them; and soon afterwards, having surrendered their prisoner to the parliamentarians, they left England.

In 1650 Charles II. united with the Covenanters against the republic, under Cromwell. Leven was again placed in command. He was defeated by Cromwell at Dunbar, having been compelled against his own judgment to leave the position he occupied, and attack Cromwell's army.

III. In England a section of the Tory party refused to take the oath of allegiance to William; they believed that kings reigned by Divine right, and could not be deposed. These were called Non-Jurors. Among them were several of the bishops, and about four hundred of the clergy. A large party of Tories were friends of James Il., and did all they could against the Government of William. The Roman Catholics were in opposition to the new king, and what was more dangerous, many unprincipled Whigs, believing it possible that James. might return, plotted with the Jacobites (as his followers were termed) to keep in favour with the other party. Among these was Marlborough, who, holding high office, both in the Council of William and in the Army, betrayed the trust reposed in him for money.

For some months after the accession of William III., Edinburgh Castle was held for James II. by the Duke of Gordon. Graham of Claverhouse, Viscount Dundee, raised an army, and fought the English troops at Killiecrankie, gaining the victory, but losing his own life. The loss of Dundee made the cause of James II. in Scotland hopeless. The fortress of the Bass Rock held out some time after the battle of Killiecrankie. The Highland Chieftains refused to take the oath of allegiance to William III. for some time. Proclamation was made that those who did not take the oath should be summarily dealt with by the English soldiers. All then submitted, except McDonald of Glencoe. He, a few days before the expiration of the term given, went to take the oaths, but was detained by the weather, and was consequently a few days past the stated time. The Secretary for Scotland suppressed the explanation of Macdonald's late submission to satisfy a private grudge. Troops were quartered upon the unsuspecting people, and the inhabitants of the valley were cruelly slaughtered. This made William hateful to the Scottish people during the whole of the reign.

I. What were the land and Scotland? by the Union.

SECTION IV.

chief terms of the Union between EngShow that both countries have benefited

II. Name some of the great writers and statesmen towards the close of the 18th century, and write a brief life of one of them.

III. What were the chief events of the years 1800-1805 ? Write a full description of one.

I. The terms of the union between England and Scotland, which took place in 1707, were :-(1) That the two kingdoms should henceforth be united. (2) The succession should remain in the House of Hanover. (3) The people of both countries should have the same rights of trade and navigation. (4) The Customs duties on articles exported or imported should be the same for both countries.,(5) There should be one Parliament. (6) Sixteen Scottish Peers should sit in the House of Lords, and forty-five Scottish members were to be allowed to sit in the House of Commons.

The benefits that have accrued to Scotland by the union have been :-(1) Increase of trade and manufactures, by reason of the ready market England affords for food and manufactured goods. (2) Increased facilities for enterprise, the English colonies affording the people of Scotland a field for colonisation. (3) Increased modes of communication all through Scotland, rendered necessary by reason of the increase of trade. (4) The natural beauties of Scotland have led to its being made a healthy resort for the wealthier English people, Scotland is thus enriched. (5) The jealousy between the nations has been broken down; the two nations are united in action, and do not as formerly take opposite sides in times of war. (6) Scotland having more capital than formerly, is better cultivated, consequently more productive.

The benefits to England have been :-(1) The securing of her next neighbour as an ally in times of danger. (2) The acquisition of a country, rich in natural scenery, as a near resort for the English people. (3) The benefit of contract and intermixture with an enterprising, energetic, and intelligent race of people. (4) A country near at hand that can produce sheep and cattle for the great manufacturing and commercial population of England, which is not a pastoral country.

The historians of this period are Robertson and Gibbon; the poets, Goldsmith, Burns, Cowper, Crabbe, Gray, Collins, and Shenstone. Adam Smith, the political economist; Robert Hall, the divine; Hannah More, and Horace Walpole were also celebrated writers of this period.

Burns, the poet of Scotland, was the son of an Ayrshire farmer; and the first portion of his life was spent in farm work. Having shown himself a poet, by the publication of his first volume, some friends procured him an appointment in the excise. He was soon surrounded by a large circle of admirers, and became too fond of society. This led him into habits of intemperance, which broke down his health, and killed him at the early age of thirty-seven. He is celebrated as a

lyric poet, and in this capacity ranks among the first of poets. It has been said that his songs and ballads are sung wherever the English language is spoken. They are remarkable for their fire and pathos.

III. In 1800 the Irish agreed that their parliament should be united with that of England. Russia, Sweden, Denmark, and Prussia formed an alliance against England. Union of the parliaments of Great Britain and Ireland.

1801. Pitt, the premier, resigned office, in consequence of the opposition offered by the King to his measures for removing the statutes passed against Roman Catholics. Addington succeeded him. Nelson, second in command of the English fleet sent to the Baltic, gained a great victory over the Danes at Copenhagen. Sir Ralph Abercrombie defeated the French fleet at Alexandria, which led to the French leaving Egypt.

1802. Treaty of Amiens between England, France, Spain, and Holland; by which England gave up all the conquests she had gained during the late wars, excepting Ceylon and Trinidad.

1803. The English, suspicious of the ambitious designs of Napoleon, refused to give up Malta; war, therefore, broke out with France. The Mahratta war was raging in India. General Wellesley gained the battle of Assaye.

1804. Pitt again became premier. Napoleon became Emperor of France. He prepared a great fleet, and threatened England.

1805. The English defeated the French and Spanish fleets off Cape Finisterre; and Nelson afterwards completely destroyed the French fleet off Cape Trafalgar; but was himself slain.

The Battle of Trafalgar. Nelson went in search of the French and Spanish fleets into the Atlantic. He received intelligence that they were anchored in Cadiz Bay; and came up to Trafalgar. Villeneuve, the commander of the combined fleets, came out; and at noon Nelson gave the signal for action" England expects every man to do his duty." The French had thirty-three war ships, and five frigates; the English, twenty-seven war ships and four frigates. The fighting lasted three hours, when Villeneuve was taken prisoner. Nelson was shot, while walking on the deck of his own vessel. The French lost nineteen war ships in this battle, and their power on the seas was annihilated.

LANGUAGES.

Three hours allowed for this Paper.

This paper is voluntary.

Candidates examined in England, and Female Candidates in Scotland, may answer questions in one Language (only).

Male Candidates in Scotland may answer questions in two (not more) Languages.

SECTION I.-Translate :

LATIN.

Suevorum gens est longe maxima et bellicosissima Germanorum omnium. Hi centum pagos habere dicuntur, ex quibus quotannis armatos, bellandi causâ, ex finibus educunt. Reliqui, qui domi manserunt, se atque illos alunt. Hi rursus invicem

anno post in armis sunt, illi domi remanent. Sic neque agricultura nec usus belli intermittitur. Sed privati agri apud eos nihil est, neque longiùs anno remanere uno in loco licet. Neque multum frumento sed maxime lacte atque pecore vivunt.

The

The nation of the Suevi is by far the largest and most warlike of all the Germans. They are said to have a hundred communities, out of which they lead forth from (their) territories armed men every year for the sake of warring. rest who remained at home maintain themselves and those. These again in their turn are in arms the year after, those remain at home. Thus neither agriculture nor practice in war is interrupted. But there is no private land among them, nor is it lawful to remain in one place longer than a year. And they do not live much upon corn, but mostly upon milk and cattle.

Bellandi from bello-avi, atum, are, genitive of the gerund joined to causâ.