as, to debar from a privilege. (de, against. Hence, To maintain a fixed from.) 6. Constraint. To CONSTRAIN is to urge by irresistible power. (L., con, together; and stringo [strictum], to bind.) Constraint is force, either physical or moral, by which a person is compelled to act against his will. TO COMPEL is to drive a voluntary agent to the doing of something against his will. (L, compello [compulsum], to drive.) To OBLIGE is to bind a moral agent to the doing of something Hence, in a general sense, To compel (L., ob, down; and ligo, to bind.) See Art. Debt. TO FORCE is, properly, to urge forward a mass of unconscious matter by mechanical agency. Hence, To compel. position in opposition to any force. (with, against.) TO RESIST is, lit., to stand against, Hence, To act in opposition to force. (L., re, against; and sisto, to stand). 8. To Strive with or together. To STRIVE WITH is to endeavor to overcome or outdo. ties to overcome or outdo each other. Strife is a mutual endeavor of par To CONTEND is to strive together. Armies contend in battle. Parties contend in a lawsuit. Disputants contend in their arguments. Art. To Stretch. See A CONTEST is a struggle for supe riority. Lit., a contending at law by means of witnesses. (L., con, together, and testis, a witness.) CERTO, to contend. (L.) Hence, Con'cert, lit, and primarily, a strife in which opposing parties tried 7. To Act in Opposition. their strength or skill, as in the case To OPPOSE is 1. To set or place of two rival musicians. But after against; as, to oppose one argument people had become accustomed to the or opinion to another; to oppose one witnessing of these friendly contests, force to another. 2. To act against; the term concert became associated as, to oppose an adversary; to oppose in their minds by degrees with the a measure. (L., ob, against; and pono idea of harmonious and united effort [positum], to place.) An Opponent is one who opposes another in a controversy. An Antagonist is one who opposes another in a trial of strength or skill. (Gr., avt [anti], against; and azanoux [agonizomai], to struggle.) To Antagonize is to act in opposition; as, an antagonizing force. tending to the promotion of some object of common interest. Hence, To Concert is to settle or adjust by conference or agreement; as, to concert a plan or scheme. 9. To Contend by Physical Force. 1. To Wrestle, etc. To WRESTLE is to contend by grasping and trying to throw down. To SCUFFLE is to struggle with an ten-antagonist in close embrace. To COUNTERACT is to prevent the natural effects of any agency by means of a contrary agency. An antidote counteracts the hurtful dency of a poison. (L., contra, against; and ago [actum], to act.) To COUNTERVAIL is to act against with equal force or power, (L., contra, against; and valeo, to have power.) TO COUNTERBALANCE, or COUNTERPOISE, is to act against with equal weight. See Art. Weight. TO WITHSTAND is, lit., to stand To TUSSLE is to pull and twitch each other hither and thither in sport. 2. To Box. To Box is to contend by striking with the fist. A PUGILIST is a professional boxer, (L., pugil, a boxer.) Pugilism is the art or practice of boxing. 3. To Fight. To FIGHT is to employ physical violence in contending with another. A COMBAT is a fight. (Fr., con, together; and battre, to beat.) A CONFLICT is, lit., a violent striking Freedom is exemption from restraint and constraint. LIBER, free. (L.) Hence, Libertine, one who has set himself together. Hence, fig., a fierce and free from the restraints of virtuous sanguinary fight. (L., con, together; principles. and fligo [flictum], to strike.) An AFFRAY, in law, is the fighting of two or more persons in a public place. (Fr., effroi, terror.) A MELEE (ma-lā') is a mingled and confused fight. (Fr., mêler, to mingle.) PUGNA, a fight. (L., from pugnus, the fist.) Hence, Pugnacious, inclined to fighting. Pugnacity, a pugnacious temper. Impugn (impune), lit., to make a hostile attack. Hence, to attack by words or arguments; as, to impugn the truth of a statement; to impugn the lawfulness of a practice. (in, against.) Defend. 11. Bondage. BOND, bound for life to submit to the will of a master. (from bind.) Bondage is the condition of being bound for life to submit to the will of a master. A SLAVE is a person who is wholly subject to the will of another. Slavery is the obligation to labor for the benefit of a master without the consent of the servant.-Paley. SERVUS, a slave. (L.) Hence, Servitude, the condition of a slave. Servile, pertaining to a servant or slave; as, a servile condition; servile obedience. A Serf, in some countries of Europe, is a slave attached to the soil and transferred with it. Serfdom is the state or condition of serfs. Repugnant, lit., fighting against. Hence, contrary; as, sin is repugnant to the divine will. (re, against.) To EMANCIPATE is to set free from Agreeable. servitude by the voluntary act of the Repugnance, lit, a fighting against. proprietor. (L., e, privative; and Hence, 1. Contrariety. Agreeable-mancipium, a slave;—from manus, the ness. 2. A strong feeling against the hand; and capio, to take, slaves havdoing of something. Willing- ing been anciently prisoners taken in war.) ness. A CHAMPION is one who undertakes a cause in single combat. To Manumit is to release from slavery by the act of the master. (L., manu, from the hand; and mitto [missum], to send.) Manumission is the act, on the part of a master, of liberating a slave from bondage. MENTAL 1. General Ideas. The DISPOSITION, or TEMPER, is the natural constitution of the mind. The AFFECTIONS are. the various ways in which the mind is affected! STATES. by certain objects. Love, fear, hope, etc., are affections of the mind. The PASSIONS are those mental feelings which have a roference to good or evil. (L., passio, a suffering.) NOTE.-The principal passions are love, joy, AGREEABLE, agreeing or harmonizing with our sentient nature. (Agreeing with, or suiting the feelings.) To PLEASE is to affect the mind or senses agreeably. Pleasant, that pleases; as, pleasant society. Pleasing, adapted to please; as, a pleasing prospect. Pleasure, agreeable emotions or sensations. GRATUS, pleasing. (L.) Hence, Grateful, pleasing; as, a grateful odor; a grateful sensation. Gratify, to please in a high degree. Gratulate, or Congratulate, to profess one's pleasure or joy to another on account of an event deemed fortunate. TO SATISFY is to please to such a degree that nothing more is desired. (L., satis, enough; and facio, to do.) to bear.) To RAVISH is to transport. (L., rapio [raptum], to seize and carry off) Rapture, a transport of delight. Rapt, transported with delight. See Art. To Seize. ECSTASY, primarily, the state of being out of one's-self, or out of one's mind. Hence, a transport of delight so excessive that the individual loses the use of his faculties. (Gr., Éistnμi [existemi], to displace.) Ecstatic, rapturous; as, ecstatic enjoyment. A TRANCE is a condition in which the soul has been imagined to have passed, temporarily, out of the body, and to be engaged in the contemplation of scenes in the spirit world. (L., transitus, a passing over.) ENTRANCED, 1. Having the soul temporarily withdrawn and the body left in a state of insensibility. 2. Rendered incapable of exercising one's faculties through excess of delightful emotion. Joy is the emotion excited by the Satisfaction, 1. The act of pleas-acquisition or expectation of good. ing. 2. The state of being pleased. To AMUSE is to occupy the attention with agreeable objects. To DIVERT is, lit., to turn aside. Hence, to turn the mind from business or study. Hence, to please. (L, di, aside; and verto, to turn.) TO ENTERTAIN is, 1. To receive into the house and treat with hospitality. Hence, 2. To please with conversation, music, shows, etc. To REGALE is to entertain with something that is highly pleasing; as, to regale the eye, the taste, or the ear. To Enjoy is to take pleasure in the possession or experience of. To Rejoice is to be affected with a lively sense of pleasure on account of some good that has fallen to our lot. To EXULT is to leap for joy. See Art. To Leap. FRUITION is pleasure derived from use or possession. (L., fruor, to use or enjoy.) HAPPINESS consists in the agreeable sensations which spring from the enjoyment of good. FELICITY is a high degree of happi ness. (L., felix, happy.) To Felicitate is to express to an- or sadness. 3. To gladden. (Gr., other the interest which we take in xgo [chairo], to rejoice.) any piece of good fortune which has befallen him. BLISS is the highest degree of happiness. TO BLESS is, 1. To pronounce a wish of happiness. 2. To make happy. BEATITUDE is heavenly bliss. (L., beatus, blessed.) To Beatify, to bless with the joys of heaven. (L., facio, to make.) Cheer, 1. Gayety. 2. Provisions served at a feast (because they cheer). 3. Temper of mind; as, to be of good cheer. A Cheer is a shout of joy. TO COMFORT is, lit., to strengthen. Hence, 1.To strengthen the mind under the pressure of calamity. 2. To cheer. (Low L., comforto, to strengthen.) Comfort is, 1. A strengthening of A TRIUMPH, among the ancient the mind under the pressure of caRomans, was, a pompous ceremony lamity or distress. Hence, 2. Aniperformed in honor of a victorious mation of the spirits. 3. That which general. Hence, joy or exultation for gives strength or support in distress, etc. Pious children are the comfort of their aged parents. success. Triumphant, rejoicing as for vic tory. JUBILEE, among the Jews, was every fiftieth year, at which time all the slaves were liberated, and the lands, which had been alienated, reverted to their former owners. Hence, a season of great rejoicing. Jubilant, uttering triumphant songs of joy. GLADNESS is a moderate degree of joy. HILARITY is a pleasurable excitement of the animal spirits. (Gr., inges [hilaros], joyful.) To Exhilarate is to enliven the spirits. MERRY, exhilarated to laughter. Merriment is hilarity accompanied with laughter. Mirth is social merriment. GAY, full of life and animation. VIVACIOUS, lively. (L., vivax from vivo, to live.) Vivacity, liveliness; as, vivacity of temper, deportment, etc. JOCUND, merry. SOLOR [solatum], to assuage grief. (L.) Hence, Solace, comfort in affliction. Console, to alleviate grief, and give refreshment to the mind or spirits. Consolation, comfort in distress. TO EXCRUCIATE is to inflict the most severe pain, like that of crucifixion. (L., crux, a cross.) Rural sports and jocund strains.-Prior. TO CHEER is, 1. To salute with AGONY is, properly, pain so extreme shouts of joy. 2. To dispel gloom as to cause contortions of the body similar to those of persons engaged in wrestling. Hence, extreme pain either of body or mind. (Gr., ayav [agon], a contest, as of wrestlers.) ANGUISH is extreme mental pain, as that arising from sorrow, remorse, or despair. (L., ango, to choke.) MISERY is great distress either of body or mind. WRETCHEDNESS is extreme misery. A Wretch is a person whose condition is extremely miserable. 4. The Lessening of Pain. To EASE is to cause to be less severe; as, to ease pain. To SOOTHE is to soften; as, to soothe a bodily smart; to soothe mental distress. TO MITIGATE is to render mild; as, WEEPING Consists in the shedding of tears, and is generally an expression of grief. To WAIL is to grieve audibly. To Bewail is to express sorrow for; as, to bewail the misfortunes of a friend. A MOAN is an audible expression of sorrow or suffering. To Bemoan is to express sorrow for; as, to bemoan the loss of a son. To DEPLORE is to feel and express deep and poignant grief for; as, to de, concerning; and ploro, to weep.) deplore the death of a friend. (L., 6. To Complain. To COMPLAIN is to utter expressions of grief, uneasiness, or censure. A MURMUR is a complaint half sup to mitigate the severity of pain. (L., pressed, or uttered in a low muttering mitis, mild.) To ASSUAGE is to render moderate; as, to assuage grief or affliction. To ALLAY is to lay to rest; as, to allay pain, fever, appetite, thirst, etc. (al for ad, to or by; and lay.) TO ALLEVIATE is to lighten; as, to alleviate pain. See Art. Weight. TO RELIEVE is to lighten of, either partially or entirely; as, to relieve a toothache; to relieve a want. See Art. Weight. 5. Grief. GRIEF is 1. The pain of mind produced by loss or misfortune. 2. The pain of mind produced by our own misconduct. To Grieve is, 1. To feel pain of mind on account of loss, misfortune, or our own misconduct. (L., gravis, heavy. See Art. Weight.) SORROW is a moderate grief: Sorry, affected with sorrow. REGRET is sorrow for something that we have lost, have done, or have neglected to do. To REPINE is to feel discontented and dejected on account of suffering or privation. To MOURN is to feel grief or sor row. tone.-Webster. com QUEROR, to complain. (L.) Hence, Queremonious, disposed to plain; as, a queremonious temper. 2. Querulous, 1. Habitually complaining; as, a querulous man. Expressing complaint; as, a quer ulous tone of voice. 7. Care. CARE implies an apprehension of evil prompting an attention to the means of preventing or avoiding the evil. From CURA. (L.) Hence, Cure, to heal by the exercise of medical care. Cure, a spiritual care or oversight; as, the cure of souls. Accurate, lit., executed with care. Hence, in exact conformity to a standard, rule, or model; as, an accurate piece of workmanship; an accurate expression. Accuracy, or Accurateness, the precision which results from care. CONCERN is thoughtfulness in regard to things which affect our inter ests. A Concern is anything that affects our interests, or which seriously enTO LAMENT is to express grief or gages our time and attention. sorrow by cries or words. SOLICITUDE is uneasiness occasioned |