Wheeler, 'Der griechische Nominal-accent.' (18 Apr.) Vischer, L'Apocalypse de Saint Jean; Droysen, Hist. de l'Hellénisme,' tr. by Bouché-Leclerq; Omont, Catalogue des MSS. grecs des bibliothèques de Suisse.' (25 April) Rouire, La découverte du bassin hydrographique de la Tunisie centrale, etc.'; Hauvette, Les Stratèges Athéniens'; Aubé, 'l'Église et l'État dans la seconde moitié du troisième siècle. (2 May) Buchholz, Vindiciae Carminum Homericorum,' vol. i.; Upcott, Introduction to Greek Sculpture'; E. Mérimée, De antiquis aquarum religionibus in Gallia Meridionali'; 'Gazette Archéologique,' 1886; L. G. Pelissier, Les amis d'Holstenius,' vol. ii.: Notice of Prize offered by the Univer sity of Göttingen for the best edition of the remains of the Greck Stoic philosophers, to be sent in by Aug. 31, 1889. (9 May) Hauvette, De archonte rege'; Denis, La comédie grecque'; De Colleville, 'Hist. abrégée des Empereurs grecs et romains'; P. Allard, 'Hist. des persécutions pendant la première moitié du troisième siècle. (16 May) Babelon, Description historique des monnaies de la République romaine'; Omont, Inventaire des manuscrits grecs (in France, the British Museum, Belgium, Switzerland); 'Inscription funéraire de Qalonie ; “Πήγασος et Πήγνυμι ; 'Αροllon Agyieus.' (23 May) Oberziner, 'Le culte du soleil chez les anciens Égyptiens'; Miliarakis, Géographie politique de l'Argolide et de la Corinthie' (in Greek). (30 May) Schulz, Quibus ex fontibus fluxerint Agidis, Cleomenis, Arati vitae Plutarcheae'; Momnisen and Marquardt, 'Manuel des Antiquités romaines,' tr. by Humbert; Mommsen, Droit publique romain,' by Girard; Omont, Catalogue des A. SS. grecs' (in Holland). (6 June) A. Croiset, Thucydides i. ii. avec un commentaire critique et explicatif.' (13 June) Schwartz, Scholia in Euripidem,' vol. i.; Pearson and Strong, 'Satires of Juvenal'; 'La suppression des nasales dans l'écriture cypriote.' (20 June) Regnier, De la latinité des sermons de S. Augustine.' (27 June) Reinach, Essai dans la numismatique des rois de Cappadoce.' (4 July) Homolle, De antiquissimis Dianae simulacris Deliacis, Les archives de l'intendance sacrée à Délos'; Renier, 'Inscriptions romaines de l'Algérie,; Weizsächer, Das apostolische Zeitalter der christlichen kirche.' (11 July) Lange, 'Kleine Schriften,' vol. i. (18 July) Petschenig,

4

Theol. Tijdschrift, xxi. 4. July, 1887-Dr. W. C. van Manen on Marcion's text of the Epistle to the Galatians. In this article the history of the question is given at some length, and reasons alleged for distrusting the testimony of the Fathers who accuse Marcion of altering the place and text of this epistle; the latter accusation shown to be clearly untrue in ii. 5, where ovdé must have been omitted by the Catholics, not inserted by Marcion.-Dr. J. van Leeuwen, criticises H. Was's study on Plato's Symposivm in an article called Een booze demon, which the Platonic Eros is according to Was, but not according to van Leeuwen: "it is a sacrilege to attach to the last words of the speech of Socrates even een zweem van gemeenheid."-Dr. J. Balyon reviews Heinrici's commentary on 2 Cor. "He exhibits great philelogical as well as theological knowledge; is one of the best modern guides to the interpretation of Paul's epistles; but fails in critical method, and errs in rejecting all conjectural emendation."-xxi. 5. (Sept. 1887)-Continuation of van Manen's articles on Marcion's text of the Epistle to the Galatians. The author collects all the cases in which Marcion is accused of having altered the text, and endeavours to show that in all these Marcion's was the original text; this will involve the omission of many verses (c.g. iii. 5-10, 15-25), and the alteration of many others (e.g. v. 9 (vuoî to doxoî). The evidence is mainly drawn from the requirements of the context. It is further urged that Marcion can have had no reason for mutilating this epistle, since before his time it was not used as an authoritative document. But if Marcion's text of the epistle was original, then the present form must be a Bearbeitung' by a Christian who regretted that the original epistle appeared in many respects to put the heretics' in the right, and must have been prior to Irenaeus. In a third article van Manen endeavours to discover other cases of 'Bearbeitung' in this epistle, in which the reading of Marcion is not recorded; and in a fourth gives in Greek what was probably the original text of the epistle.

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M. Annaei Lucani Pharsalia.

Edited with English notes, by C. E. HASKINS, M.A., Fellow and Classical Lecturer of St. John's College, Cambridge. With an Introduction by W.E. HEITLAND, M.A.,Fellow and Tutor of St. John's College, Cambridge. Bell and Sons. 1887. 148.

NOTHING has for some time past been more loudly demanded in learned and literary circles than a good edition of Lucan. In spite of the glaring faults which disfigure the poet's style, his hollow rhetoric hiding deep ignorance of men and things, his gross violations of good taste, his want of all eye for proportion, his inability to make an interesting narrative or to draw a really consistent character, Lucan will always be read, and though a youthful poet and with all the faults of youth, will probably be read by grown men rather than by the young. It is not merely the interest which attaches to his brilliant career and tragic end, not merely the historical importance of the epoch to which he belongs and in the events of which he was so much concerned, that made his writings classical in the first century, and will always keep them so. There is more than this: Lucan was a real poet. Only a poet could have written, for instance, saevumque arte complexa dolorem Perfruitur lacrimis et amat pro coniuge luctum. had the native intuitions of the poetical genius a love of nature (witness his. similes), a soaring spirit attracted by lofty speculations, a mastery of language and a style all his own. Hence the living interest which carries us on through his tortuous and provoking diction, and sustains us over the fatiguing tracts of his dreary rhetoric.

He

Scholars who know Mr. Heitland's edition of the Pro Rabirio will expect care and ability in whatever he writes, and his introduction to Lucan will not disappoint them. It is a solid piece of historical and critical

NO. X. VOL. I.

work. The points taken into consideration are (A) the ancient authorities for the life of Lucan; (B) the life of Lucan; (C) a general view of the Pharsalia; (D) the matter of the Pharsalia; (E) the hero of the Pharsalia; (F) the manner of the Pharsalia; (G) the relation of Lucan to other writers, especially Vergil; and Juvenal's relation to Lucan. Each of these chapters contains a number of sub-sections, which in a short review there is not space to enumerate.

The

The introduction deserves careful study not only from readers of Lucan but from all Latin scholars. The ablest and most interesting chapter is, I think, the fifth (E), 'Who is the hero of the Pharsalia?' Even the most 'general' reader will be delighted with the merciless analysis by which Mr. Heitland demonstrates that Caesar is the real, Pompeius only the nominal hero of the poem, and that Lucan is forced by the facts of the case to pay an unwilling homage to historical truth. The literary criticism of the following chapter (F) suffers somewhat from its rigidly scientific form, but it is none the less sound and refined. discussion on Lucan's syntax and language will be found valuable, though it would be improved by being more fully worked out. To the list-very carefully drawn up-of Lucan's imitations of Vergil (G, p. cviii. foll.) the following may be added: I. 8. quis furor, O cives, quae tanta insania ferri? A. 7, 461. Saevit amor ferri, et scelerata insania belli. I. 60. Tum genus humanum positis sibi consulat armis; A. 1, 291. aspera tum positis mitescent saecula bellis. 187. Clara per obscuram voltu maestissima noctem, &c. A. 2, 270. In somnis ecce ante oculos maestissimus Hector, &c. 206. Aestiferae Libyes viso leo comminus hoste Subsedit dubius totam dum colligit iram. A. 12, 4. Poenorum qualis in arvis......Tum demum movet arma leo. 530. Fulgura fallaci micuerunt crebra sereno. A. 5, 851. Deceptus

X

fraude sereni. 687. Tristis Erinys = A. 2. 337. II. 32. Votisque vocari Adsuetas...... aures. G. 1, 42. votis iam nunc adsuesce vocari. 236. Nocte sopora. A. 6, 390. somni noctisque soporae. 287. Sed quo fata trahunt virtus secura sequetur. A. 5, 709. nate dea, quo fata trahunt retrahuntque sequamur. 407. Hadriacas qui verberat Aufidus undas. A. 11, 405. amnis et Hadriacas retro fugit Aufidus undus. III. 68. Ubere vix glaebae superat. A. 1, 531. potens armis atque ubere glaebae. 98. Ignibus atris. A. 4, 384. sequar atris ignibus. 373. moenia clausa. A. 10, 22. non clausa tegunt iam moenia Teucros. 395. Procumbunt nemora et spoliantur robore silvae. 440. Procumbunt orni, nodosa impellitur ilex. A. 6, 180. procumbunt piceae, sonat icta securibus ilex, &c. 418. Saepe cavas motu terrae mugire cavernas. A. 2, 53. insonuere cavae sonitumque dedere cavernae. 443. Posuere comas. A. 12, 209. posuitque comas et bracchia ferro. 470. Rupes, quam vertice montis Abscidit impulsu ventorum adiuta vetustas. A. 12. 686. annis solvit (saxum) sublapsa vetustas. 500. Letifer arcus = A. 10, 169. 542. Caerula verrunt = A. 3, 208. 607. Causam lacrimis. A. 3, 305. geminas, causam lacrimis, sacraverat aras. 644. At tumidus qua pulmo iacet. A. 10, 387. tumido in pulmone. IV. 96. Exiguam Cererem 7, 113. 143. Postquam omnia fatis Caesaris ire videt. A. 7, 592. et saevae nutu Iunonis eunt res. 427. Tum freta servantur, dum se declivibus undis Aestus agat, refluoque mari nudentur harenae. A. 10. 288. multi servare recursus Languentis pelagi. 796. Non tulit adflictis animam producere rebus. A. 2, 637. abnegat excisa vitam producere Troia.

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A.

802.

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Et gener atque socer bello concurrere iussi. A. 7, 317. hac gener atque socer coeant mercede suorum. V. 39. Libyae squalentibus arvis. G. 1, 507. squalent abductis arva colonis. 46. Consulite in medium A. 11, 335. 408. Invenit et pavidas hiberno sidere classes. A. 4, 309. quin etiam hiberno moliris sidere classem. 505. Parta quies miseris. A. 7, 598. nam mihi parta quies. 535. Inopem duxisse senectam. A. 10, 192. Canentem molli pluma duxisse senectam. 799. Labitur infelix G. 3, 498. VI. 174. Nunc sude, nunc duro contraria pectora conto Detrudit muris. A. 9, 510. duris detrudere contis. 228. Tegens alta suppressum mente dolorem. A. 1, 209. premit altum corde dolorem. 274. Cumulumque furentem Undarum. A. 1, 105. insequitur cumulo praeruptus aquae mons. 800. Pallentes aperit sedes. A. 8, 244. infernas reseret sedes et regna recludat Pallida. VIII. 450. Iura fidemque A. 2, 541. IX. 32. Mille carinis:

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A. 2, 198. 73. Luce maligna A. 6, 270. 471. Galeas et scuta virorum. A. 1, 101. scuta virum galeasque.

Mr. Heitland thinks it possible that the title Pharsalia was not Lucan's own, but De Bello Civili. I am however disposed to agree with Teuffel that Statius's phrase Pharsalia bella and Lucan's Pharsalia nostra are decisive in favour of the traditional title, and that when Petronius, just before his delicious parody (which Mr. Heitland, I think, takes too seriously), speaks of belli civilis ingens opus, he is purposely veiling the personal allusion. It might have been observed that when Servius- or the grammarians quote Lucan, they generally say Lucanus simply, or Lucanus in primo, secundo, &c.

From the evidence afforded by Petronius's parody, Mr. Heitland thinks it probable that the Pharsalia was published at its present length, or nearly so, in the lifetime of Lucan.

In

The discussions in the fourth chapter on the relations of Lucan to Nero and the empire, and to contemporary philosophical systems, are full of value and interest. section 6 (Lucan's relations to learning and history) there is no attempt to ascertain the historical authorities used by Lucan, and no adequate treatment of his intellectual relations to the younger Seneca. Much more should have been said of Livy, who is quoted by the Berne Commenta on II. 593, III. 182, IV. 354, V. 494, VIII. 91. And neither here nor on p. cxxix., where the Senecas are briefly mentioned, is any notice taken of the important essay by Hermann Diels (Seneca und Lucan), published in 1886 in the Transactions of the Berlin Academy of Sciences for 1885. This paper proves that Lucan's verses on the sources of the Nile, in the tenth book, are a mere poetical paraphrase of part of the Naturales Quaestiones (iv. 1, 2).

Mr. Heitland's strongest interest appears to lie in history and literary criticism. To the palaeographical parts of an editor's task he expresses an indifference which in so careful a student is difficult to understand. 'It is no part of my plan,' he says, 'to speak of the seventy-five or eighty manuscripts (which I have not seen).' Well and good; but there are occasions in life (supposing, for instance, that tyrannicide is in contemplation) when, however unwilling you may feel to do the business yourself, you would recommend a friend to come forward. With this fact in mind the reader will perhaps turn hopefully to Mr. Haskins's commentary to see whether anything had been done to sift the manuscript evidence. If so, he will be sent back

aching with disappointment. He should have remembered that Mr. Haskins says he makes no attempt to produce a critical text; that is, to ascertain what Lucan really wrote. Does the absurd fallacy then still linger, which we remember used to be preached some five-and-twenty years ago by high authorities in Oxford, that you can separate textual criticism from interpretation? Is it still supposed anywhere that all a commentator has to do is to take a decent printed text, construe straight through it, and add such remarks as are suggested by his knowledge and intelligence? Such an idea must have existed in England when some of the early volumes of the Bibliotheca Classica were published. But that anything distantly resembling it should live on in England, and at Cambridge, in 1887, we had thought inconceivable.

Mr. Haskins's commentary, to which we now turn, is of unequal merit. It has several qualities not only excellent but rare in such works: it is terse, elegant, and readable the translations, which are numerous, are neat and clear: and much information is compressed into a small space. On the other hand one has to complain that (as said above) no attempt is made to do anything for the text, even in the way of putting together information now easily accessible. There is no mention of Steinhart and his high estimate of the Montepessulanus H. 113 and the Vossianus secundus,1 nor of Kindler's discussion of the supposed interpolations. No hint is given that Lucan is quoted by the ancient grammarians, mainly by Priscian and the Probus of the Catholica and Instituta.

No modern conjectures, or hardly any, are mentioned, not even those of Madvig in his Adversaria. No attempt is made to use the scholia critically, though as far back as 1869 Usener published the Commenta Bernensia separately, and thereby laid the foundation for future commentaries. Whether even the scholia printed by Weber have been much consulted seems doubtful, Finally it must be said that many difficulties which require to be seriously grappled with are passed over, while many unimportant and sometimes irrelevant parallel passages are allowed to occupy valuable space. At times

also Mr. Haskins shows an uncertain hold on Latin usage. The following instances will show what is meant :

1 In the essay above mentioned Diels uses twelve MSS. of Lucan: two Bernenses (45 and 370); Erlangensis 856, Gemblacensis (= Bruxellensis 5330); two Montepessulani (H. 113, 362): two Parisini (8039, 7900 A); two Vossiani, and two Berolinenses.

6

176.

I. 8. Priscian (vol. ii. p. 153 Hertz) quotes this line with insania ferri, not licentia ferri. This is not mentioned, but the reading derives support from Aen. 7, 461, above quoted. 19. Seres is singular: see Probus Cathol. p. 27 Keil. 50. Priscian i. p. 345 reads iuvat, perhaps rightly. 110. Priscian i. p. 310 reads possidet for continet. Though Priscian ii. p. 185 says that coactae refers to plebiscita, he spells plebisscita: which probably shows that Bentley was right in reading plebis scita coactae, coactae agreeing with plebis. 304. for transcenderet Probus De Ultimis Syllabis p. 224 (Keil) reads transcenderit: far better. 481. Priscian i. p. 328 reads Alpemque, quoting also Lucan iii. 299 for the singular. 531. For denso aere Priscian (i. p. 520, ii. 473) twice quotes tenso aere. II. 263. Incassum eat, be spent in vain.' Read in cassum eat, literally run to emptiness.' 288. Crimen erit superis et me fecisse nocentem, 'The blame for my guilt will rest with the gods.' Is it not rather 'to have made me too (or even me) guilty, will be a reproach to the gods'? This use of crimen is tolerably common in Lucan, though, as far as I have seen, only once recognized by Mr. Haskins, viz. on viii. 800: but comp. v. 59, vi. 248, vii. 112, 398, 551: viii. 420. III. 358. nostri fiducia cursus 'Confidence in my journey, i.e. reliance on that as an obstacle.' Rather confidence in my haste, in the fact that I am in a hurry': comp. v. 482. sunt cetera cursu Acta meo. 404. Structae diris altaribus arae. Here altaria probably means 'offerings,' as in Vergil Ecl. v. 66. 455. Stellatis axibus. The Berne scholia clear up this passage by explaining stellati as cancellati: the planks enclosing the agger or earth are arranged i lattice fashion so as to make a frame. 534. Ordine contentae gemino crevisse liburnae. 'To have reached such a size as to have one bank of oars.' The Berne scholia interpret crevisse as referring to the upper row of the biremis having more oars than the lower. 559. Paterisne acies errare profundo Artibus et certas pelagi? No explanation is offered of this difficult passage: is et certas a corruption for expertas? 586. For Tagus Sergius on Donatus p. 497 Keil reads Catus, and so the two Vossiani. 603. For mixtis the Berne scholia must have read missis; obliquo pectine,' si enim dimittunt remos nautae, obliqua palmula natant. Pecten would thus palmula, perhaps on the analogy of the Greek πλήκτρον. 708-9 require a much fuller explanation than is offered. IV. 171. which is absent from several MSS. is probably, as Kindler says, a gloss on the preceding line.

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