may be from 3 to 5 guns per 1000 for an army of 30,000, 50,000, or 80,000 men. But with the larger armies, which we see collected now-a-days on the continent, amounting to a million and upwards, a diminution of guns may well take place, even below 3 per 1000, as a larger proportion of artillery is very cumbersome, and impedes the movement of an army. Moreover, any excess of what has usually been laid down would under most circumstances be valueless; the guns in rear of the column of march being unable to be brought into action, at the time the head of the column is engaged, without the country admitted of large deployments. A corps d'armée takes up on the line of march from twenty to thirty miles. It will therefore be readily understood that it would be difficult to get the whole of the artillery into position to take advantage of an action going on ahead. Further, the artillery of an army is the branch that occupies so much ground on the march; a battery of artillery alone taking up 473 yards of ground in column of route, hence the great impediment to speedy or advantageous movement; indeed an army is hampered by too large a force of artillery. Large armies move naturally very slowly; if actually marching, the rate may be stated at from one to two miles an hour, and even this rate is dependent on the state of the roads and other circumstances; to be hampered therefore with a large number of guns would be to impede the column of march. As far as can be ascertained, the number of guns to men in the French army during the late Franco-Prussian War was under 3 to every 1000 men, and in the Confederated German army under 2 guns per 1000. (Vide Appendix C.) Army Hospital Corps - A body of men recruited from the ranks of the army for the purpose of looking after the sick and wounded, and for carrying out such instructions as may be given to them by the medical officers with reference to diet and treatment, and in administering of medicines ordered, and giving such necessary attendance as the sick require. The men act as bakers, cooks, and perform all duties which render them useful to the patients. Army Hygiene-Is a branch of the Medical Department having for its object the sanitary condition of the army, whether in quarters or in the field. Vide Medical Department. Army Reserve-A force, under the present organisation of the British army, composed of men who have enlisted for twelve years, a portion of which service, viz., six, and not less than three years, must be passed with the colours, the residue being spent in the reserve. This condition of service is known as "short service." Other soldiers are eligible to enter the reserve force, viz. those who have exceeded the first term of their engagement, say men after thirteen or fourteen years' service, and who do not exceed thirty-four years in age. Under the system which now obtains, a considerable reserve force may be expected to be formed, and it is estimated that with an army of 180,000 men, of whom threefourths are to serve only six years with the colours, there will accrue by 1882 a large reserve of trained men, all under thirty-two years of age. The Army Enlistment Act of 1867 formed a body of men called the enrolled pensioners and others into two classes: 1st class, not exceeding 20,000 men, liable for service anywhere, and consisting of men who are serving or have served in the army, and whose service does not exceed first term of enlistment. 2nd class, not exceeding 30,000, liable for service in the United Kingdom only, consisting of persons already enrolled, out-pensioners. The Act of 1870 has modified the above, and the result has been that enrolment for 2nd class, except for pensioners, has been suspended. (2nd class therefore consists entirely of enrolled pensioners, who are called out for twelve days annually, under S. O. of Pensioners, and number about 15,000.) Enrolment in the 1st class is encouraged, and men are eligible to enter this class up to the age of thirty-four; the retaining fee amounts to £6 per annum (but no claim to future pension), and all men enlisted under short service are to be passed into this class, who will ultimately be the reserve of the standing army. (Vide Appendix E.) Army Schools or Colleges-Establish ments of a military nature for furthering the education of officers and men in the acquirement of knowledge adapted to their profession. Such is the Royal Military College at Sandhurst, and the Royal Military Academy at Woolwich, the former, being now intended for young officers on obtaining their commissions of sub-lieutenant, and before joining their regiments, and also for officers qualifying for the staff; the latter, for candidates for the artillery and engineers. Then there is the School of Instruction at Chatham, where officers of the line or cavalry have the opportunity of being instructed in army signalling, surveying, &c.; the School of Artillery at Shoeburyness; the School of Musketry at Hythe; and the Advanced Class of Artillery Officers at Woolwich; as well as the School of Instruction at Aldershot. The institutions under the name of schools are intended for the men as well as the officers. For soldiers and their children there are garrison and regimental schools, which afford the usual elementary school tuition. The Royal Military Asylum is also an establishment for the instruction of soldiers' sons. code, partly by the Morse alphabet. This mode of signalling is intended to supplement the electric telegraph, which now always accompanies an army, in case the telegraph should be interrupted. According to the Queen's Regulations, a certain number of officers, noncommissioned officers, and men, from each branch of the service, has to attend at the School of Military Engineering, Chatham, for the purpose of being instructed in army signalling. Officers belonging to the Indian army are also permitted, if vacancies admit, to attend the classes. Arquebus - An It ancient hand-gun, which was cocked with a wheel. was the first form of weapon which could fairly be compared with the modern musket. The design was taken from the old cross-bow, its name conveying the meaning of "bow with a mouth." In French, the name is arc-à-bouche, or arc-à-bousa, corrupted into arquebus. On the formation of the English yeomen of the guard in. 1485, one-half were armed with the arquebus, which had gunpowder for its motive power. Array-Order of battle, as an army in battle array. Array, Commissioners of, vide Commissioners of Array. Army Service Corps-A branch of the Control Department, officered from the supply and transport sub-department. Arrest In a military sense, implies The officers of this corps rank as fol- the suspension of an officer or non-comlows:-Commissary = major; deputy commission officer, for misconduct, from all missary captain; assistant commissary lieutenant. The corps consists of clerks, tradesmen, mechanics, skilled labourers, drivers, &c., who are required for the various duties connected with the supply, store, pay, and transport service. Army Signalling-A system adopted in the army to enable out-posts to communicate by signals with the main body; also to permit officers, &c., who may be patrolling or with reconnoitring parties to communicate readily and speedily to the general what they observe or is brought to their notice regarding the movements of the enemy. The ordinary means used to carry on communication by day is by coloured flags, revolving shutters, and flags waved by hand; by night, coloured lamps and a combination of long and short flashes. In the English army the work is carried out partly by military duty, until released by superior authority, or, if brought before a courtmartial, until he shall have proved himself innocent of the charge. It is directed in the Queen's Regulations that, before bringing an officer to trial, it is necessary that his conduct shall have been previously examined by superior authority, in order to ascertain that the charges are such as should be submitted to the cognizance of a court-martial, and that there is sufficient evidence to substantiate them. There are two kinds of arrests, close and open, the latter being also termed arrest at large. An officer in close arrest is not allowed to leave his quarters or tent, and to prevent him doing so, if not obedient to orders, a sentry is placed at his door. If he be in arrest at large, he is permitted, with the sanction of authority, to take exercise within defined limits. Open arrest is only applicable to an officer. Arsenal-A place of receipt and issue of guns, small arms, and all other warlike stores. Woolwich is the main arsenal of England, and possesses within its precincts several manufacturing establishments, such as the carriage, gun, and small-arm ammunition factories. In our great Indian dependency there are several arsenals in each of the presidencies in which the sinews of war are stored, but beyond having a comparatively small workshop attached to each, the Indian arsenals are more places of receipt and issue of such arms, ammunition, and stores, which an army requires in peace or war, than manufacturing establishments. The gun, carriage, powder, small-arm ammunition, and harness factories, are all separate establishments, but they are not situated far from each of the presidency capital towns. Arsenic -A metal of a crystalline appearance, and imported into India from Burmah, China, and the Persian Gulf. It sublimes at 356°, emitting a strong garlic smell during the sublimation. If the process be performed with free access of air, arsenious acid is rapidly formed. The arsenic of commerce is of a white colour; what is used in the laboratory is a sulphuret of arsenic, and is of two kinds—the native yellow sesqui-sulphuret of arsenic, called " orpiment," and the red proto-sulphuret or realgar." Of orpiment, there are many varieties, one in fine gold-coloured scales; another in intense yellow stony lumps; a third in earthy-looking masses, called the king's yellow, a familiar paint. For the use to which arsenic is put in the artillery service, vide Orpiment. 66 jesty's forces at home and abroad, which the sovereign is empowered by the Mutiny Act to make and institute, under her sign-manual. This privilege has been annually re-enacted, and annually exercised by the crown since the reign of George III. to the present day. As the Articles of War are read at the head of every corps in the service, once in three months, no officer or soldier can plead ignorance of these articles as an extenuation of misconduct. Moreover, commanding officers of regiments are directed to see that officers are well acquainted with the Articles of War, by frequently examining the officers under their command, more particularly the subalterns. The Mutiny Act and Articles of War for the time being, tempered by the regulations issued from time to time by the sovereign, form together the code of laws which governs the British army. Artillery The name given to ordnance of all natures, and the arm of the service to which it is attached. The term artillery comprises also the art of manufac turing every nature of gun-carriage and ammunition, as well as the mode of preserving and making use of them. Besides comprising the matériel, it includes also the personnel, of that arm. The origin of the word artillery is of very ancient date, and meant formerly a very different arm to what we are accustomed to associate that name with at the present day. Arrows were anciently called artillery; thus we read in Holy Writ that Jonathan, when he had shot his arrows as a signal to aim, gave "his artillery unto his lad." Further, we observe that, before the introduction of gunpowder, our ancestors used, under the name of artillery, machines termed Art, Military-May be divided into two the balista, catapult, and battering ram, principal branches. The first relates to which projected stones for battering the order and arrangement which must down the lofty walls and towers forming be observed in the management of an the defence of many of our old towns. army, when it is to fight, to march, or On the introduction of gunpowder, guns to be encamped. This branch is generally termed "bombards were manufactured known under the name of tactics, which rude specimens of the art as comsignifies order. The second belongs to pared with later introductions-they the other branch of military art, and in- were at first principally hand arms, cludes the composition and application of weighing from 25 to 30 lbs., but were warlike machines. subsequently increased in size, and termed Articles of War-Rules and regulations for the better government of her Ma The first guns were built up with wrought-iron bars or plates, strengthened with rings of the same material; they projected stones, and were fired from the ground, or from rough wooden beds, which served as carriages. By degrees, and after some centuries, the calibres of ordnance were enlarged, and brass guns introduced, as early as the fifteenth century, towards the close of which gun-carriages with wheels were manufactured in France, showing what great strides had already been made in all matters pertaining to ordnance. This progress continued through the following centuries, when, in the eighteenth century, a foundry was established at Carron, in Scotland, where carronades were first made, and which gave the name to this nature of ordnance. At this foundry, as well as at Lowmoor, in Yorkshire, most of our castiron guns were manufactured. The days of cast-iron guns, at least in the British service, may be said now to have passed away, these arms being superseded by rifled ordnance, though there are still a few heavy guns of this nature in use. The matériel of the British artillery is divided into three classes-siege, garrison, and field; comprising guns of all calibres, from the 38-ton 12-inch rifled gun (700-pr.) to the 7-pr. mountain gun, including heavy rifled howitzers and mortars. The personnel of the regiment, since its amalgamation with the artilleries of India (which took place in February 1861), comprises a body of about 35,000 men of all grades, consisting of 31 brigades, viz. 6 of horse artillery and 25 of garrison and field, with a depot and a coast brigade. The field brigades consist in the aggregate of 114 batteries of 6 guns each; these include the total of light artillery, horse and foot, in the service at home and abroad. The brigades of horse artillery consist each of 5 batteries, and the field brigades of 7 batteries each. as Asphaltum, or Asphalte-Is described a bituminous substance somewhat allied to coal in its properties, and probably in its origin and mode of formation. It is exceedingly inflammable, readily softened by heat, and more or less soluble in alcohol, ether, and oils. It is em ployed in admixture with hard mineral substances, and with pitch as a material for paving and covering roofs and floors. A black enamel varnish is also made of asphalte. 99.66 Assault-An attack of a fortified work, either by escalade or on the breach being reported practicable. Previous to assaulting a place, all precautions must be taken to form "storming parties," "supports," and "firing parties." In an escalade, ladders form the means of aiding the assaulting party in getting into the works attacked. The firing party, supported, if possible, by artillery, is spread out in extended order, ready to keep down the fire of the besieged whenever a soldier shows his head above the parapet; further, by its fire into the embrasures, to disable the artillerymen at their guns. The ladders used are 26 and 14 feet, in two pieces, though ladders of 40 feet are used. (Vide Appendix D.) Assault of Arms-Military exercises, comprised in the use of the broadsword, small sword, bayonet exercise, and fencing. Assembly-The second beating of the drum before a march, at which the men strike their tents, roll them up, and stand to their arms. Assize of Arms-A law enacted in the reign of Henry II. which enjoined every able-bodied man in the realm to maintain arms, suitable to his rank and condition of life, at his own expense. Of this law our militia is the modern offspring, and there can be no doubt that it is incumbent on every British subject now, as it was in earlier times, to give his service when required in defence of his sovereign and country. The enforcement therefore of the ballot in the militia would be no hardship. Atlas Metal-The metal used in the manufacture of the cases of Hale's rockets and Boxer's life-saving rockets. It is a mild steel produced by the Bessemer pro cess. Atmosphere Is described as the general term applied to the whole gaseous portion of the earth. Being much lighter than either land or water, it floats or rests upon either, and rises to the height of probably forty or fifty miles above the level of the sea. It consists essentially of two gases, oxygen and nitrogen. One hundred parts by weight contain 77 parts nitrogen and 23 parts oxygen, or by measure 79.19 nitrogen and 20-81 oxygen. The atmosphere is measured by a column of mercury of 29.922 inches, which has been adopted in France as the mean height of the barometer at the surface of the sea. Atmosphere, Pressure of-The weight of the atmosphere with a barometric pressure of 30 inches, which is equivalent to 14.09 lbs. on the square inch. Attack-In a military sense, means an assault upon an enemy, with the view of driving him from his position. An attack may be made either in the open field or against a fortress; in the latter case, if the enemy holds out, a regular siege has to be carried on by means of trenches, saps, galleries, &c. In attacking a position, a false attack is sometimes made at the same moment with the real attack, to divert the attention of the enemy, and to make him divide his forces. Attention-A cautionary word used in the British army, preparative to any particular exercise or manœuvre. Auget-A wooden trough for the saucisson of a mine. Austrian Army-One of the four great continental armies of Europe. In December 1868, the imperial signature was affixed to the law introducing the system of obligatory personal service for every male subject of the Austrian empire. At present, the military force of Austria is composed of In countries that have adopted the compulsory service, exemptions are obtainable under the following social conditions: 1. Being the only son and support of a helpless father or widowed mother; 2. After the death of a father, being the only grandson and support of an infirm grandfather or widowed grandmother; 3. Being the only support of helpless relations. All service of a substitute, or exemption by purchase, is abolished. As in Prussia and France, volunteers for one year are admitted. The effective numerical strength of the standing army, reserve, and Landwehr, amounts to about 1,100,000 men, of which about are contributed by the first two classes, the standing army and reserve, to which Hungary furnishes a quota of nearly 330,000. Austria, inclusive of Hungary, is divided into 17 military districts. The standing army is composed of 24 divisions, containing 52 brigades of infantry and 19 of cavalry. The infantry of the line consists of 80 regiments; the cavalry of 41 regiments (14 of dragoons, 14 hussars, and 13 lancers) giving about 36,000 cavalry men. The artillery consists of 12 regiments of field and 12 battalions of garrison artillery, each field artillery regiment consisting of— 4 4-pr. foot batteries, 5 8-pr. foot batteries. In the Austrian army, to every 1000 combatant foot soldiers, there are 103 cavalry and 4 field guns. There are 2 regiments, of 5 battalions each, of engineers, with 4 active and 8 talion of 5 companies. reserve companies, and one depot bat The transport service of Austria is which consists of 36 field squadrons, 22 conducted by a military transport corps, of which on mobilisation are assigned to the infantry divisions, 5 to the cavalry, 4 to army corps head-quarters, and 2 to general head-quarters. There are, besides, the intendance and a hospital corps. The emperor is the supreme head of the Austrian army, which he governs |