(6.) ANALYSIS. Since in one row there are 3 square feet, in 3 rows there are 3 times 3 square feet, which are 9 square feet. Therefore, in 1 square yard there are 9 square feet. Hence to find the area of any parallelogram, is deduced the following

RULE.-Multiply the LENGTH by the BREADTH, and the product will be the square contents.

(c.) There is a difference in meaning between such expressions as five feet square and five square feet. The expression five feet square signifies a square five feet long and five feet wide, containing twenty-five square feet. So six feet square signifies a square containing thirty-six square feet, &c. (d) Square measure is used in computing the superficial contents of land, boards, plastering, &c.

(d.) The work of Artificers is estimated as follows: 1. By the square foot, as in glazing, stone-cutting, &c. 2. By the square yard, as in papering, painting, ceiling, paving, &c.

3. By the 100 square feet, as in flooring, slating, roofing, brick-laying, &c.

4. By the thousand, as in laying brick and shingles, &c.

(e.) NOTES.-1. The painting of irregular surfaces, as mouldings, cornices, pillars, &c., is estimated by finding the superficial contents of the mouldings, &c.

2. When brick-laying is estimated by the square yard or 100 square feet, the work is understood to be 14 bricks or 12 inches thick.

SURVEYORS' SQUARE MEASURE.

93. Surveyors' measure is used in computing the area, or contents, of portions of land.

(a.) TABLE.

625 square links (sq. 1.) make 1 sq. rod, marked sq. rd.

(b) NOTES.-1. A square mile is sometimes called a section.

2 Civil engineers commonly use an engineer's chain which consists of 100 links, each 1 foot long.

LESSON XI.

CUBIC MEASURE.

94. A Cube is a solid having six equal square

sides, or faces. A

dimensions are,

ness, each 1 foot.

cubic foot is a body, whose

length, breadth, and thick

1 yard=3 feet.

angail yard 3 feet. quial ai

Required the number of cubic feet in one cubic yard.

(a.) A cubic yard is a solid, one yard, or three feet, in length, 1 yard, of three feet, in width, and 1 yard, or three feet, in thickness; therefore, bo a cubic yard will consist of three

tiers of feet,

ST ROW OF FEET each tier consisting of three rows,

(b.) ANALYSIS.-Since there are 3 rows of cubic feet in 1 tier of feet, in 3 tiers there are 3 times 3 rows, which are 9 rows. Since in one row there are 3 cubic feet, in 9 rows there are 9 times 3 cubic feet, which are 27 cubic feet.

Therefore, in one cubic yard there are 27 cubic feet. Hence, to find the solid contents of a body, is deduced the following: RULE.-Multiply the LENGTH by the BREADTH, and this product by the THICKNESS.

(c.) Cubic measure is used in estimating the contents of solids; as wood, stone, capacity of cisterns, &c.

- (d.) 1. A load of earth contains a cubic yard.

2. Light freight is estimated by the cubic foot, and heavy freight by weight.

3. A pile of wood 8 feet long, 4 feet wide, and 4 feet high, contains 1 cord; and 1 foot in length of such a pile is called a cord foot.

8 FT LONG9in

4. A perch of stone or of masonry contains 24 cubic feet, and is 16 feet long, 12 feet wide, and 1 foot high.

5. The dimensions of a brick are, usually, length 8 inches, breadth 4 inches, and thickness 2 inches.

6. Joiners, painters, and masons, make no allowance for windows, doors, &c. Masons make no allowance for the corners of the walls of houses or cellars.

LESSON XII.

MEASURES OF CAPACITY.

95. Measures of Capacity are cubic measures, and consist of measures of liquids, and measures of dry sub

stances.

LIQUID, OR WINE MEASURE.

(a.) Liquid measure is used in measuring liquids, as, molasses, water, vinegar, &c.

NOTE-The barrel and hogshead are often used in estimating the capacity of cis

terns, reservoirs, &c.

(c.) The following table is sometimes used.

(d.) NOTES.-1. The hogshead, tierce, pipe, and tun, are names of casks, and are usually gauged and have the number of gallons they contain marked on them.

2. Ale or beer measure, formerly used in measuring ale and milk, is now seldom used.

3. The English quarter consists of 8 bu. of 70 lbs. each, and is of the gross ton.

LESSON XIII.

DRY MEASURE.

96. Dry measure is used in measuring vegetables and articles not fluid; as grain, fruit, salt, ashes, &c.