of Theodosius they had their own government. When Spain, however, fell into the hands of the Vandals and Huns, a body passed over to these islands, which became an easy conquest, and afterward, with that peninsula, were subdued by the Moors. The two small islands west of the Balearics were called by the Greeks Pityusæ, in reference to the thick growth of pine trees. They also named one Ebusus (now Iviza), celebrated for its figs, and the other Ophiussa or "Snake Island," (now Formentera) the latter was uninhabited. In the Atlantic, there are several small islands which belonged to Hispania, but they are not of sufficient consequence to require enumeration. MADRID.—Madrid, the capital of Spain, is situated on the left bank of the Manzanares, in an arid plain, and contains about 260,000 inhabitants. The chief publicbuildings are the royal palace and the summer palace on the opposite side of the river; and the palace of the Buen-retiro, founded by Philip V. The principal place of resort of the citizens is the bull-ring, a large amphitheatre, capable of containing 12,000 spectators. There are a number of public promenades, the more noted being the Prada, and the Calle d'Alcala. The manufactures are unimportant, the principal consisting of porcelain and carpets, being monopolized by the government. It was held by the French from 1808 to 1812, and Joseph, brother of Napoleon, was here enthroned king of Spain. CORDOVA.-Cordova, situated in the Southern part of Spain, on the Guadalquiver, contains about 50,000 inhabitants. The city is ill-built and dirty. It was taken by the Moors in 672, and there are still remains of the ancient walls; the river is crossed by a bridge built in the eighth century. Its cathedral, one of the most remarkable edifices in Spain, was formerly a Mohammedan mosque. Cordova was once celebrated for its leather, the manufacture of which has greatly declined, and the principal branch of business is in filigreework, and silver-smithing; there is some manufacture in silken fabrics, hats, paper, and barrels. CADIZ.--Cadiz is situated at the S. W. extremity of France, on the Atlantic ocean, and contains about 55,000 inhabitants. The city is built on an elevated site, principally of white stone, which gives it a fine appearance from the sea, and is well-fortified. Though the harbor is inaccessible to large vessels, the trade was once brisk, but has greatly declined since the emancipation of the Spanish colonies, and the principal business is in the import of contraband goods. There is some trade in the export of wine, provisions, metal, colonial produce, and manufactured goods. BARCELONA. Barcelona is situated in the N. E. of Spain, on the Mediterranean, and contains about 120,000 inhabitants. It is generally wellbuilt, but crowded; and contains some fine promenades. Among the interesting relics of antiquity is an old palace of the kings of Aragon. Though the harbor is poor, Barcelona is an important seaport, and carries on an extensive import and export trade. The former consists principally of raw cotton, sugar, coffee, cocoa, fish, hides, horn, and hardware; the chief exports being wines, silks, laces, ribbons, steel, fire-arms, soap, etc. MALAGA.--Malaga is situated on the Mediterranean, 65 miles E. N. E. of Gibraltar, at the foot of a range of mountains, and contains about 66,000 inhabitants. The streets are in general narrow and dirty, with houses built around courts; but it has a fine promenade, containing the better class of buildings. The city is justly celebrated for its superior wines, grapes, olive-oil, figs, almonds, rasins, and lemons, which are exported in large quantities. The imports are chiefly woolen, silk, and cotton fabrics, colonial produce, salt, fish, iron hoops, bar-iron, and nails. The manufactures comprise cigars, soap, leather, hats, paper, rope, and linen and woolen fabrics. BILBOA.-Bilboa is situated on the Nervion, 6 miles from its mouth, and contains 12,000 inhabitants. It is enclosed by lofty mountains, is well-built, and has a fine promenade bordering the river. The principal manufactures are in hardware, leather, paper, and tobacco; and there are large rope-walks and docks for building vessels. There are also extensive iron and copper mines in the vicinity. The principal imports are cotton and woolen fabrics, and colonial produce; the exports comprise wool, iron, fish, and fruits. SEVILLE.-Seville is situated on the left bank of the Guadalquiver, and contains a population of 85,000. The city was taken by the Moors in 711, and is still surrounded by Moorish walls, and near it is a Moorish dam. There are other interesting structures, among which are the cathedral, built in the 14th century, containing the tomb in which the remains of Columbus were first deposited; an ancient Roman tower; a Roman aqueduct, which still conveys water to the city; and the Quemadero, or burning-place of the Inquisition. The principal place of resort is the plaza de toros, or bull-ring, which will seat 14,000 per sons. CARTHAGENA.-Carthagena is situated on the Mediterranean, and contains 28,000 inhabitants. The city is partly built upon the declivity of a hill, and partly on a plain below. It is well fortified, has a fine harbor, and is the chief naval arsenal of Spain. The manufactures, formerly flourishing, are now unimportant, the inhabitants deriving their support chiefly from the tunny fishery, which is valuable, and from the working of the mines in the vicinity. Carthagena was taken by Scipio, B. c. 208, at which time it was one of the richest cities in the world. LISBON.-Lisbon, the capital of Portugal, is situated on the right bank of the Tagus, near its mouth, and contains a population of 280,000.— The newer part of the city is well built, and has many handsome squares. Among the noticeable structures is the royal palace, the residence of the sovereigns; and the aqueduct of Alcantra. There is an arsenal, ship-building docks, and government cannon, fire-arms, and powder-works The principal imports are woolen and cotton goods, fish, butter, grain, and cheese. The exports comprise oranges, citrons, wine, oil, wool, and leather. OPCATO.-Oporto, is situated on the right bank of the Douro, 2 miles from its mouth, and contains nearly 100,000 inhabitants. It is generally, well built, and ha spacious streets and squares. It is next to Lisbon, in population, and is of more imOne of the principal manufacturing estab-portance as a manufacturing city. There are lishments is the government segar-factory, em- numerous silk factories, ship-yards, iron-foundries, ploying 3,000 hands. There is also considerable manufacture in silks, woolen and linen goods, earthenware, leather, and iron. The principal exports are oranges, olives, and oil; the imports comprising colonial produce, English manufactures, hemp, and flax. and considerable manufacture in woolen, linen, and cotton goods, shawls, leather, earthenwares, and soap. The export trade is monopolized by English merchants, who are established here, the more important being port wine, the total export of which amounts to over 30,000 pipes annually. BRITANNIA. EMBRACING ENGLAND, IRELAND, SCOTLAND, AND WALES. The word Britannia, is doubtless of Celtic | Wales, Herefordshire, Monmouthshire, and parts origin, derived from brith or brit, signifying of Salop, and of the countics of Gloucester and "painted," and tan, an element which forms part Worcester; the third, the territory N. of the of so many other names of countries, both ancient Thames, E. of the Severn, and probably S. of the and modern; such as Mauri-tan-ia, Lusi-tan-ia, Mersey, of the Don which joins the Yorkshire Kurdis-tan, Hindis-tan, &c., interpreted as "re- Ouse, and the Humber; the fourth, the country gion," or "country." from the Mersey and the Humber to the wall of Severus; and the fifth, the country between the wall of Severus and the rampart of Antoninus, including the southern part of Scotland, the county of Northumberland, and part of Cumberland.-The remaining part was never long under Roman subjection, although Agricola established some stations in a portion which was called Vespasiana, and which included the country between the rampart ot Antoninus and a line drawn from the Murray Frith to the mouth of the Clyde. Situation and Extent.-The knowledge which the earlier Greeks and Romans had of this region was extremely limited, and with them it was for a long time matter of complete uncertainty whether Britannia was an island or a frontier of the Continent. Cæsar describes it as of triangular shape, one side of the triangle being opposite to Gaul, and in this he is followed by Strabo. Its circuit first became fully known in the time of Agricola, during whose government a fleet circumnavigated the island, as if to mark the extended boundary of the Roman empire; but many erroneous ideas still remained on various points connected with its position. Divisions. The Romans divided Britain into two main parts-Britannia Romana and Britannia Barbara; the former comprehending that portion now known as England and Wales, and the latter the rest of the island. In the fourth century of our era the island was again divided, and five provinces established, with a governor to each, as follows: 1, Britannia Prima; 2, Britannia Secunda; 3, Flavia Cæsariensis; 4, Maxima Cæsariensis; 5, Valentia, or Valentiana. The first province comprehended the country south of the Thames and British Channel; the second, Early Inhabitants.-It is now generally conceded that the aborigines were branch of that great Celtic family widely spread over middle and western Europe. Their manners and customs were nearly identical with those of the Gauls; but, separated more than that people from intercourse with civilized nations, they preserved their peculiar religion in a purer state than their progenitors, and hence Druidism, according to Cæsar, was transplanted from Gaul to Britain. Welsh traditions speak of two colonies having crossed over from the neighboring Gallic countries-one from the quarter since known as Gascony, and the other from Amorica.—At a later period the Belgæ, actuated by martial restlessness or the love of plunder, assailed the southern and eastern coasts |