May, 1636, and was buried in the church of Dartmouth on the 26th. Cf. Boase's Reg. Coll. Exon. pars ii. p. 359; Bibliotheca Cornubiensis, p. 913; Wood's Ath. Oxon. ij. 601. 1. The Sincere Preacher: Proving that in whom is Adulation, Auarice, or Ambition, he cannot be sincere. Delivered in three sermons in Dartmouth in Deuon, vpon 1. Thes. 2, 5,6. By Walter Wylshman, Mr. of Art, and Minister of the Word there. [Quotation.] AT LONDON, Imprinted by Felix Kyngston, for Ionas Man. 1616. Sm. 8vo. Blank leaf; Title, 1 leaf; Dedication to the right worshipfull Mary Cotton, wife to William Bp. of Exon, dated Oct. 14. 1614, 7 pp.; Text, pp. 1–89; blank leaf; or, A to F in eights; G in four. [Bod.; B.M.] THE BOTTOM-DEPOSITS OF THE ENGLISH CHANNEL FROM THE EDDYSTONE TO START POINT, NEAR THE THIRTY-FATHOM LINE. BY R. HANSFORD WORTH, C.E. (Read at Great Torrington, August, 1899.). IN 1895 Mr. E. J. Allen, B.Sc., Director of the Marine Biological Laboratory at Plymouth, commenced an investigation into the fauna and bottom-deposits near the thirtyfathom line from the Eddystone grounds to Start Point. In June of the present year Mr. Allen published his results. (Vol. v. No. 4, June, 1899, Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom.) A feature of the method pursued was the care taken to obtain samples of the bottom-deposit, with the object of acquiring information as to the influence of its texture and nature on life at the sea-bottom. In 1898, when the results were being collated, the present writer became associated with the inquiry. Although the investigation was undertaken for purely biological purposes, a great deal of information was obtained of interest geologically. The manner in which samples were taken and their subsequent treatment both lent themselves to geological inquiry, although in certain cases the points at which dredgings were taken were not equally well adapted to those purposes. The features which can be satisfactorily considered are:(a) The "texture" of the bottom-deposits. (b) The rock fragments constituting the gravels and sands. (c) The rock fragments of considerable comparative dimensions occasionally obtained. (d) Deductions as to the underlying strata based on a, b, c. (e) The extent of wave-action at the bottom, as evidenced by the condition of the bottom-deposits and by the fauna found thereon. (f) A consideration of the deposit as a recent formation, from which reasonable deductions may be drawn as to the conditions under which similar clastic deposits, now indurated into definite rock-beds, may have been formed. These matters (with the exception of e) were necessarily of secondary importance in the biological investigation, and the notes thereon, which are incorporated in Mr. Allen's paper, were restricted in range accordingly. The writer has to express his thanks and great indebtedness to the Director of the Marine Biological Laboratory for the opportunity of examining the various samples, and for permission to use the results obtained for purposes outside the intent of the original inquiry. (a) THE TEXTURE OF THE BOTTOM-DEPOSITS. Each dredged sample was divided into a series of grades by the use of sieves having circular perforations of known diameter. Eight grades were constituted, numbered, and named as under : I. Stones. All inorganic material which will not pass through sieve with 15 mm. perforation. II. Coarse gravel. Material left on sieve with 5 mm. perforation. III. Medium gravel. Material left on sieve with 2.5 mm. IV. Fine gravel. Material left on sieve with 1.5 mm. perforation. VI. Medium sand.. Material left on sieve with 0.5 mm. perforation. VII. Fine sand. Material which passes through 0.5 mm. sieve, and when stirred up in sea-water settles in one minute. VIII. Silt. Remains in suspension at the end of one minute. The terms "medium gravel," "fine sand," etc., suit well the grades to which they have been applied, and the system as a whole has been found to work excellently, both for biological and geological purposes. For instance, all of the larger foraminifera will be found in Grades VI. and VII., while the smaller foraminifera, together with the diatoms and coccoliths, are practically confined to Grade VIII. In a similar way all rock fragments identifiable to the unaided eye will be found in Grades I., II, and III. Much information is afforded by the determination of organic carbonate of lime in each grade of each sample; and accurate conclusions as to wave-action may be formed by studying the percentage of each sample afforded by the various grades. More than this, and most important biologically, it is found that the texture of the bottom-deposit largely influences the nature of the fauna. The system was devised by Mr. Allen, and has proved so satisfactory that it is to be hoped future workers will adopt it in its entirety, and thus assign a known value to such indefinite terms as " fine sand," "silt," etc. For close comparison between any two or more dredgings the whole details of the textures must be studied; a readier method should, however, be available for general purposes. This the present writer has sought to supply in the following manner : The purely conventional figures I., II., III., etc., having reference to material left in sieves of 15 mm., 5 mm., 2.5 mm., etc., are adopted for the purpose of shortly stating the average grade of each sample. The percentage of each grade of the sample is multiplied by its conventional number, the figures so obtained are summed together, and the total divided by 100, the result being described as the "average grade" of the sample. As an instance of the method the determination of the "average grade" of sample 83 is appended. = Per Cent. 0.00 × 1 = = 0.0 27.9 x 2=55.8 28.3 x 384.9 14.1 x 4 = 56.4 6'0 x 530.0 7.3 x 6=43.8 8.3 x 758.1 8.2 × 8=65 6 394.6 ÷ 100 3.946 the "average grade" of sample 83. It must be repeated that this figure only gives limited information, and should be read together with the details. The fine sand, Grade VII., differs widely in the samples. Alone of all the gravels and sands it possesses great possibilities of variation; its coarsest grains may attain a diameter of 0.5 mm., its finest need only be heavy enough to settle through six inches of sea-water in one minute. Closer classification would not, however, serve any useful purpose, and hence it follows that in some samples VII. consists almost exclusively of grains approximating to the maximum diameter of 0.5 mm., in others Grade VII. consists of very fine material little removed from the coarser particles in the silt. It will still be found even in these latter cases that the silt retains its distinctions from VII. Out of some 112 hauls, samples of the bottom-deposit have been graded from 17, representing sixteen defined zoological grounds. In addition to these, samples have been obtained from various stony grounds, in which cases grading was not necessary. The information is not continuous from the Eddystone to the Start; an uninvestigated area lies east and north of the Eddystone, and a much larger hiatus occurs south of the East Rutts. In the Journal of the Marine Biological Association, New Series, Vol. v. No. 4, will be found tables on pages 525-7 with full details of the percentage weights of each grade of gravel and sand found in the samples of bottom-deposit, and of the percentages of carbonate of lime (or where distinguishable, shell) in each grade of gravel or sand in the samples of bottom-deposit. These are more elaborate than the present paper requires, although reference may hereafter be made to some of the details. The following table may, however, be reproduced with advantage: TABLE I. Showing the samples of bottom-deposit arranged according to average grade of texture and the total percentage of organic carbonate of lime in each. |