again, false gods to cast down, and truths to make triumphant. That is how I shall understand the Empire, if the Empire must be re-established. Such are the conquests which I meditate, and all of you who surround me, who wish, like myself, the welfare of our fatherland, you are my soldiers.

D. Senatus-Consultum upon the Empire. November 7, 1852. Duvergier, Lois, LII, 680-682.

The Senate has deliberated, in conformity with articles 31 and 32 of the Constitution, and voted the senatus-consultum whose tenor follows:

I. The imperial dignity is re-established.

Louis-Napoleon Bonaparte is Emperor of the French, under the name of Napoleon III.

2. The imperial dignity is hereditary in the direct and legitimate descendants of Louis-Napoleon Bonaparte, from male to male, by order of primogeniture, and to the perpetual exclusion of women and their descendants.

3. Louis-Napoleon Bonaparte, if he has no male children, can adopt the legitimate children and descendants in the masculine line of the brothers of the Emperor Napoleon I.

um.

The forms of adoption are regulated by a senatus-consult

If, after the adoption, male children should come to LouisNapoleon, his adopted sons can be called to succeed him only after his legitimate descendants.

Adoption is forbidden to the successors of Louis-Napoleon and their descendants.

4. Louis-Napoleon Bonaparte regulates, by an organic decree addressed to the Senate and deposited in its archives, the order of succession to the throne within the Bonaparte family, for the case that he should not leave any direct heir, legitimate or adopted.

5. In default of a legitimate or adopted heir of LouisNapoleon Bonaparte, and of successors in the collateral line who shall take their right in the above mentioned organic decree, a senatus-consultum, proposed to the Senate by the ininisters formed into Council of Government with the addition of the acting presidents of the Senate, the Corps-Legis latif and the Council of State, and submitted to the acceptance

of the people, appoints the Emperor and regulates within his family the hereditary order from male to male, to the perpetual exclusion of women and their descendants.

Up to the moment at which the election of the new Emperor is consummated, the affairs of State are controlled by the ministers on duty, who form themselves into Council of Government and deliberate by majority of votes.

6. The members of the family of Louis-Napoleon Bonaparte summoned eventually to the inheritance and their descendants of both sexes, form part of the imperial family. A senatus-consultum regulates their position. They cannot marry without the authorisation of the Emperor. Marriage made by them without that authorisation involves loss of all right to the inheritance, both for the one who has contracted it and for his descendants.

Nevertheless, if there are no children from that marriage, in case of its dissolution because of death, the prince who had contracted it recovers his rights to the inheritance.

Louis-Napoleon fixes the titles and the station of the other members of his family.

The Emperor has full authority over all members of his family; he regulates their duties and their obligations by statutes which have the force of law.

The Constitution of January 14, 1852, is maintained in all those of its provisions which are not contrary to the present senatus-consultum; modifications in it can be effected only in the forms and by the means which it has provided.

8. The following proposition shall be presented for the acceptance of the French people in the forms fixed by the decrees of December 2 and 4, 1851.

"The French people wish the re-establishment of the imperial dignity in the person of Louis-Napoleon Bonaparte, with inheritance in his direct descendants, legitimate or adopted, and give to him the right to regulate the order of succession to the throne within the Bonaparte family, as is provided for by the senatus consultum of November 7, 1852."

115. Documents upon the Congress of Paris.

These documents, representing the principal results of the

international congress at the close of the Crimean war, are important from many standpoints. Three of these deserve special attention. (1) As the Crimean war was in large measure due to rivalry for international prestige, they may be examined to ascertain what direct and immediate advantages or disadvantages accrued to each state. (2) As a new settlement of the Eastern Problem was effected in these documents its various features should be carefully noted, e.g., the alteration in the position of Turkey, the status provided for the Christian states of the Balkan peninsula, the control over the Black Sea and Dardenelles. (3) As a number of long-disputed international law questions were definitively settled, notice should be taken of what these were, the method provided for their settlement and the principles finally accepted.

REFERENCES. Fyffe, Modern Europe, III, 227-240 (Popular ed., 856-865); Seignobos, Europe Since 1814, 789-792; Phillips, Modern Europe, 357-360; Andrews, Modern Europe, II, 77-90; Lavisse and Rambaud, Histoire Generale, XI, 220-226.

A. Treaty of Paris, March 30, 1856. Herstlet, Map of Europe by Treaty, 1250-1265.

Their Majesties the Queen of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland, the Emperor of the French, the Emperor of all the Russias, the King of Sardinia, and the Emperor of the Ottomans, animated by the desire to put an end to the calamities of War, and wishing to prevent the return of the complications which occasioned it, resolved to come to an understanding with His Majesty the Emperor of Austria as to the bases on which Peace might be re-established and consolidated, by securing, through effectual and reciprocal guarantees, the independence and integrity of the Ottoman Empire.

[In the omitted passage the King of Prussia is also made a party to the treaty.]

1. From the day of the exchange of the Ratifications of the present Treaty there shall be Peace and Friendship between Her Majesty the Queen of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland, His Majesty the Emperor of the French, His Majesty the King of Sardinia, His Imperial Majesty the Sultan, on the one part, and His Majesty the Emperor of All the Russias, on the other part; as well as between their

heirs and successors, their respective dominions and subjects. in perpetuity.

7. Her Majesty the Queen of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland, His Majesty the Emperor of Austria, His Majesty the Emperor of the French, His Majesty the King of Prussia, His Majesty the Emperor of All the Russias, and His Majesty the King of Sardinia, declare the Sublime Porte admitted to participate in the advantages of the Public Law and System (Concert) of Europe. Their Majesties engage, each on his part, to respect the Independence and the Territorial Integrity of the Ottoman Empire; Guarantee in common the strict observance of that engagement; and will in consequence consider any act tending to its violation as a question of general interest.

8. If there should arise between the Sublime Porte and one or more of the other Signing Powers any misunderstanding which might endanger the maintenance of their relations, the Sublime Porte and each of such Powers, before having recourse to the use of force, shall afford the other Contracting Parties the opportunity of preventing such an extremity by means of their Mediation.

9. His Imperial Majesty the Sultan having, in his constant solicitude for the welfare of his subjects, issued a Firman, which, while ameliorating their condition without distinction of Religion or of race, records his generous intentions towards the Christian population of his Empire, and wishing to give a further proof of his sentiments in that respect, has resolved to communicate to the Contracting Parties the said Firman, emanating spontaneously from his Sovereign will.

The Contracting Powers recognize the high value of this communication. It is clearly understood that it cannot, in any case, give to the said Powers the right to interfere, either collectively or separately, in the relations of His Majesty the Sultan with his subjects, nor in the Internal Administration of his Empire.

10. The Convention of the 13th of July, 1841, which maintains the ancient rule of the Ottoman Empire relative to the

Closing of the Straits of the Bosphorus and of the Dardanelles, has been revised by common consent.

The Act concluded for that purpose and in conformity with that principle, between the High Contracting Parties, is and remains annexed to the present Treaty, and shall have the same force and validity as if it formed an integral part thereof.

II. The Black Sea is neutralized; its Waters and its Ports, thrown open to the Mercantile Marine of every Nation, are formally and in perpetuity interdicted to the Flag of War, either of the Powers possessing its Coasts, or of any other Power, with the exceptions mentioned in Articles 14 and 19 of the present Treaty.

15. The Act of the Congress of Vienna, having established the principles intended to regulate the Navigation of Rivers which separate or traverse different States, the Contracting Powers stipulate among themselves that those principles shall in future be equally applied to the Danube and its Mouths. They declare that its arrangement henceforth forms a part of the Public Law of Europe, and take it under their Guarantee.

22. The Principalities of Wallachia and Moldavia shall continue to enjoy under the Suzerainty of the Porte, and under the Guarantee of the Contracting Powers, the Privilges and Immunities of which they are in possession. No exclusive Protection shall be exercised over them by any of the Guaranteeing Powers.

There shall be no separate right of interference in their Internal Affairs.

23. The Sublime Porte engages to preserve to the said Principalities an Independent and National Administration, as well as full liberty of Worship, of Legislation, of Commerce, and of Navigation.

28. The Principality of Servia shall continue to hold of the Sublime Porte, in conformity with the Imperial Hats which fix and determine its Rights and Immunities, placed