Polybius, for whom he evidently has a great liking; that he takes Hannibal over the Alps by the Little St. Bernard, and has not become a convert to Mr. Freshfield, and the Durance theory (here again he follows Polybius rather than Livy); and that he places the battle-field of Trasumenus (rightly perhaps) to the west of the long defile under the hills.

The book may be heartily recommended to readers of all orders and ages. It brings together in a single volume of 300 pages some of the most vital and interesting events in the history of Phoenicians, Greeks, and Romans, and tells the story of them with much skill in arrangement, and in perfectly simple language. W. W. F.

Mr. Paley translates the words Twv eipnμévwv 'than those hitherto described.' Others have thought the line in some way corrupt. But why may it not mean 'than what had been commanded?' τὰ εἰρημένα is found in this sense in Soph. Antig. 215 &s av σкoTol νῦν ἦτε τῶν εἰρημένων. The poet, wishing to describe the eagerness with which the watchmen carried out their orders in transmitting the glad intelligence by means of a fire, says that they kindled a bigger fire than had been ordered.-ALEX. PALLIS.

ARIST. Ach. 100. The following note has been communicated to me: "That the words of the ambas sador must belong to some real language has been recognised by most scholars; we should have expected them to be Old Persian, but the attempts at explaining them from that language by the eminent authorities Brockhaus and Spiegel (see W. Ribbeck's edition) are obvious failures. I do not know whether it has been noticed that the verse with (practically) no alterations will translate as old Sanskrit; we may thus transliterate

ιαρταμαν εξαρίαν απίσσονα πατρα (the reading of most MSS., see A. Müller's note) iyarti māñ xarxă na piçuna satrā

ἵεις σαυτὸν κατὰ τοῦ τείχους.

On the nature of these oßexíσKoi and the object o stealing them, the commentators (Richter, Mitchell, Green) offer no suggestions; Voss (1821) renders the word by Bratspiesschen.' Müller-Strübing, A.II.K. p. 615, 599, notices the difficulty and suggests Beλiras, a reading apparently represented by the 'Spiesskuchen' of Droysen, ed. 3.—I am inclined to think that a passage of Diodorus (xix, 45, 4) may throw some light on the passage in the l'espae: €ùðùs (at the flooding of Rhodes) τὰ ταπεινὰ τῆς πόλεως ἐπληροῦτο, τῶν μὲν ὀχετῶν διὰ τὸ δοκεῖν παρεληλυθέναι τὸν χειμῶνα, κατημελημένων, τῶν δ ̓ ἐν τοῖς τεί·

χεσιν οβελισκων συμφραχθέντων. What were these òSexioxo, which Rhodomannus renders tubi murorum, but which Wesseling fancied to be a kind of grating?-D. §. M.

ARISTOTELIAN FRAGMENTS.-The Times of April 27 has the following from Vienna: It is reported from Philippopolis that M. Petros Papageorgiu, a Greek scholar residing in that city, has discovered an ancient manuscript, containing passages of Aristotle's works. The manuscript is believed to be of the fourteenth century, and consists of 180 pages, which comprise the following extracts:-Pages 1 to 76, four books of Пepl Oupavoù, 'On the Heavens ;' pages 77 to 124, two books of Пepl revéσews Kal oopas, 'On Generation and Corruption;' pages 125 to 178, the first three books of Пepi Vuxns, 'On the Soul; pages 179 and 180, an extract of Пepl σοφιστικών Ελέγχων.

M.

The manuscript is in excellent preservation, the vellum being clean and strong, and all the letters being perfectly legible. It bears marginal annotations which are probably of the fifteenth century. Papageorgiu is now comparing the manuscript with existing editions of Aristotle's works, and he finds that the text differs in many important passages from these editions, and notably from Didot's, which is in general use on the Continent. This is the more interesting, as the manuscript gives extracts only from the genuine Aristotelian collection, and not from any works which commentators have agreed to regard as spurious. As soon as M. Papageorgin has finished his collating he will publish a pamphlet giving the result of his researches.'

STRĪTAUOS (Fest); TRĪTAUos.-How is the dif ference of these two forms of the same word to be explained? Initial str- is very common in Latin: therefore it is not likely that the absence of the s is due to mere phonetic loss.

more before a vowel, and before a voiceless consonant as t. Inscriptions and the fragments of the oldest poets are not conclusive evidence on this point: they slightly confirm the suggestion, so far as they can be used.

If these two postulates be granted, we may argue : A. If tritauos be the original form, then by rapid pronunciation proauosabanosatauostritauos, the s from atauos being heard somewhat distinctly before t might attach itself to the word tritauos and give a form stritauos, just as an ewt' in English made a newt.'

B. If on the other hand stritauos were original, the s might attach itself to atauo', and leave tritauos: as 'a nadder' left an adder.'

As to meaning, if tritauos be original, it is possible that the apparent meaning was once the real one, when the point from which the reckoning began was still consciously held. Tritos may be old Italian for tertius, which has not an original look: tri would stand between trei (in tre(i)-es, tres) and try in τρiτos, on Osthoff's 'nebentonige Ticfstufe' theory. If on the other hand stritauos is original, the meaning is wholly dark, and probably was so to an Italian; and the new form tritauos would commend itself to the 'popular etymologist' of the day, by its apparent possibility of meaning.-JOHN PEILE.

THE last number of the Greyfriar, a Charterhouse illustrated magazine, contains a charming version of Catullus on Lesbia's Sparrow' by Mr. G. S. Davies. It is happily turned in the Scots' dialect, that 'kindly Doric,' which, like its Greek prototype, lends itself so well both to humour and pathos. If we are ever to see the 'hundred best versions,' this might very well claim a place among them. The last two stanzas run thus:

'The wee thing's gane the shadowy road
That's never travelled back by ony:
Out on ye, Shades! ye're greedy aye

To grab at aught that's brave and bonny.

Puir, foolish, fondling bonnie bird,

Ye little ken what wark ye're leavin';
Ye've gar'd my lassie's een grow red,

Those bonnie een grow red wi' grievin'.'

I should be much obliged if any reader of the Classical Review would tell me where I might find a complete list of the commentaries, especially the patristic and modern German, on the different books of the Bible.-M. A.

La lettre par laquelle vous avez bien voulu m'inviter à entretenir les lecteurs de la Classical Review des études classiques en France me propose d'abord un programme bien vaste, et bien fait pour intimider un plus hardi que moi. Mais dans ce cercle si large vous en tracez aussitôt un plus étroit qu'il sera moins difficile de remplir. Vous m'indiquez un premier sujet et me posez sur ce sujet une série de questions si précises et si bien entendues, que je ne saurais faire mieux que d'essayer d'y répondre point par point. Vous désirez, dites-vous, "a clear exposition of the training undergone by your best classical scholars; what age they go to school, what are the hours of study, what are the usual books, what attention is given to composition both in Greek and Latin, what is the nature of the examinations, how far the instruction given at college is distinct from that given at school, and in fact anything that would enable an

Englishman to picture to himself the course of classical education in France, and to form some opinion of the advantages or disadvantages which your system may have over ours. I should further be very much obliged if you would let me know whether there has been much change in your system of late years." Il y a là, si je vois bien, quatre points principaux à traiter: 1. l'enseignement secondaire; II. les examens ; III. l'enseignement supérieur ; IV. les réformes et les courants d'opinion.

I.

A ce que vous appelez school correspondent chez nous des établissements de différentes sortes :

1° Les établissements d'instruction secondaire officiels, placés sous la direction du Ministre de l'Instruction publique, les lycées et les collèges. Les lycées sont fondés, ou du moins administrés et entretenus par l'État; les collèges-qui n'ont aucun rapport avec vos colleges anglais, veuillez bien retenir