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SMALL BUTTERWEED (SENECIO COLUMBIANUS).

duce a small amount of viable seed, while those which have not been injured send up their flower stalks early, mature the seed crop before killing frosts occur in the autumn, and produce fertile seed.

The data compiled relative to the life-history performances of the different forage species have made possible the adoption of what is known as the "deferred or rotation grazing system." This system provides for the deferment of grazing on an allotment until the seed crop has matured the size of the area to be protected depending, of course, upon the time at which the bulk of the seed crop ripens. Subsequent to complete revegetation, the area is grazed relatively early, thereby providing for the protection of a similar area elsewhere on the allotment without in any way jeopardizing the grazing interests or by wasting any part of the annual forage crop during the time required for revegetation. When the entire allotment has been thoroughly restocked, each portion, subdivision or camp is restricted from grazing but once in every three or four years, thus allowing the plants to maintain a maximum vigor and to provide an occasional seed crop, which is essential to the maintenance of a permanent stand.

The details essential to revegetation by means of deferred and rotation grazing have been given in previous publications.

85154°-Bull. 545-17—8

TABLE 2.-Soil moisture requirements of native forage plants.

Name of plant.

Local.

Scientific.

Soil-water
content at
time of
excessive
wilting.

Class.

Per cent.

High huckleberry..
Mountain onion..
Slender reed-grass.
Tall meadow-grass.
Tall swamp sedge.
Black hair-grass.
False hellebore.
Fireweed..
Fire willow.
Porcupine grass.
Rush..
Rush.

Small wild onion.
Smooth wild rye..
Tufted hair-grass.
Wild celery.
Wild onion
Wood rush.
Butterweed.
Coneflower
Marsh pine grass.
Mountain timothy
Sheep sedge..
Big bunch grass.
Blue bunch grass.
Elk grass..
Geranium
Horsemint.
Little bluegrass
Little needle grass.
Mountain bunch grass.
Mountain dandelion.
Mountain June grass...
Mountain wheat grass.

Onion grass...

Pine grass.

Red bunch grass..

Rush..

Rush.

Soft cheat.

Spiked trisetum

Short-awned bromegrass

Tall bluegrass

White foxtail.

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TABLE 3.-Time of flower-stalk production, time of seed maturity, and seed viability of the native forage plants.

Name of plant.

Scientific.

1907

Flower stalks produced.

1908

1909

1907

Seeds matured.

1908

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July 20-Sept. 10.
July 25-Aug. 10..
July 15-Aug. 1...
July 20-Aug. 15..
July 15-Aug. 1...
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July 20-Aug. 10..

July 3-Aug. 15.
June 20-Aug. 1.
July 15-Aug. 10..

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July 12-Aug. 1..
July 5-Aug. 10...
July 25-Aug. 15..
July 20-Aug. 30.
July 15-Aug. 10..
July 10-Aug. 1...
July 15-Aug. 25..
July 10-Aug. 10..
July 5-July 25.
July 10-Aug. 15..
July 10-Aug. 10..
July 5-Aug. 5..
June 1-July 15...
July 20-Aug. 10..

July 10-Aug. 25.
June 5-July 15..
July 15-Aug. 10..
July 20-Aug. 15..
July 15-Aug. 1...
July 10-Aug. 15..
July 10-Aug. 5...
Aug. 1-Sept. 20..
June 25 to August 20, average.
July 25 Aug. 15..
July 20-July 31..
July 15-Aug. 25..
July 10-Aug. 5...
July 10-July 25..
July 15-Aug. 15..
July 10-Aug. 15..
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July 25-Aug. 10..
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Aug. 10-Sept. 1..
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Aug. 10-Aug. 31.
July 5-Aug. 5...
June 20-Aug. 5..
June 20-July 10.
July 15-August 5, average.
June 20-July 10.
July 10-Aug. 10..
July 25-Aug. 15..
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June 5-July 1..
Aug. 5-Aug. 31..
June 5-June 15..
July 15-July 31..

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June 1-June 25..

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June 1-June 20.
July 20-Aug. 5.

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July 25-Sept. 1..
July 25-Aug. 15..
July 25-Aug. 20..
July 1-Aug. 5....
June 20-Aug. 1.
June 20-July 20..

June 20-July 20..
July 5-Aug. 5....
July 20-Aug. 15..
July 5-Aug. 15...
June 1-July 5.
June 5-July 15.
July 25-Sept. 1..
June 1-June 15...
July 15-July 30..

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Sept. 1....

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Aug. 15-Aug. 30.
Aug. 20.
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Aug. 25-Sept. 13.

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A blank following the date of seed maturity indicates that only a few seeds matured at the time specified, and the remainder of the seed crop nover reached full development.

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