Dark Age Economics: The Origins of Towns and Trade A.D. 600-1000

activity Anglo-Saxon appears archaeology authority boat Carolingian central centres certainly Chapter Charlemagne clearly coinage coins communities concerned contrast course created discussed distribution Dorestad early early medieval economic effect eighth emergence empire emporia England English established Europe evidence examine example excavations exchange existence extent Figure finds Frisian further Haithabu Hamwih Hodges illustrates imported indicate industry interesting Ipswich issued Italy king known late later least long-distance trade maintained major Merovingian Metcalf Middle minting ninth century North origins particular pattern perhaps period phase population possibly pottery probably production recent references regional remains Renfrew result Roman royal Saxon scale seems settlement seventh ships significant silver social society structures studies suggests tenth territories towns trade urban vessels Viking village ware wealth West