The average revenue is about $20,000,000;
expenditure, $27,000,000; and public debt,
$100,000,000. Army, in 1853, 53,554 men.
Navy, 4 steam and 4 sailing frigates; 4 corvettes,
3 brigantines, 1 brig, 6 small steamers, and a few
others-numbering 40 vessels,with 900 guns.
Savoy is between the River Rhone, the Sea of
Geneva, and the Grajish Alps-the latter sepa-
rating it from Piedmont, and having Mount Blanc
at its northern and Mount Cenis at its southern |
extremity. The almond fig-trees flourish here,

but not the olive.
Piedmont, including Mont Ferrat and part of
the Milanese territory, is divided into two almost
equal parts by the River Po, which here has its
source. The olive and various fruits are very
productive in this section, and the culture of silk
receives great attention.

Genoa, the city of marble palaces, is a fortified sea-port, in lat. 44° 24′ 18'" N., long. 8° 54′ 24′′ E. at the head of the Gulf of Genoa, and is remarkable as the birth-place of Columbus. For seven centuries it was the capital of a famous commercial republic, which planted numerous colonies, in the Levant, but its annals are marked wirh turbulance and blood. It is a free port, and the great entrepôt, of a large extent of country, the produce of which-olive oil, rice, fruits, cheese, rags, steel, etc.—with manufactured goods, form the chief exports. Pop. about 100,000.

TURIN (formerly Augusta Taurinorum), the Sardinian capital, has a population of 137,000, with an extensive export trade of silks, velvets, hosiery, silk twist, organzine, woolen and cotton fabrics, etc. It has many superb public edifices, ancient and modern, with several literary, scientific, and charitable institutions.

THE KINGDOM OF NAPLES.

A POLITICAL and administrative division of the kingdom of the Two Sicilies, occupies the southern part of the Italian peninsula, comprising the whole of the continental portion of the state, (an-ciently known as Samnium, Apulia, and Magna Græca,) with the city of Naples its capital. It is and situated between lat. 37° 56′ and 42° 55′ N., lon. 12° 54′ and 18° 33′ E.; bounded E. by the Adriatic, S. by the Ionian Sea, W. by the MediStrait of Messina, and N. by Its area, divisions, and popu

terranean and the
the Papal States.
lation are as follows:

PROVINCES.

Naples-prov...
Molise....

Terra di Lavoro..

Abruzzo Citra..

"6 Ultra I..

Principato Ultra..
Principato Citra.....

Capitanata

Basilicata.
Calabria Citra...

Bari (Terra di)..
Otranto (Terra di)..

Bari.
Leccc.

The Apennine ridge, which passes from N. to S., and sends out spurs towards the. Gulf of Venice on the one side, and the Mediterranean on the other, forms the principal feature of this kingdom. Their structure is granite and gneiss, and, on the N. W. coast, basalt and volcanic tufa. The four fiery volcanoes of Vesuvius, Etna, Stromboli, and Vulcano are in the Two Sicilies, where there are also several cold mud and wind volcanoes.

NAPLES, the capital, anciently called Parthenope, stands on the Bay of Naples, lat. 40° 50′ N., lon. 14° 15' E. It is built in a semi-circular

form, sloping from the lofty mountains which shel- | school, royal military and public schools, and a goodly sprinkling of charitable institutions. Yet, with all these, education is at a very low ebb, and not generally diffiused. The magnificent Bay of Naples, on which the city is located, has had its romantic beauties said and sung in every land, by every tongue;" and yet we are assured by many accomplished travelers of great poetic taste, that the Bay of New York, on a calm summer's afternoon, presents a far more enchanting picture in which the absence of regal residences is ampl supplied by the ever-varying fleet of water-craf upon its bosom.-In May, 1848, Naples was the scene of a most disgraceful outrage, during which the city was plundered by the lazzaroni, and 1,500 lives were sacrificed. Population 401,000, including 2,000 secular clergy, 700 monks, and 1,000 nuns.

ter it towards the sea, and is defended by six
strong castles, and an excellent mole or jetty.
The streets, which are mostly very narrow, are
tolerably regular, generally clean, and admirably
paved with square blocks of lava, so exactly fitted
that not the least irregularity can be discerned.
The houses are large, substantial, and lofty, aver-
aging not less than five or six stories, with flat
roofs, covered with a composition of puzzo-
lano, and, by the number of plants crowded
upon them, and converted into a kind of domes-
tic shrubbery. There are numerous public edi-
fices deserving of more notice than we can bestow
upon them: those devoted to sacred purposes
are the Cathedral, a large Gothic building,
erected on the site of a temple of Apollo, and
held in high veneration in consequence of posses-
sing the relics of St. Januarias, or Genaro; the
church del Santi Apostoli, originally founded by
Constantine the Great, on the site of a temple of
Mercury; the churches of St. Paul, St. Martin,
Del Parto, San Severo, St. Philip de Neri, and
others-numbering in all about 300. The Royal
Palace, richly fitted up, and adorned with paint-
ings, is an immense building of three stories, each
of a different order of architecture; the Palazzo
Dagli Study Publici, erected early in the seven-trated in the capital.
teenth century, originally intended and used for a
university, but in 1790 converted into a great na-
tional museum, and now called Muses Borbonico,
said to be unrivaled in its various collection of
antiquities, and also containing the Royal Lib-
rary, (165,000 volumes, and many rare manu-
scripts,) open to the public. Among numerous
educational institutions are the University, found-
ed in 1224, and averaging about 1500 students;
the Lyceum del Salvatore, a medico-chirurgical

Agriculture occupies a large portion of the population-the chief crops being wheat, maize, cotton, melons, rice, oil, wine, hemp, lint, tobacco, etc. The olive is much cultivated in Otranto, Bari, and Calabria, and silk is extensively produced in the last-named province, Terra di Lavoro, and the Principati.

Manufactures are unimportant, and commerce, which is not very flourishing, is mostly concen

The revenue is $15,000,000, which is partly applied to the support of an army of 65,000 men, and a naval force of 2 ships of the line, 5 frigates 2 corvettes, 5 brigs, 1 goelette, and 12 steamers.

THE ISLAND OF SICILY, anciently called Trinakria, from its triangular form, and now an important portion of the Two Sicilies, extends from 12° 45' to 16° 10' E. lon., and from 35° 40′ to 38° 15' N. lat. It is separated from the Italian

in this quarter. The Greek writers first applied the name Celtica, but it was used in a very extended sense, and embraced the whole of western and north-western Europe.

BEFORE the time of Julius Cæsar, all the land | people, which the Romans saw for the first time inhabited by the Galli or Celta was indicated by the term Gallia, and consequently included not only the later Gaul and the north of Italy, but a part of Spain, the greater part of Germany, the British Isles, and other countries. Gallia Cisalpina, at that period constituting a portion of Italy, has already been described, and Transalpina, or Gaul proper, comprising modern France, the Netherlands, the countries along the west bank of the Rhine, and the greatest part of Switzerland, remains to be noticed. This territory was bounded S. by the Mediterrancan and Hispania, E. by the Rhine, and a line drawn from its sources to the Varus (now the Var), N. by the English Channel and the Lower Rhine, and W. by the Atlantic. "Gallia comata" and "Gallia braccata " were two other appellations in use among the Romans; the former being given to that part lying S. of the Po, and having reference to the people wearing their hair long, and to the adoption of the Roman dress and customs by the inhabitants; while the latter was given to the province of Narboneusis, in allusion to the brace or trowsers worn by the

The primitive inhabitants were probably of Finnish origin, and these were reduced to the condition of mere vassals or serfs by the Celta on their immigration from the East. During the time of Cæsar, the Aquitanians, who were of Iberian origin, inhabited the country between the Pyrenees and the River Garonne; the Ligurians were located on both sides of the Maritime Alps; and the Belgians, comprising both Celts and Germans, were scattered through the north western part, between the Lower Rhine and the Seine, extending castward to the River Rhine. The tribes whom Cæsar calls the Celta; and who were in fact the Gauls proper, occupied nearly all the midland, western, and southern parts of the country, extending in one direction from Cape St. Mahe, in Bretagne, to the mountains of Switzerland and Savoy, and in another from the banks of the Garonne to those of the Seine and Marne.