2. The aim of every political association is the preservation of the natural and imprescriptible rights of man. These rights are liberty, property, security, and resistance to oppression.

3. The source of all sovereignty is essentially in the nation; no body, no individual can exercise authority that does not proceed from it in plain terms.

4. Liberty consists in the power to do anything that does not injure others; accordingly, the exercise of the natural rights of each man has for its only limits those that secure to the other members of society the enjoyment of these same rights. These limits can be determined only by law.

5. The law has the right to forbid only such actions as are injurious to society. Nothing can be forbidden that is not interdicted by the law and no one can be constrained to Ido that which it does not order.

6. Law is the expression of the general will. All citizens have the right to take part personally or by their representatives in its formation. It must be the same for all, whether it protects or punishes. All citizens being equal in its eyes, are equally eligible to all public dignities, places, and employments, according to their capacities, and without other distinction than that of their virtues and their talents.

7. No man can be accused, arrested, or detained except in the cases determined by the law and according to the forms that it has prescribed. Those who procure, expedite, execute, or cause to be executed arbitrary orders ought to be punished: but every citizen summoned or seized in virtue of the law ought to render instant obedience; he makes himself guilty by resistance.

8. The law ought to establish only penalties that are strictly and obviously necessary and no one can be punished except in virtue of a law established and promulgated prior to the offence and legally applied.

9. Every man being presumed innocent until he has been pronounced guilty, if it is thought indispensable to arrest him, all severity that may not be necessary to secure his person ought to be strictly suppressed by law.

10. No one ought to be disturbed on account of his opin

ions, even religious, provided their manifestation dc derange the public order established by law.

II. The free communication of ideas and opinions of the most precious of the rights of man; every citize can freely speak, write, and print, subject to respor for the abuse of this freedom in the cases determined

12. The guarantee of the rights of man and citi quires a public force; this force then is instituted for . vantage of all and not for the personal benefit of t whom it is entrusted.

13. For the maintenance of the public force and expenses of administration a general tax is indispens: ought to be equally apportioned among all the citizens ing to their means.

14. All the citizens have the right to ascertain, by selves or by their representatives, the necessity of the tax, to consent to it freely, to follow the employmer and to determine the quota, the assessment, the collecti the duration of it.

15. Society has the right to call for an account fro public agent of its administration.

16. Any society in which the guarantee of the r not secured or the separation of powers not determi no constitution at all.

17. Property being a sacred and inviolable right, can be deprived of it unless a legally established publi sity evidently demands it, under the condition of a: prior indemnity.

FRENCH CONSTITUTION.

The National Assembly, wishing to establish the Constitution upon the principles that it has just re and declared, abolishes irrevocably the institutions tl injured liberty and the equality of rights.

There is no longer nobility, nor peerage, nor h distinctions, nor distinction of orders, nor feudal rég patrimonial jurisdictions, nor any titles, denominat prerogatives derived therefrom, nor any order of chiv any corporations or decorations which demanded p nobility or that were grounded upon distinctions of b

any superiority other than that of public officials in the exe cise of their functions.

There is no longer either sale or inheritance of any pub' office.

There is no longer for any part of the nation nor for a individual any privilege or exception to the law that is co mon to all Frenchmen.

There are no longer jurandes, nor corporations of prof sions, arts, and crafts.

The law no longer recognizes religious vows nor any ot obligation which may be contrary to natural rights or constitution.

TITLE I. FUNDAMENTAL PROVISIONS GUARANTEED BY THE
CONSTITUTION.

The constitution guarantees as natural and civil rights 1. That all the citizens are eligible to offices and emp ments without any other distinction than that of virtue talent;

2. That all the taxes shall be equally apportioned an all the citizens in proportion to their means.

3. That like offences shall be punished by like pena without any distinction of persons.

The constitution likewise guarantees as natural and rights:

Liberty to every man to move about, to remain, and to part without liability to arrest or detention, except acco to the forms determined by the constitution;

Liberty to every man to speak, to write, to print and lish his ideas without having his writings subjected to censorship or inspection before their publicati^n, and t low the religious worship to which he is attached;

Liberty to the citizens to meet peaceably and without in obedience to the police laws;

Liberty to address individually signed petitions to the stituted authorities.

The legislative power cannot make any law that a and impedes the exercise of the natural and civil right tained in the present title and guaranteed by the constit but as liberty consists only in the power to do anythin