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The author declares: J'ai lu et relu les textes avec grand soin, et ne crois pas avoir fait de graves omissions, au moins dans les parties qui traitent du vocabulaire, du sens et de la flexion.'

I have carefully gone through the whole book, comparing with different portions one or other of three annotated lexicons, in which, to my own collections, I have added those of Pancker and many others. I have derived from M. Regnier many additional examples, one or two new words. In general where I had already cited the same example, I have found his citation accurate, and can honestly recommend the book to all who are interested in Augustine and his age. It displays an acquaintance with the most recent researches in France and Germany, and will be welcome to Georges, Ronsch, and their fellow workers.

I proceed to point out some shortcomings. There is no index: to make the book serviceable the reader must be content, as I have been, to transfer its contents to the margin of his lexicon.

I have not examined the references, except by comparing them with my own memoranda; but I have found some passages cited variously in different pages.

Thus (p. 10) incantare is not in serm. 52, but (p. 190) in 32; multiloquium neither in s. 26 (p. 10), nor yet in 36 (p. 166), but in 56; propitiare not in 8. 251 (p. 10), but 351 (p. 189); medullitus not in 85 (p. 10), but § 3 (p. 128) of s. 293; corpulentia in § 2 (p. 94), not § 1 (p. 103) of s. 214; conscissio in B. 56 (p. 168), not 36 (p. 178).

To Terence are ascribed prostitutio (p. 10), and non Bum occupatus dare operam amico (p. 72). The former belongs to Tertullian, the latter to the Truculentus of Plautus, as Georges (whom M. Regnier nowhere cites) informs us. In Georges also may be found obauditus (p. 167 'je n'ai trouvé ce mot mentionné nulle part'), and sperator (Aug. serm. 20 § 4) which is omitted by M. Regnier, as is the Horatian dilator (serm. 40 g 5. Cf. Migne 90 130d). In p. 173 latura n.s. is ascribed to Juv.', instead of to Juvenal's scholiast (Georges).

Many of the passages cited are no way characteristic of low Latin. Thus p. 19 ad fin. serm: 2 c. 4 f. solvat mihi quaestionem quam modo proposui. Cette dernière [phrase] contient même deux verbes, qui, eux aussi, sont là d'un emploi tout français.' They also occur in Quintilian.

Many abstract substantives are erroneously cited, as used anomalously. Thus admiratio in serm. 283 c. 3 'invenis aliquando hominem acutissimum, memorem ad incredibilem admirationem.' The word is here taken in the common acceptation; but it is worth while to compare the whole phrase ad admirationem (our to admiration') with Pliny's usque in

admirationem.

Velatio, in a different sense from that cited in lexx., occurs s. 300 § 3 'testamentum enim vetus velatio est novi testamenti, et testamentum novum revelatio est veteris testamenti.'

Coronator, cited in lexx. from serm. 318 (§ 3 fin.) occurs also 300 § 6; lapidator, only known from Cic. p. domo, s. 49 § 10. 315 § 6. 318 § 1. 382 § 3.

An interesting example of valet = constat (Fr. vaut') occurs s. 37 c. 3 post med. 'pretiosi lapides ideo dicti sunt, quia caro valent. Georges has the same expression from the 'confessions.'

I hope that the publisher may be encouraged to continue the series of monographs on patristic Latin, and to append a complete index verborum to each instalment. Even as it is, this book is necessary to every serious student of post-Augustan Latinity. -J. E. B. M.

Chrysostom, a Study in the History of Biblical Interpretation, by F. H. CHASE, M. A., Christ's College, Cambridge. Bell and Co. 1887. pp. ix, 204.

THIS book is the Kaye Prize Essay of 1883 recast and rewritten. The writer sees many similarities between the difficulties of Chrysostom's age and those of our own. In particular, men's views about the Bible were not those of their predecessors. New methods of interpretation were transforming the old system, not only for scholars but for the multitude; for the results of criticism at once became public property through the popular expositions of the preacher. The Apologist, freed from his task of defending the faith, turned to the nobler work of expounding it. The struggle with Gnosticism showed the necessity of determining the contents of the New Testament: the struggle with Arianism showed the necessity of interpreting the contents of the whole Bible. And thus Chrysostom as a preacher is before all things the Interpreter of Scripture,' and in his hands the Bible became the manual of the Controversialist.'

The five chapters of the Essay are on the following topics: The School of Antioch and Chrysostom's place in it: Chrysostom as an Interpreter of the Old Testament; as Critic and Scholar; as an Interpreter of the Gospels and the Acts; as an Interpreter of St. Paul's Epistles. Most of these chapters represent a large amount of self-denying work; work which at times must have been somewhat tedious, and which does not make a great deal of show, but which yields valuable results at the cost of very little trouble to those who care to profit by what Mr. Chase has done for them. How much reading, for instance, is implied in the 'four main Canons of Interpretation', which he has formulated as 'implied in Chrysostom's treatment of the Prophetic Books' (p. 69); or in the tabulated specimens of Chrysostom's treatment of the Greek Article, the Genitive, the Particles, the Prepositions, &c., and of his discussions of Etymologies, Synonyms, and the like. Here, again, is a useful piece of work :—

'Chrysostom's comparative silence on the subject of variations of reading seems to be an indication that he regarded the question of text as authoritatively settled. His archiepiscopate at Constantinople gave a quasi-formal sanction in that metropolis of Christianity to the traditions and decisions of the Antiochenes. Hence the importance of his position in regard to the history of the text of the New Testament. I propose briefly to discuss passages where S. Chrysostom (1) notices a variation of reading, or (2) a variation of punctuation; or (3) adopts a reading to which for some reason interest attaches' (p. 83).

This proposal is carried out, and then Mr. Chase thus sums up the result.

'A review of Chrysostom's relation to textual questions appears to warrant three inferences :-(1) The rarity of any direct discussion on a matter of reading seems to confirm the theory that some authoritative settlement of the text had taken place; (2) the character of the few discussions we have noticed shews that the typical Antiochene teacher took surface plausibility as the standard of excellence; (3) the survival of curious Pre-Syrian readings, sometimes early traditional readings, oftener Western, may suggest the conclusion that the Antiochene recension was but recent in Chrysostom's time' (p. 89).

All this will be very unwelcome to those who agree with the author of The Revision Revised that the Syrian revision of the text of the New Testament is a mere fiction, and that the so-called textus receptus, to which Chrysostom's text closely approximates, is on the whole a very pure one. Bnt those who are

already convinced that the reverse of this is the truth will be grateful to Mr. Chase for the evidence which he has collected for them in confirmation of what has already been established or rendered probable The volume is a useful one from various points of view: and students may be grateful to the University of Cambridge for selecting this subject for the Kaye Prize and to Mr. Chase for the way in which he has treated it.-ALFRED PLUMMER.

Epochs of Church History. The Church of the Early Fathers (external history), by ALFRED PLUMMER, D. D. Master of University College, Durham. London. Longmans. 2s. 6d.

THE substance of Dr. Plummer's little work is excellent. It is carefully written, takes full account of recent research, and everywhere shews traces of wider reading. It is also provided with full chronological tables and lists of books which are likely to be useful to the student. I think, however, that in the arrangement of the work there is room for improvement. The general account of the churches as a whole and of their relations to the state is reserved for the last chapter, nearly two-thirds of what precedes being devoted to a formal series of histories of churches and their bishops, all duly traced down to the year 312. As the special histories are seriously cramped by the want of this information, would it not be better if, in a future edition, what is now the last chapter were placed immediately after the first? -H. M. G.

THREE BOOKS OF TRAVEL IN GREECE. Rambles and Studies in Greece, by J. P. MAHAFFY; third edition, revised and enlarged. Macmillan. 1887. 10s. 6d.

Griechische Reise; Blätter aus dem Tagebuche ciner Reise in Griechenland und in der Türkei; von KARL KRUMBACHER. Berlin. Hettler. 1886. 7 mk. An Easter Vacation in Greece; by J. E. Sandys. Macmillan. 1887. 38. 6d.

THE appearance of a third edition of Professor Mahaffy's Rambles and Studies in Grecce is a gratify. ing proof of the keen interest which the present generation takes in that country-a result to which this book, in all probability, has not a little contributed. Professor Mahaffy is a wit, a man of the world, and a many-sided observer, as well as a widely read scholar; and the quickness of his imagination, while it often invests with a poetical charm the objects which he describes, never betrays him into adopting groundless fancies. He has also many original ideas to communicate, and in expounding these, whether he persuades us or not, is always interesting. In describing the scope of his work he says 'My aim is to bring the living features of Greece home to the student, by connecting them, as far as possible, with the facts of older history, which are so familiar to most of us. I shall also have a good deal to say about the modern politics of Greece, and the character of the modern population.' Nothing could be better than this; and such a view accounts for his oft-repeated admiration for Byron's poetry, which has invested the country from both these points of view with a brilliant attractiveness. The present edition is a considerable expansion of the original work. Chapters on Olympia, and on Arcadia and the temple at Bassae, were inserted in the second edition, and to these is now added an account of Sparta and Messenia. His route from Argos to Sparta was the unfamiliar but beautiful one through the district of Kyuuria by Hagios Petros;

and, in passing, we may recommend to future travellers who follow his footsteps to make the ascent of the neighbouring summit of Mount Parnon, which, from its neighbourhood to the incomparable chain of Taygetus, and from its dominating the whole of the eastern Peloponnese and a vast expanse of sea, ought to present one of the finest panoramas in Greece. The following passage, describing early morning in the valley of Sparta, is characteristic of the writer, and none but a very skilled hand could have held so exactly the balance between the sublime and the ridiculous.

On opening my window, I felt that I had attained one of the strange moments of life which can never be forgotten. The air was preternaturally clear and cold, and the sky beginning to glow faintly with the coming day. Straight before me, so close that it almost seemed within reach of voice, the giant Taygetus, which rises straight from the plain, stood up into the sky, its black and purple gradually brightening into crimson, and the cold blue-white of its snow warming into rose. There was a great feeling of peace and silence, and yet a vast diffusion of sound. From the whole plain, with all its homesteads and villages, myriads of cocks were proclaiming the advent of dawn. I had never thought there were so many cocks in all the world. The ever succeeding voices of these countless thousands kept up one continual wave of crowing, such as I suppose cannot be equalled anywhere else in the world; and yet for all that, as I have said, there was a feeling of silence, a sense that no other living thing was abroad, an absolute stillness in the air, a deep sleep over the rest of nature.'

The principal object which M. Krumbacher had in visiting the Aegean was the laudable one of examining the two MSS. of Julios Romanos, 'the greatest Christian hymn-writer,' which exist in the library of the monastery of St. John at Patmos. So important are these, that whereas Cardinal Pitra, on the strength of all that could be gleaned in Europe of Romanos' hymns, only edited twenty-nine, in Patinos there are over ninety. Of these M. Krumbacher, in the course of two visits to that island, made a complete study. He also devoted himself to the modern Greek language and its dialects, on which subject he is an authority, but the scientific results of his investigations he proposes to publish elsewhere, and meanwhile in the present volume he gives us the narrative of his journey. This comprised visits.to Athens and Constantinople, and, on the continent of Asia Minor, to Ephesus and Tralles, to Magnesia and Sardis, and to Pergamon; but the greater part of his time was devoted to the Asiatic Greek islands-Rhodes, Leros, Patmos, Samos, Chios, and Lesbos. We wish we could say it is an interesting book. If M. Krumbacher had only remembered that the half-we might really say in this instance, the quarter-is more than the whole, and had given us 100 pages instead of 400, it would have been well worth reading; but, as it is, the most patient reader becomes exhausted by the constant recurrence of coffee-drinking, and bargaining, and interviews with officials, and other everyday occurrences, which can only be interesting to the person who experienced them. This is the more provoking, because M. Krumbacher was in many ways an excellent traveller. He observed carefully and with discrimination; his knowledge of the modern Greek language enabled him to communicate with those among whom he was thrown; and he had the great merit of possessing a strong sympathy for the people whom he visited, and especially for the lower classes. He is at his best when he narrates a

conversation between the islanders, which he overheard during a wakeful night on the deck of a vessel, on the subject of the animosities caused by the introduction of a diving apparatus among the spongefishers of those regions; or when he describes the difficulty of faithfully taking down popular songs from recitation, owing to the disposition of the people to 'correct' a dialectic form, if asked to repeat it, and the more serious risk of rough treatment, when he attempted to commit sailors' songs to writing; or when he relates from his own observation the custom of the children at Smyrna of singing the 'swallow-song' (xexidóvioμa). It is also to his credit that he everywhere made diligent enquiries with regard to education, so that in the city of Rhodes we find him visiting the Jewish as well as the Greek school. Here and there we are able to pick up crumbs of scientific information, which he has let drop from what we doubt not is an ample store: thus he tells us that in the dialect of Chios he found peculiarities of pronunciation, which previously had been thought to belong only to the dialects of Cyprus and Trebizond; and in another place we learn that Sakellion, the former librarian of Patmos, has made a careful catalogue of that valuable library, though as yet it is unpublished. As regards the burning question of the modern language, his views are hostile to the learned idiom, but he thinks the reaction in favour of the spoken language has come too late, because the classical forms and constructions that have been introduced have become predominant. He justly observes that, whereas in other languages, when new ideas were introduced, new words were invented for them, in Modern Greek an immense number of words for ideas that had not before been entertained were all at once imported from ancient Greek, which was to all intents a different language; and whereas borrowed words elsewhere have been assimilated in form to the language into which they have been adopted, in Modern Greek not only were they introduced unchanged, but the old forms were assimilated to them.

Mr. Sandys' unpretending and pleasantly written little book contains an account of a month spent in Greece by the author and his wife during the spring

of last year, in the course of which they visited Athens and the principal places of interest in Attica, the Argive plain and its ancient sites, Corinth, Delphi, and Olympia. Some of the connecting points between these are also noticed, among which we may especially mention the Isthmian Stadium, a place not much noticed, though it lies near the beaten track. In the notes references are given to collections of inscriptions and other learned works which may be serviceable to the student after his return home, and quotations are introduced from the classics, which illustrate such points as are from time to time suggested by such a journey. Among these we remark that Mr. Sandys agrees with Professor Mahaffy in his estimate of that disenchanting plant, the asphodel of this he says-'It will grow almost anywhere in waste places; so that the 'mead of asphodel,' in which Homer's heroes are described as pacing to and fro in the unseen world, would seem to imply a barren waste where other plants would hardly grow, and may perhaps find its closest parallel in the forlorn and desolate region which Virgil calls the loca senta situ' (p. 102; cp. Mahaffy, p. 392). At the end of the volume are two appendices, one of which contains a catalogue raisonné of books on Greek travel and subjects connected with it, the other a time-table of the numerous steamers which ply between the ports of Greece. A careful study of the latter of these will enable persons before leaving England to arrange their tours beforehand; and by the help of these ineans of transit such travellers as are content with passing glimpses may now reach comparatively remote places, such as the islands of Melos, Amorgos, and Scyros, and can be brought within range of some of the finest scenery in Greece, such as that in the neighbourhood of the Maliac and Pagasaean gulfs. If we are to believe the travelling servants of Athens, the days of extended tours in Greece are at an end, and their place is taken by short and rapid excursions which are rendered easy by the increased facilities for locomotion. change appears an inevitable one, however much we may regret it, and those who are contented with the second best course will find in this volume much that is suggestive for their purpose.

The

H. F. TOZER.

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infer to be the meaning of § 1530. Mr. Roby criticises my terminology in regard to (6): Future condition with reserve.' All that I meant by reserve,' was an implication warning the reader not to suppose the writer means that the condition will be fulfilled. I think there is a palpable difference between a protasis with such an implication and a protasis with no implication at all; between 'if he were to do it [I do not say he will]' and 'if he does (shall do) it.' 1

Mr. Roby's formula for (4) if he had been doing it, he would have been making a mistake (cf. § 1518 f.) is certainly convenient as covering two senses of the Imperfect my only objection to it is that it does not give sufficient prominence to the fact (as to which I am glad to find that I am in accord with Mr. Roby) that in the large majority of instances in the classical period, the tense refers to what is called present time: i.e. to the time denoted by the Present Indicative. In Plautus the tense refers to the past far more commonly: whether in such cases it always denotes 'continued action in the past,' I think doubtful.

(B) There was one road, if they wanted to return to Ilerda, another if they were to go to Tarraco.' How does Mr. Roby deal with such a sentence as this?? His §§ 1566-1570 (conditions qualifying an infinitive, future participle or gerundive) do not cover it; it would therefore seem that he regards it as falling

1 There is a difference between pres. subj. and fut. ind. The former is used of an action thereby indicated as not real; the latter has no implication. If Prof. Sonnenschein means this, I agree.-H. J. R.

2 This sentence implies a suppressed apodosis. See § 1750 a-e. The condition does not qualify erat iter. There was a road in any case. The word habendum or the like, or quod haberent, would be the proper apodosis to si...vellent &c. H. J. R.

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under the ordinary cases of protasis with Imperfect Subjunctive. Yet how absurd would it be to suppose that the implication is 'they did not want to go to Ilerda,' &c. the sentence clearly implies that neither alternative is rejected. In his preface (p. xcix.) he says, The Subjunctive has been formed, or at least is applied, in order to warn the hearer that the event is thought, and only thought;' and with this I entirely agree (see my note, Classical Review, p. 126). there are two different effects of marking an action as 'thought I may either imply that the fact is otherwise, or I may imply that I do not say the fact is so. These two things ought either to be kept apart; or else the general formula covering them both ought to be given as in the Preface and not as in the body of the Grammar (e g. 1530 c). Mr. Roby's § 1566 would lead one to suppose that he sees no grammatical difference between Omnibus cum contumeliis onerasti, quem patris loco, si ulla in te pic'as esset (if you had any sense of duty), colere debebas, and Pompeius munitiones Cæsaris prohibere non poterat, nisi praclio decertare vellet (without deciding to fight). I regard the first as containing a rejected condition, and the second as containing a condition which is not rejected. How such conditions should be treated is the point on which I ventured to say that further investigation was required: I do not regard the view common to many new German grammars (e.g. Lattmann, § 178, Anm. 2) that we have here a Potential Subjunctive' as satisfactory. E. A. SONNENSCHEIN.

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[It may not be unacceptable to some of our readers to have the main points in this discussion laid distinctly before them. It will be remembered that the four propositions condemned in Mr. Sonnenschein's original paper were (1) that the Ind. in the protasis implies reality, (2) that the Pres. Subj. implies possibility, (3) that the Imp. Subj. refers primarily to the past, (4) that the Imp. Subj. in Latin is the equivalent of the Greek Optative (si quid haberet, daret = εἴ τι ἔχοι διδοίη ἄν). Both disputants are agreed as to (1), (2), (4); even as to (3) both allow that the Imp. Subj. is used with reference both to present and to past time, and that it more often refers to the present than to the past; but while Mr. Sonnenschein speaks of the latter usage as exceptional in the writers of the best age, Mr. Roby treats this as the normal, and the other as the secondary use. The point is somewhat subtle, but the following reasons incline me to side with Mr. Roby in his contention. There is a prima facie probability that any special use of a tense will have its starting-point in the general meaning of the tense; hence it is probable that the Imp. Subj. of the hypothetical sentence had, to begin with, a reference to a continued action or state in the past; and this probability is confirmed by the fact mentioned by Mr. Sonnenschein, that in the oldest Latin writings the reference to the past is more common than in Cicero and later authors. Mr. Roby's excellent distinction that 'the Imp. Subj. is used in these sentences when you contemplate the present as the resultant of the past, and the Pres. Subj. used when you contemplate the present as the starting-point of the future,' enables us to see how naturally the tense, which properly denotes a con

·

tinuous past, gets to include present time as well; and this is illustrated by the use of the Greek Imp. Ind. with ǎv and our own would have,' in such a sentence as that quoted by Mr. Sonnenschein, ‘If I had not been Alexander I would fain have been Diogenes.' In what respect does this differ from 'If I were not Alexander I would fain be Diogenes'? Surely only in the fact that, while both refer to present time, the former views the present as a consequence of the past, the latter regards it in itself without looking back to the past; and thus the former comes to imply the impossibility of the hypothetical case, the contrary being supposed already fixed unchangeably. We may translate both si ego rex sim and si ego rex essem by the words 'if I were King'; but, while the former simply implies 'as I am not,' the latter has the further implication 'as I never can be.' I do not think this implication can ever have been absent from the mind of a Roman, when he used the Imp. Subj., because, however far a word or phrase may depart from its original use, yet until the old use has become entirely obsolete, it is impossible for the new use to be unaffected by it. The Greek aorist got to be used with a present force in such phrases as τί οὐκ ἐποιήσας ; ἐπήνεσα, but it carried with it the quality of instantaneousness-no sooner said than done. It would seem then that we cannot accept Mr. Sonnenschein's symmetrical scheme of tenses. Not only is the Imp. used with reference both to past and to present time, but the Pres. also is used both of a future which is already beginning, and, as Mr. Sonnenschein allows, of present time without reference to a future, as in N.D. iii. 79, nam si curent (di homines), bene bonis sit, male malis; quod nunc

abest. I think therefore that the true scheme of hypothetical tenses would give at least two to each time, faciat and faceret to the present, faceret and fecisset to the past, faciat and jacturus sit to the future.

There are other points which might invite discus. sion, e.g. the criticism of Prof. Goodwin's view of the conditional forms in Greek, and the use of the subjunctive in auxiliary verbs. Something may be said on these in a future number of the Review, but there is just one slight point which may be noticed here. Mr. Sonnenschein protests against the combination of should and would in such a phrase as 'If he should do it, it would be well,' holding that the proper phrase is 'If he were to do it'; but there are many cases in which 'should' is more appropriate than were to,' c.g. 'If it should appear that you were present on that occasion, it would be very awkward for you, 'If you should be going to town that day, you would find him at his office,"If he should come in whilst you were there, what excuse would you make '-J. B. M.]

ON SOPH. Electr. 564, AND EUR. I. T. 15 AND 35. -In the second reiσódiov of Sophocles' Electra Clytaemnestra has arraigned Agamemnon in a set speech for the sacrifice of Iphigenia and has challenged Electra to justify his deed: δίδαξον δή με τοῦ χάριν τίνων ἔθυσεν αὐτήν. Electra in her reply meets this challenge with a counter-question, vv. 563 sq.

ἐροῦ δὲ τὴν κυναγὸν "Αρτεμιν τίνος

ποινὰς τὰ πολλὰ πνεύματ ̓ ἔσχ ̓ ἐν Αὐλίδι. These lines are explained by Hermann to mean 'ask Artemis why she restrained the frequent winds at Aulis; and indeed I do not see what other meaning can be wrung from the Greek: Mr. Jebb has rightly abandoned his former interpretation by which & Tаτηр, that is Agamemnon, was imported from so far away as the Tarépa of v. 558 to oust the intervening "APTEμs as the subject of oxe. But Hermann's explanation, inexorably demanded by the words, is disastrous to the sense. Artemis did not restrain the winds at Aulis: had she done so, Agamemnon might have laughed her to scorn and Iphigenia would never have been sacrificed. To the ships of the heroic age and the age of Sophocles alike, a calm was no hindrance they were equipped with oars. What it

was that kept the fleet at Aulis we know very well from Aesch. Ag. 202 sqq. and fifty other sources; we know that it was not a calm, but contrary winds. I am aware that Ovid in met. XIII 183 has blundered into the phrase 'nulla aut contraria classi flamina erant,' but that is in an opus mediis incudibus ablatum emendaturus, si licuisset, erat. The question to ask of Artemis will then, I think, be this: τίνος

ποινὰς τὰ πλοῖα πνεύματ ̓ ἔσχ ̓ ἐν Αἰλίδι

why gales detained the fleet at Aulis. Had we before us the series of MSS. by which the text was handed down, we should probably find that the inversion of two consecutive letters, a most frequent error, first changed Tλoia to roλiá; this once done, the difference between A and AA is so evanescent that the further corruption oλλά scarcely merits the name of a change.

Misled by this passage, Hermann and others have endeavoured to introduce by conjecture a reference to this imaginary calm into Eur. I. T. 15. These conjectures I do not propose to discuss, as they seem to be put out of court by the considerations already

adduced; but the verse is a celebrated crux and will perhaps repay examination. The passage vv. 10.-16 runs thus:

10 ἐνταῦθα γὰρ δὴ χιλίων ναῶν στόλον
Ἑλληνικὸν συνήγαγ' Αγαμέμνων ἄναξ
τὸν καλλίνικον στέφανον Ιλίου θέλων
λαβεῖν ̓Αχαιοῖς, τούς θ' ὑβρισθέντας γάμους
Ελένης μετελθεῖν, Μενέλεω χάριν φέρων.
15 δεινῆς τ ̓ ἀπλοίας πνευμάτων τ ̓ οὐ τυγχάνων
εἰς ἔμπυρ ̓ ἦλθε, καὶ λέγει Κάλχας τάδε·

There is only one way of construing v. 15 so as to
make sense : δεινῆς ἀπλοίας must be genitive
absolute as there was a dreadful impossibility of
sailing and as he found the wind unfavourable.'
But it is first of all apparent that dé, not re, is the
conjunction demanded at the beginning of the verse;
so Barnes, followed almost universally, alters' to 8'.
Next, the ambiguity of the language is found un-
pardonable the reader is inevitably led to construe
ἀπλοίας, like πνευμάτων, with οὐ τυγχάνων; a con-
struction which he then discovers to make nonsense
of the passage.
Hence the verse has been assailed
by a host of conjectures, for tho most part very
unscientific; indeed the only one which seems to
deserve mention is Madvig's. He proposes simply
δεινῇ δ' ἀπλοία : the co-ordination of the causal
dative with the causal participle is of course quite
correct and natural. But the assumed error is not
easily explicable: although dé and Te are often
enough confused, and although you might find here
and there an instance of dative and genitive inflexions
exchanged through sheer carelessness, still we can
hardly postulate with prudence the occurrence of
both mistakes together. And what is worse, we still
have not rid the line of a third flaw pointed out by
Badham the flatness of the epithet den might be
tolerated by an indulgent schoolmaster in the verses
of a beginner, but in this prince of rhetoricians it is
surprising. The line is not emended till all three
faults, of connexion, of construction, and of diction,
are extirpated; and the sagacity of Badham told us
years ago to look for the root of the evil in the letters
Sews T'. And there, sure enough, we find it. The
letters 8-e-vnor are the letters vnor-e-8; and here, I
fancy, is the hand of Euripides:

νήστει δ' ἀπλοίᾳ πνευμάτων τ ̓ οὐ τυγχάνων
εἰς ἔμπυρ ̓ ἦλθε.

The attraction of ἀπλοίᾳ into the case of δεινής is an
error which has abundant examples and may almost
be called inevitable. We know that famine was, as
might be expected, the chief suffering of the weather-
bound fleet; and in fact Euripides is here giving a
verbal reproductron of the account in Aesch. Ag. 198
8qq. εὖτ ̓ ἀπλοία κεναγγεῖ βαρύνοντ' Αχαιϊκός
λεως .
πνοαὶ δ ̓ ἀπὸ Στρυμόνος μολοῦσαι, κακόσ-
χολοι, νήστιδες, δύσορμοι
κατέξαινον ἄνθος
Αργείων.

....

Transpositions of letters and syllables such as I have here assumed are naturally regarded by many as a priori improbable. The fact that they are frequent is well known to the alert and diligent student of Greek and Latin MSS. ; and the confusion of mind or eye which begets them has survived the introduction of printing: on p. 156 of vol. I of The Classical Review will be found such corrigenda to Holder's Herodotus as ταῦτα for τταῦα, ἐστρατεύετα for areaрTEVETO, the latter a curiously apt parallel. It is impossible here to illustrate this subject as it might be illustrated and as I hope some day to illustrate it; but there occurs in this same póλoyos a crux perhaps yet mere notorious than v. 15, where

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