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ONE reflection can hardly have failed to suggest itself to any one who has tried to estimate Thompson's classical work; that is to say, that, in bulk at least, the tangible printed result of it is strangely small-small as compared not merely with the ample achievements of German industry, but with the performance of such English scholars as Munro or Conington. As the fruit of a long life and of abundant leisure we have editions of two among Plato's dialogues, a few essays contributed to classical periodicals, and the notes to Archer Butler's lectures : the whole indeed might be bound together in a single volume of moderate size.

But

no greater mistake could be made than to estimate by the extent of these writings either their intrinsic importance or the activity of the mind which produced them. For if Thompson has written little, every line of that little tells. Nowhere will the reader meet with a hasty or a purposeless sentence: not a word but has passed the test of perhaps the most fastidious judgment that the present generation of scholars

has seen.

All who were ever associated with him in examining the work of others learnt to appreciate the searching and subtle discernment with which the Master sorted the chaff from the wheat: but however severe might be the standard which he applied to the performance of other men, it falls far short of that by which he tested his own. Accordingly we have in his published writings the very best work which could be given us by a singularly clear and acute intellect, fortified by wide and varied study. And however much we may regret that

years of feeble health have left the sum of it so small, yet we could hardly wish it increased by any relaxation of the author's critical austerity.

The paper on the Sophist was originally published in the Cambridge Philosophical Transactions, and is reprinted in volume

NO. II. VOL. I.

VIII of the Journal of Philology, preceded by an apology for its reappearance which few readers will consider necessary. This is a reply to an article of Dr. Whewell's in which the Platonic authorship of the Sophist and Politicus was impugned. At the present day perhaps no serious student of Plato, in this country at least, will be found to assail the authenticity of these dialogues but when Thompson's apology was written, this was far from being the case. The attack, which some German scholars, notably Socher, had begun, was enforced by all the reputation and controversial vigour of Dr. Whewell, and the appearance of so able an advocate for the defence was proportionally opportune. The prevalence of the view adopted by Whewell would, at least in the opinion of the present writer, have exercised an effect upon the study of Plato and of Greek philosophy little short of paralysing; while nothing could be more stimulating to such study than Thompson's mode of defence. The essay upon the Sophist is not only a cogent vindication of the genuineness of the dialogue, but the first really serious effort (in English at least) to assign to it its due position among the Platonic writings and to survey its relations to other dialogues. The Sophist is handled, not as one of a collection of miscellaneous essays, each of which treats its subject or subjects from a point of view which varies with the author's humour, but as forming part of a body of philosophical teaching which possesses a definite aim and significance. In this spirit we see the Platonic method of logical division examined and elucidated, appraised both in its intrinsic importance and in relation to the Platonic system, and surveyed in its bearings upon earlier and contemporary Greek thought. The several subjects treated in the dialogue are co-ordinated with a clearness which must have been a revelation to those who had studied the work only with such light as

D

Stallbaum sheds upon it. And not the least instructive part of the dissertation is that in which the writer insists upon the necessity that the student of Plato shall be keenly on the watch for those perpetually recurring allusions to contemporary or previous thinkers, which, in proportion as they are perceived or missed, go far to determine the apprehension or misapprehension of a whole dialogue. For however fully this may now be recognised, Thompson was probably the first to set it in a clear light. All is done with the ease and sureness of touch which betoken the true master of his subject even in details where we may not accept his conclusions, we feel no less powerfully the suggestiveness of his method. The essay in fact remains a model of the spirit and manner in which Plato should be studied.

:

The Introductory Remarks' on the Philebus, originally prepared for a course of lectures in 1855, were first printed in 1882 (Journal of Philology, vol. xi.). This, considered in relation to the dialogue with which it is concerned, is really but a fragment. But, although it cannot be regarded as equal in importance to the defence of the Sophist, the work is of the same high order of excellence. There is the same literary finish, the same lucidity in following up the intricate meanderings of this difficult work, and above all the same firm grasp of Plato's position in the history of philosophy. Plato's attitude towards his forerunners and contemporaries has probably never been better described than at the beginning of this essay 'It is characteristic of Plato's philosophical genius that he is ever seeking for truths amid heaps of seeming errorever trying to detach the gold from the dross, and to recast it in the mould of his own comprehensive system. . . . He seems to have made it matter of conscience to acquaint himself with whatever had been written before, and whatever was published during his own life, by anyone pretending to the name of sophist or philosopher. And he was not only the most comprehensive, but all appearances to the contrary notwithstanding, one of the most candid of readers. There were in fact very few-I doubt if there was more than one-of his more considerable opponents, with whom he does not to a certain extent agree; or more than one to some portion of whose speculations he has not assigned its due place in his own philosophical structure.' Compare these sayings with the spirit in which Grote approaches (for example) the question be

tween Plato and Protagoras, and the contrast between the two methods needs no further illustration: nor, one would think, can there be much doubt which method is the more philosophical. In a similar vein is the treatment of the problem concerning the 'One and the Many' a little later on. The whole essay in fact, like that on the Sophist, is throughout stimulating and suggestive.

A review of works so well known to Platonic students as the editions of the Phaedrus and the Gorgias were as superfluous as unsuitable to the compass of the present article. As might be expected in his most carefully matured writings, we find here all the highest qualities of Thompson's work. In lucidity of exposition, in aptness of illustration, in the ease and grace of the translations, these two commentaries will well hold their own with any which could be brought into comparison with them. Indeed we should have far to seek for a combination of accurate scholarship, logical acumen, and literary excellence, similar to that which is presented to us in these volumes. Some perhaps might be disposed to complain of an occasional tendency to discursiveness, natural to a more leisurely style of scholarship than that characteristic of the present day: but if the editor is not always eager to say his say in the fewest possible words, he never loses sight of the point nor intrudes irrelevant matter. is there any display of knowledge for its own sake. Thompson carried his learning lightly: the knowledge he had acquired lay easily upon his mind and did not crave continual escape on paper. The reader of his commentaries is impressed sooner by his taste, judgment, and scholarship than by his learning; yet none but a learned man could have written the commentaries: only we have, as it were, the distilled spirit of his knowledge rather than the crude materials.

Nor

is

As interpretations of the two dialogues these editions are not likely to be soon superseded. Besides the skilful treatment of difficulties in detail, the general drift and arrangement of the two works handled in a manner no less original than masterly. Both in the Gorgias and in the more difficult Phaedrus, one feels that the editor has a perfectly definite conception of the course and development of the discussion; we are never left to drift with the current, woTep Tà åvepμáriora mλoîa : our pilot knows his bearings. And again the dialogues are not treated as isolated disquisitions, but as integral parts of the Platonic system. Specially instructive and

interesting are the two appendices on the 'Erotic discourses of Socrates,' and 'The philosophy of Isocrates.'

In fine, the permanent value of Thompson's work as a Platonic scholar is to be found not in its extent, which is but moderate, nor altogether in the amount of positive instruction, great as that unquestionably is, which may be derived from it; but in the example he has left of an original and powerful mind dealing with the most fruitful literature of all time. It has been said, and said most truly, that Plato is his own best interpreter: but he will interpret only to him who has eyes in his soul.' And for clearing and strengthening this mental vision, there could not be a much

better discipline than following the treatment of the philosopher's works by one whose insight into his spirit has hardly been surpassed. Thompson was in his element as an exponent of Plato. No other author could have given such full scope to the fastidious and subtle taste, to the clear logical thought, to the erudition free from any shadow of pedantry, which are characteristic of the Master of Trinity's work; nor have afforded occasion for so successful a combination of all the most solid qualities of learning and scholarship with a charm of style which gives these writings, apart from their didactic value, a claim to rank as English literature. R. D. ARCHER-HIND.

Die Homerische Odyssee in der ursprünglichen Sprachform wiederhergestellt von AUGUST FICK. Göttingen, 1883.

Die Homerische Ilias nach ihrer Entstehung betrachtet und in der ursprünglichen Sprach. form wiederhergestellt von AUGUST FICK. Göttingen, 1885-6.

Philologus, xliii. 1.

Dr. K. Sittl,' Die Aolismen der Homerischen Sprache.' 'Herr Dr. Karl Sittl und die Homerischen Äolismen,' von DR. GUSTAV HINRICHS. Berlin, 1884.

Bezzenberger's Beiträge zur Kunde der Indogerm. Sprachen. Vol. xi. 'Die Sprachform der altionischen und altattischen Lyrik.' A. FICK.

THE peculiar structure of the Homeric dialect has been explained in two ways, viz. (1) as the result of a fusion of earlier Aeolic ingredients with the Ionic dialect, (2) as a combination of earlier and later forms alike belonging to the Ionic dialect at different stages of its growth. The former view was long accepted without question, and the Aeolic element was magnified in accordance with the prevailing idea, that the Aeolic dialect was once common to nearly

all Greece-an inference derived from Strabo and other writers, according to whom the whole country was at first 'Aeolian,' except the distinctively Dorian and Ionian districts. On this supposition everything which appeared archaic in the Homeric language was termed an 'Aeolism.' Recent writers of such authority as Meister and Hinrichs,

while carefully distinguishing between Aeolic and merely archaic forms, admit a considerable residuum of the former, comprising the pronouns ἄμμες, ἄμμι, ἄμμε, ύμμες, ύμμι, ύμμε, the adverbs άμυδις and άλλυδις, ζα for δια in ζάθεος, ζατρεφής, ζάκοτος, &c., the suffix -εννο for -εινο (εσ-ινο), e.g. ἀργεννός, ερεβεννός, the vocalisation of the digamma in avíaɣo (ἀξίαχοι), αὐέρυσαν (ἀξξ έρυσαν), εὔαδε (ἐσξαδε). Meister (Die Griechischen Dialecte, p. 19) holds with Hinrichs that the origin of these Aeolisms must be sought in the oldest epic poems which appeared on Aeolian soil, probably in Lesbos.' He does not doubt that among the predecessors of Sappho and Alcaeus were Aeolian poets who, before Homer, had celebrated the heroes of the Trojan war.

Hinrichs has recently restated and defended the conclusions embodied in his work (De Homericae elocutionis vestigiis Aeolicis) against an attack by K. Sittl (Geschichte der griechischen Literatur, ch. ii. pp. 34-44, and Philologus xliii. 1, p. 1-31), who has attempted to disprove the whole, or nearly the whole, of the supposed Homeric Aeolisms.1 In reference to the instances just quoted, he maintains that aλudis and

uudis, though not actually found in the extant fragments of Aeolic poetry, are strictly analogous to the Aeolic rude, &c., nor is it at all probable that the grammarians. found aλods and apodis and 'Aeolised' these forms. The Homeric inaoσúrepos (for

1 Herr Dr. Karl Sittl und die Homerischen Aolismen, G. Hinrichs. Berlin, 1884.