were innocent; TOUS CEUX QUI étaient innocens, or tõutés cèlles qui étaient innocentes. These elliptical constructions, all pres sent, all around him, are thus rendered, tous ceux qui sont présens, tous ceux qui sont autour de lui, because they are the same thing as, all who are present, all who are around him.

A. II. When that which is either expressed or understood. after all; as in the next sentences, I do ALL THAT is in my power, I do ALL I can, it is rendered by tout ce qui, or tout ce que.-Ex. Je fais TOUT CE QUI est en mon pouvoir, Je fais TOUT CE QUE je puis. Observe, that tout ce qui and tout ce que cannot be parted, as all which are often in English.Ex. ALL is vanity WHICH does not tend to the glory of God; TOUT CE QUI ne tend pas à la gloire de Dieu, est vanité.

Q. V. Is tout always considered as an adjective in French, and to what other English words, besides all, is it equivalent?

A. It is sometimes considered as an adverb, and is used in the sense of quite.—Ex. They were QUITE astonished, ils furent TOUT étonnés (it would not always be proper to express quite by tout. Thus you should say, elle est TOUT-À-FAIT guérie, rather than toute guérie, she is QUITE cured.) It also expresses ever so, though ever; or as when joined to or understood before an adjective, without denoting comparison.-Ex. LEARNED, or, As learned as he is, THOUGH he is EVER SO learned; TOUT savant qu'il est. Que is then put after the adjective. Tout, considered as an adverb, is only declined when it comes before an adjective feminine beginning with a consonant.-Ex. Virtue, THOUGH it is EVER so rigid, La vertu, TOUTE sévère qu'elle est; LEARNED as they are, Toutes saVANTES qu'elles sont. When the adjective, being in the feminine singular, begins with a vowel, grammarians are divided as to its declinability: You read both, la vertu TOUT AUSTÈRE, or TOUTE austère qu'elle est. I should prefer the latter. Tout always remains undeclined before the comparative adverb aussi. Two more observations are to be made. 1st. If the verb has a substantive for its nominative, it follows the rules that will be given hereafter in Rule II. upon verbs. Thus you may say indifferently, Toutes simples que PARAISSENT CES FILLES, or toutes simples que CES FILLES PARAISSENT; but you must absolutely say, Toutes simples que PARAISSENT CES EILLES qui étaient hier au soir avec nous. 2d. When tout serves to modify two qualifying expressions, I think it should be re

peated. Ex. TOUT campagnard, et TOUT Bas Bréton qu'il est; Tho' he is a countryman, and a native of Lower Britanny”.

EXERCISE.

This artful and designing woman, on the eve of being precipitated from the throne, is no longer in a condition to execute her mad and unjust projects.

She has a cheerful happy temper, which fills her mind with a steady and perpetual serenity.

I am not at all surprised at the long delightful letter you have had the goodness to send me. I know that you can think of an absent friend, even in the midst of the pleasures of the world, and that you love to oblige, where you have no view of a return.

Independent of the churches and palaces, which are very magnificent, the architecture of the houses, in general, is in a good taste; the streets are remarkably clean, and paved with large broad stones chiselled, so as to prevent the horses from sliding.

The famous black stone is in a corner near the door of the temple; the outside is covered with a rich black damask, adorned with an embroidered band of gold.

The kingdom of Macedonia, which, under the reign of Alexander, gave laws to Asia, extended from the Ægean to the Ionian Sea.

As the prince is constantly surrounded by adepts in the art of simulation, all professing the highest possible regard, how shall he distinguish real from assumed attachment?

A poet and a philosopher look upon a learned man as a kind of miser, who indiscriminately hoards up the vilest with the most precious metals; while the learned man, who only sees words where he does not read facts, despises both the poet and the philosopher.

We found he had lost all hope, all confidence, and we endeavoured to revive them; but he laboured under a depres sion of spirits which baffled all our efforts.

He repaired the roads all over the Ecclesiastical State. He

*Note. Though as, not denoting comparison, may be rendered by tout before an adjective, yet it will not admit of the same translation before an adverb,

restrained the malevolence of bigots, removed absurd prejudices, and promoted sentiments of charity and good-will to mankind in general, without excepting even heretics.

A scene of a new and astonishing kind seemed to present itself to my view. All the people whom the earth contains, all the different races of men which its several climates can produce, came from all parts, and met in the same place.

Cyrus was acquainted with all the soldiers of his army, and could call them by their proper names. Cicero says,

that Themistocles had learned the names of all the citizens that were in Atheus.

From the most wretched slaves to the greatest kings that govern the earth, all men complain, all murmur against

fortune.

Though I am aware of the dangerous effects which the sight of dramatic entertainments may have on the minds of my children, I have promised to take them all to the play to-morrow. I have chosen that day, because there is a new actor who will make his first appearance.

I have asked all of them several questions; but their answers are so different, that I cannot obtain the least information about what I wish to know.

We are all of us apt to put too high a value on the things of this life; but a man, under the impressions I have described, likes to look into himself, and sees the vanity of setting his heart upon external enjoyment.

As her understanding was equal to her beauty, she learned with a readiness, which filled her teachers with surprise, and was the admiration of all who knew her.

The place was taken after several bloody and obstinate engagements. The conquerors found in it immense treasures, vast magazines, and all that could contribute to the elegancies and pleasures of life.

Let us impress the minds of young people with this useful maxim, that all is useless which does not tend to improve the mind, and, from that moment, they will cease to set so much value on frivolous acquirements.

Pomp, despotism, and Asiatic manners, still affrighted the Romans, depraved as they were. It was for this reason Constantine transferred the seat of government to Constantinople.

This matter, trifling as it was, brought to my mind the story of the Grecian, whom his countrymen declared uns

worthy to sit in a court of justice, because he had killed a little bird, which fled from a hawk for safety to his bosom. Those who are at the head of government, are seldom influenced by the prospect of future advantage, be it ever so evident, especially when that advantage is counterbalanced by present difficulties.

RULE III.

Q. I. In mentioning the dimensions of a thing, how are the noun of measure (feet, inches), and the adjective of dimension (high, long), placed in French?

4. The noun of measure, with the preposition de before the noun of number expressing its quantity, might be placed after the adjective of dimension; as, une table haute de DEUX PIEDS: but it generally comes first, and the substantive or adjective of dimension, with the preposition de, are indifferently placed after it; as, une table DE DEUX PIEDS DE HAUT or DE HAUTEUR. The preposition in, before a substantive of dimension, is oftener rendered by de than by en.—Ex. 1 Twenty feet IN height, Vingt pieds DE hauteur.

Note 1. Two dimensions are often joined by the preposition sur, instead of the conjunction et, and then de is not put before the noun of number following that preposition.Ex. A table TWO FEET LONG AND THREE INCHES THICK; Une table DE deux pieds de longueur SUR TROIS POUCES D'ÉPAISSEUR.

Note 2. When the name of the thing measured is followed by a tense of the verb to be, the verb avoir in French is generally used instead of être.-Ex. That book is THREE INCHES THICK; Ce livre a TROIS POUCes d'épaisseur. De is not used before the noun of number expressing the quantity of measure, when it is preceded by the verb avoir.

Q. II. When the conjunction than, preceded by more, less, and likewise by rather, another, otherwise, serves to join two verbs compared together, and not in any tense of the infinitive; as, Women speak better than they WRITE, He is quite another man than I THOUGHT; what is the construction of the French sentence, with respect to the second verb?

A. Ne is to be put before it.-Ex. Les femmes parlent mieux qu'elles N'ÉCRIVENT; Il est tout autre que je NE CROYAIS. The construction of this sentence, Les hommes n'ont jamais

été plus heureux, que lorsque la plus grande partie du monde connu ÉTAIT sous la domination d'un seul maître, is not a deviation from the rule; as the verb était is not properly the verb compared; for, the real construction of the above sentence is, Men have never been happier than THEY WERE when, &c.

Q.III. Is this rule general?

A. Ne is not necessarily used before the second verb, when the first part of the sentence is negative; as, Women do not speak better than THEY WRITE; Les femmes ne parlent pas mieux qu'ELLES ÉCRIVENT, or qu'ELLES N'ÉCRIVENT: The state was not then less agitated, than IT HAD BEEN formerly; L'état n'était pas moins troublé alors qu'il L'AVAIT ÉTÉ autrefois. When the second verb is preceded by non plus que, the negative ne is constantly used before it.-Ex. An old man ought not to lament his weakness, any more than a young man OUGHT to be proud of his strength; Un vieillard ne doit pas se plaindre de sa faiblesse, non plus qu'un jeune homme NE DOIT s'énorgueillir de sa force*.

Q. IV. Is the conjunction than always expressed by que. A. I. When it comes before a noun of number, and serves to denote quantity, and not comparison; as in this sentence, Have you more THAN a guinea? it is expressed by de.-Ex. Avez vous plus D'une guinée? The preposition above in the sense of more than, is likewise expressed by plus de.-Ex. He is not ABOVE two years old; il n'a pas PLUS DE deux ans,

*Note. This rule having given rise to a very learned discussion between two modern grammarians of great celebrity, I have, in the course of my subsequent reading, endeavoured to ascertain what is the practice of the best French writers in this respect; and it seems to me, that, when the second verb is either a repetition of the first, or one of the two auxiliaries to have and to be, ne is most usually left out by the most approved authors, though others constantly keep to the general rule. In other cases, the practice of repeating ne seems to be the more prevalent. As to the other question, whether the second verb must be preceded by ne, when the first is used interrogatively, without a negative, that construc tion being chiefly confined to familiar discourse, I shall not give any decisive opinion, as I could not support it by respected authorities, but only say, that I should prefer to use the negative, without making it a law for others.