RIPPLES consist in a ruffling of the surface. A FLOOD is a large bo flowing water. (from flor A DELUGE is an OVE flood. DILUVIUM a flood. (L.) Diluvium, a superficial loam, gravel, sand, etc., ancient currents of water. Diluvial or Diluvian, floods or ancient currents as, diluvial deposits. A WHIRLPOOL is a place water whirls around in cir A VORTEX is a whirlpool. An EDDY is a whirling 1 BREAKERS are waves that break the water of a current as it themselves on rocks that are but point of some projecting ol TIPOX [HYGROS], moist Hence, (Gr Hygrometer, an instrum measuring the degree of of the atmosphere. [metreo], to measure.) Hygrometry, the art of m the moisture of the air. DRY, free from moisture. SICCUS, dry. (L.) Hence, Desiccate, to make dry. AREO, to be dry or parche Hence, Arid, parched with heat. 2. Of the Thermal Relations of (or Relations of Water to REMARK.-Below 32 degrees of F 212 degrees it exists in a liquid state. fined, it exists in the state of vapor. higher temperature than 212, when Humor, 1. Moisture. 2. A pecul-water exists in a solid state. Betwee iarity of disposition, often temporary; so called because the temper of the mind has been supposed to depend on the humors or fluids of the body. Webster. 3. Of Water in the Solid S ICE is crystallized or so To FREEZE or to CONGEAL is come solid from cold. An Icicle is a long, round OF THE METEOROLOGICAL RELATIONS OF WATER. tapering body of ice formed in a pen- A HOAR FROST, or WHITE FROST consists of white particles formed by the congelation of dew. (Hoar, white.) A BLACK FROST is a freezing unaccompanied by a deposit of dew. race 39 The first fresh dawn then waked the gladdened Thomson. The hollow tower with clamors rings around. A Perfume is an odorous vapor which affects agreeably the organs of smelling. To Perfume is to impregnate with a grateful odor. (per, thoroughly; and fumo, to smoke.) To REEK is to emit vapor. I found me laid Milton. Smith. 4. Of Water in the State of Vapor. VAPOR, in a general sense, is a In balmy sweat which with his beams the sun light, elastic, and air-like fluid, con- Soon dried, and on the reeking moisture fed.sisting of some substance which, at whose blood yet reeks on my avenging sword.— a low temperature, is either liquid or solid, and has been made to assume 5. Of the Meteorological Relations the air-like form by the agency of heat. When, therefore, the temperature of a substance in the state of vapor is sufficiently reduced, it must necessarily return to its original form of a liquid or solid. Evaporation is the act of passing off in the form of vapor. NOTE.-Water slowly evaporates at all temperatures between the boiling and the freezing points. To Vaporize is to convert into vapor. STEAM is watery vapor formed at the boiling point, or at a temperature of 212 degrees. FUMUS, smoke or vapor. (L.) Hence, A Fume is 1. Any vapor or exhalation. air. of Water. VAPOR is water diffused through the the air it is invisible, and does not affect the NOTE. When water is perfectly dissolved in transparency of the air. MIST consists of visible particles of water floating in the air. FOG consists of a dense accumulation of mist near the surface of the earth. CLOUDS are accumulations of mist formed in the upper regions of the air. RACK consists of thin, flying clouds. A HAZE is a light, thin, and uniformly diffused mist, impairing the transparency of the atmosphere. Hazy, overspread with a light, thin Love is a smoke raised with the fume of sighs.-mist; as, a hazy sky. Shaks. RAIN consists of drops of water falling from the clouds. A SHOWER is a fall of rain of short continuance. TO DRIZZLE is to rain in very fine drops. HAIL consists of small, rounded bodies of ice falling from the clouds. SLEET is a mixture of rain and fine hail. DEW is moisture deposited during THE OCEAN is an assemblage of the several individual oceans. A SEA is a body of water next in size to an ocean, and is either partially or entirely surrounded by a continent. THE SEA, in a general sense, is the world-ocean. A GULF or BAY is a portion of the sea extending into the land. A HAVEN OF HARBOR is a small bay where ships may be safe from storms. A CREEK, COVE, or INLET, is a small recess or bay in the shore of sea, lake, or river. a A SOUND is a sea, bay, or channel, so shallow that it may be easily sounded. A STRAIT is a narrow passage connecting two bodies of water. (Strait, narrow.) A CHANNEL is a passage of water wider than a strait. An ESTUARY OF FRITH is a widening of a river at its mouth. A CREEK is a small river. A BROOK OF RUN is a small creek. A BROOKLET or RIVULET is a small brook. A RILL is a small rivulet. A STREAMLET is a small stream. A TORRENT is a violent, rushing stream. A CATARACT is the fall of a large body of water over a precipice. A CASCADE is a waterfall in a small stream. A CHANNEL is the bed of a stream. 7. Designations applied to wet portions of Land. MUD is very soft wet earth. A SWAMP is a piece of wet, spungy land. (Ger. schwamm, a sponge.) covered with water, and overgrown A MARSH is a tract of land partially with coarse grass or sedge. ered partially or wholly with water, A FEN is a piece of lowland covand other acquatic plants. but producing coarse grasses, sedge, A BOG is a piece of wet ground, the surface of which is too soft to bear the weight of a man. A QUAGMIRE is a piece of soft, wet firm to bear the weight of a man, land, which has a surface sufficiently but which shakes under the feet. (Quag for quake.) A SLOUGH is a piece of ground so A LAKE is a large body of fresh miry, that animals sinking therein water surrounded by land. . NOTE. The smaller bodies of salt water entirely surrounded by land are also called lakes. A POND is a small lake. A POOL is a small collection of water fed by a spring. A PUDDLE is a very small collection of dirty water. A PLASH is a very small collection of standing water. A FOUNTAIN or SPRING is a place where water issues from the earth. Fount is a poetic form of the word fountain. A STREAM is a body of flowing water. A RIVER is a stream of the largest size can not readily extricate themselves. of a cataract at the rate of more than twenty miles an hour. In the Bay of Fundy the bore attains the hight of seventy feet, and rises so suddenly as to overwhelm animals feeding on the beach.-See Lieutenant Maury's Physical Geography of the Sea. NOTE.-Let M be the moon; E, the earth sur-miles in breadth, and advancing with the noise rounded by water; and S, the sun. Now the attraction of the moon diminishes the weight of the water at A, on the side of the earth, next to the moon, while it tends slightly to increase the weight of the water at C and D. Consequently, in order to restore the equilibrium between the heavier water at C and D, and the lighter water at A, the water at C and D must sink below its natural level; while the water at A is forced, by hydrostatic pressure, above its natural level. In the Amazon the bore is said to rise occasionally to the hight of one hundred feet. NOTE 2.-The phenomenon of the bore is most interesting about the season of the equinoxes, and two or three days after the change of the Again, the attraction of the moon draws the center of terrestrial gravitation a little from the earth's center in the direction of A. The dis-noon. tance between the water at B and the center of gravitation being thus increased, the water at Relations of Water. B loses a portion of its weight, and is, conse-9. Of the Economical and Industrial quently, forced above its natural level by the heavier water at C and D. The water at B is also further elevated by the centrifugal force generated by the revolution of the earth around the center of gravity common to the earth and the moon, which revolution is accomplished in about twenty-eight days. NOTE 2.-The attraction of the sun exerts a force upon the waters of the ocean equal to about one-third of that exerted by the moon. Hence, when the sun and the moon combine their influence, as they do both at the time of the new and of the full moon, the hight of the tides will be increased; and when the sun and moon connteract each other, as they do when the moon is half way between the change and the full, the hight of the tides will be diminished. A WELL is an artificial pit from which water is drawn. A CISTERN or TANK is a large artificial receptacle for water. A RESERVOIR is a place where any thing is kept for use; and hence, a collection of water for the supply of a canal or mill is called a reservoir. A CANAL is a large ditch filled with water for the transit of boats. A RACE is a short canal for conducting water to or from a mill. SPRING TIDES are the high tides A FLOODGATE is a gate to be opened which occur at the time of the to let water through, or to be shut change and the full of the moon, to prevent its passage. when the attractions of the sun and moon exert a combined influence on the waters of the ocean. NEAP TIDES are the low tides which occur when the moon is in her quadratures, at which time the attractions of the sun and moon act in opposition to each other. The FLOOD TIDE is the flowing of the waters of the rising tide up the channels of rivers and along the course of inlets of the sea. To EBB is to flow back. The EBB TIDE is the reflux (or flowing back) of the waters of the falling tide from the channels of rivers and inlets of the sea. Tidal, pertaining to tides; as, tidal currents. A BORE is a swelling of the water caused by the ascending current of a flood tide coming in conflict with the descending current of a river. A SLUICE is, 1. A frame of timber, stone, etc., with a gate for the purpose of excluding, retaining, or regulating the flow of water in a river. -Brande. 2. The stream issuing through a floodgate. A DAM is a wall built across the channel of a stream to obstruct the A LEVEE is an artificial embankment designed to prevent a river from overflowing the adjacent country. NOTE. The lands bordering on the lower Mis sippi are protected by levees against the inundations of the river. TO IRRIGATE is to water land by causing a stream to flow upon it and NOTE 1.-The bore in the river Tsien Tang, spread over it. (L., in and rigo, to in China, sometimes rises to the hight of forty 10. Terms embracing, etymologically, AQUA, water. (L.) Hence, por. Aquatic, 1. Growing in the water; as, aquatic plants. 2. Living in the water; as, aquatic animals. | Hydrodynamics treats of the mechanical force exerted by liquids, whether at rest or in motion. (Gr., Suvaus [dynamis], power.) Hydrophobia, a disease caused by the bite of a mad dog, and characterized by a dread of water. (Gr., poßes [phobos], dread.) Aqueduct, 1. A structure consistNOTE. A person laboring under hydrophobia ing of elevated arches surmounted by is incapable of swallowing liquids, and the sight a channel for the conveyance of of water throws the patient into convulsions. water. 2. The entire succession of Hydropathy, the art of treating arched structures, tunnels and canals, diseases by the external application by which water is conveyed into a of water to the body. It is otherwise city, as the Croton Aqueduct at New called the water cure. (Gr., παθος York. (L., duco [ductum], to lead.) [pathos], a morbid (diseased) condiTerraqueous, consisting of land tion.) and water. The earth is called the Hydrogen, one of the two elements terraqueous globe. (L., terra, land.) of which water is composed. (Gr., Aquarius, the water-bearer, one of evaa [gennao], to produce, because the signs of the zodiac. by combining with oxygen, it produces water.) YACP [HYDOR], water. (Gr.) Hence, Hydrography, a description of seas, lakes, rivers, etc. (Gr., gap [grapho], to describe.) Hydrometry, the art of discovering the specific gravity of liquids. (Gr., μsrgra [metreo], to measure.) NOTE. The specific gravity of a liquid or solid is its weight as compared with that of water. Hydromel, a liquor consisting of honey diluted in water. (Gr., pens [meli], honey.) Dropsy (contracted from hydropsy), a disease characterized by an accumulation of water in the cellular tissue, and in various cavities of the body. Hydrates, compounds in which water is chemically united with metalic oxides. Hydrostatics is the science which treats of the pressure and equilibrium of water and other liquids at rest. (Gr., TATOS [statos], balanced.) NOTE. If twenty-eight pounds of fresh burned Hydraulics is the science which lime be slaked with water, and then thoroughly treats of liquids in motion, and in-dried, the lime will be found to weigh thirtyseven pounds. It is thence inferred that nine cludes the conducting of liquids pounds of water have entered into an intimate through pipes and other confined union with the original twenty-eight pounds of passages. (Gr., zuños [aulos], a pipe.) is called the hydrate of lime. lime. The compound that has been thus formed OF THE AIR is, 1. The fluid which we breathe. 2. Any airlike fluid. The Atmosphere is the great body of air which surrounds the earth. (Gr., arus [atmos], vapor; and opge [sphaira], a sphere, the atmosphere being the receptacle of the different kinds of vapor which rise from the earth, and having the form of a hollow sphere surrounding the sphere of the earth.) AIR. NOTE 1.-The atmosphere presses with a force of fifteen pounds on every square inch of tho earth's surface. NOTE 2.-The atmosphere is supposed to reach to the hight of about forty-five miles. NOTE 3.-Air possesses, in a high degree, the the mutual adjustment of these properties is such properties of compressibility and elasticity; and that the volume of a given weight of air is always inversely as the pressure to which it is subjected. A VACUUM is a space containing neither air nor any other material substance. (L., vacuus, empty.) |