Arbuthnot on Aliments.

and in that there is no sincere acid in any animal 2. Applied to whatever gives strength or
juice.
compactness: as, money is the sinews.
of war.

In English 1 would have all Gallicisms avoided, that our tongue may be sincere, and that we may keep to our own language. Felton on the Classicks.. 3. Honest; undissembling; uncorrupt. This top proud fellow,

Whom from the flow of gall I name not, but
From sincere motions by intelligence
I do know to be corrupt. Shakesp. Henry VIII.
Nor troubled at these tidings from the earth,
Which your sincerest care could not prevent;
Foretold so lately what would come to pass,
When first this tempter cross'd the gulf from hell.
Milton.
The more sincere you are, the better it will fare
with you at the great day of account. In the
mean while, give us leave to be sincere too, in con-
demning heartily what we heartily disapprove.
Waterland.

Some other sinews there are, from which that overplus of strength in persuasion doth arise.

Hooker.

Such discouraging of men in the ways of an active conformity to the church's rules, cracks the sinews of government; for it weakens and damps South. the spirits of the obedient.

In the principal figures of a picture, the painter is to employ the sinews of his art; for in them consists the principal beauties of his work. Dryden's Dufresnoy.

3. Muscle or nerve.

The feeling pow'r, which is life's root,
Through ev'ry living part itself doth shed
By sinews, which extend from head to foot;
And, like a net, all o'er the body spread. Davies.

To SINEW. v. a. [from the noun.]
knit as by sinews.
Not in use.

Through the want of a sincere intention of pleas ing God in all our actions, we fall into such irregularities of life as, by the ordinary means of grace, we should have power to avoid. Law. SINCERELY. adv. [from sincere.] Honestly; without hypocrisy; with purity SI'NEWED. adj. [from sinew.]

of heart.

The purer and perfecter our religion is, the worthier effects it hath in them who stedfastly and sincerely embrace it. Hooker.

}

That you may, fair lady, Perceive I speak sincerely, the king's majesty Does purpose honour to you. Shakesp. Henry VIII. In your whole reasoning, keep your mind sincerely intent in the pursuit of truth. Watts's Logick. SINCE RENESS. n. s. [sincerité, Fr. SINCERITY. from sincere.] 1. Honesty of intention; purity of mind. Jesus Christ has purchased for us terms of reconciliation, who will accept of sincerity instead of perfection; but then this sincerity implies our honest endeavours to do our utmost.

2. Freedom from hypocrisy.

Rogers.

In thy consort cease to fear a foe;
For thee she feels sincerity of woe. Pope's Odyssey.
SI'NDON. n. s. [Lat.] A fold; a wrap.

per.

There were found a book and a letter, both written in fine parchment, and wrapped in sindons of linen. Bacon.

SINE. n. s. [sinus, Lat.] A right sine, in geometry, is a right line drawn from one end of an arch perpendicularly upon the diameter drawn from the other end of that arch; or it is half the chord of twice the arch. Harris.

Whatever inclinations the rays have to the plane of incidence, the sine of the angle of incidence of every ray, considered apart, shall have to the sine of the angle of refraction a constant ratio.

Cheyne's Philosophical Principles. SI'NECURE. n. s. [sine without, and cura care, Lat.] An office which has revenue without any employment.

A sinecure is a benefice without cure of souls.

|

The torrent roar'd, and we did buffet it
With lusty sinews.
Shakesp. Julius Cæsar.
The rooted fibres rose, and from the wound
Black bloody drops distill'd upon the ground:
Mute and amaz'd, my hair with terror stood;
Fear shrunk my sinews, and congeal'd my blood.
Dryden.
Locke. ¡

A sinew cracked seldom recovers its former strength.

To

Ask the lady Bona for thy queen;
So shalt thou sinew both these lands together.
Shakesp. Henry VI.

1.

2.

Furnished with sinews.
Strong sinew'd was the youth, and big of bone.
Strong; firm; vigorous.

Dryden.

He will the rather do it, when he sees
Ourselves well sinewed to our defence.

Shakesp. King John.
SI'NEWSHRUNK. adj. [sinew and shrunk.]
A horse is said to be sinewshrunk when
he has been over-ridden, and so fa..
tigued that he becomes gaunt-bellied,
by a stiffness and contraction of the two
sinews which are under his belly.
Farrier's Dict.

All this from my remembrance brutish wrath
Sinfully pluck'd, and not a man of you
Had so much grace to put it in my mind.
Shakesp. Richard It!

The humble and contented man pleases huset innocently and easily, while the ambitions ma attempts to please others sinfu vy and diffe and perhaps unsuccessfully too. SINFULNESS. n. s. [from sinful.] Alie nation from God; neglect or violation of the duties of religion; contrariety to religious goodness.

I am sent

To shew thee what shall come in future days
To thee, and to thy offspring: good with had
Expect to hear; supernal grace contending
With sinfulness of men.

Previsimess, the general fault of sick persons, s equally to be avoided for the fully and suitors. To SING. v. n. preterite I sang, or surg, participle pass. sung. [ringan, Sas. singia, Island. singhen, Dut]

1. To form the voice to melody; to arti-
culate musically.

Orpheus with his lute made trees,
And the mountain tops that freeze,
Bow themselves when he did sing:
To his musick plants and flowers
Ever sprung, as sun and showers
There had made a lasting spring.

Shakesp. Henry VIIL
Then they for sudden joy did weep,
And some for sorrow sung. Shakesp. King Le
They rather had beheld
Dissentious numbers pestering streets, than see
Our tradesmen singing in their shops, and going
About their functions friendly. Shakesp. Coria
The morning stars sang together.
Jut.
Then shall the trees of the wood sing out at the
presence of the Lord.
1 Chron. xvi. B
Their airy limbs in sports they exercise,
Some in heroick verse divinely sing: Dryde
To utter sweet sounds inarticulately.

And for thy vigour,

Bull-bearing Milo his addition yields

To sinewy Ajax. Shakesp. Troilus and Cressida.
Worthy fellows, and like to prove
Most sinewy swordsmen.
Shakesp.
The northern people are large, fair-complexion-
ed, strong, sinewy, and courageous.

Hale's Origin of Mankind.
Fainting, as he reach'd the shore,
He dropt his sinewy arms: his knees no more
Perform'd their office.
Pope's Odyssey.

SINFUL. adj. [sin and full.]

1. Alien from God; not holy; unsanc-
tified.

Cont. ii. 18.
You will sooner bind a bird from singing tha
from flying.
Baces

Join voices, all ye birds,
That singing up to heaven's gate ascend. Mike
And parrots, imitating human tongue,
And singing birds, in silver cages hung. Dryd. Ot

Oh! were I made, by some transforming powr
The captive bird that sings within thy bow't,
Then might my voice thy list'ning ears employ,
And I those kisses he receives enjoy. Pope's Sum
3. To make any small or shrill noise.

A man may hear this shower sing in the wind. Sha
You leaden messengers,
Fly with false aim; pierce the stil. moving air,
That sings with piercing; do not touch my lord.
Shake

We hear this fearful tempest sing. Shakesp
O'er his head the flying spear
Sung innocent, and spent its force in air.
4. To tell in poetry.

The stoicks looked upon all passions as sinful
defects and irregularities, as so many deviations 2.
from right reason, making passion to be only ano-
ther word for perturbation."
South.
SINFULLY. adv. [from sinful.] Wicked-
ly; not piously; not according to the 3.

ordinance of God.

All the prophets in their age the times
Of great Messiah sing.
Milton
I sing the man who Judah's sceptre bore
In that right hand which held the crook before.

Conley
Arms and the man I sing.
Dryden's En
Well might he sing the day he could not fear,
To celebrate; to give praises to, in
And paint the glories he was sure to wear. Smith,

verse.

The last, the happiest British king,
To utter harmonioulsy.
Whom thou shalt paint or I shall sing. Adiliam

Incies, caddisses, cambricks, lawns, why he sings 4. Alone; having no companion; having them over as they were gods and goddesses. Shak. They that wasted us required of us mirth, saying, Sing us one of the songs of Zion. Psalm cxxxvii. S. How could we to his godhead sing

= Forc'd hallelujah s?
o SINGE. v. a. [rængan, Sax. senghen,
Dut.] To scorch; to burn slightly or
superficially.

They bound the doctor, Whose beards they have sing'd off with brands of fire. Shakesp Drake, in the vaunting stile of a soldier, would call this enterprize the singing of the king of 5. Spain's beard.

That neither was singed in the combustion of
Phaeton, nor overwhelmed by the inundation of
Deucalion.
Brown.

They leave a singed bottom all involv'd
With stench and smoke. Milton's Paradise Lost.
I singed the toes of an ape through a burning|
glass, and he never would endure it after.

SINGULARLY. adv. [from singular.] Particularly; in a manner not common to others.

Solitude and singularity can neither daunt nor disgrace him, unless we could suppose it a disgrace South. to be singularly good.

SINGULT. n. 8. [singultus, Lat.] A sigh.
Spenser.

SINISTER. adj. [sinister, Lat.]
1. Being on the left hand; left; not right;
not dexter. It seems to be used with
the accent on the second syllable, at least
in the primitive, and on the first in the
figurative sense.

My mother's blood

Runs on the dexter cheek, and this sinister
Bounds in my sire's. Shakesp. Troilus and Cressida.
Captain Spurio, with his cicatrice, an emblem
of war, here on his sinister cheek.

Shakesp. All's well that ends well.
But a rib,

Crooked by nature, bent, as now appears,
More to the part sinister from me drawn. Milton.
The spleen is unjustly introduced to invigorate
the sinister side, which, being dilated, would rather
infirm and debilitate it. Brown's Vulgar Errours
In his sinister hand, instead of ball,
He plac'd a mighty mug of potent ale.
2. Bad; perverse; corrupt; deviating
from honesty; unfair.

Dryden.

5.

To fall gradually.
The arrow went out at his heart, and he sunk.
2 Kings, ix. 24.
To enter or penetrate into any body.
David took a stone and slang it, and smote the
Philistine, that the stone sunk into his forehead.
1 Sam. xvii. 49.7.
4. To lose height; to fall to a level.

5.

Is it so strange a matter to find a good thing furthered by ill men of a sinister intent and pur-6. pose, whose forwardness is not therefore a bridle to such as favour the same cause with a better and sincere meaning? Hooker.

The duke of Clarence was soon after by siniser means made clean away. Spenser on Ireland.

When are there more unworthy men chosen to offices, when is there more strife and contention about elections, or when do partial and sinister affections more utter themselves, than when an Whitgifte. election is committed to many? He professes to have received no sinister measure 7. from his judge, but most willingly humbles himself to the determination of justice.

Shakesp. Mearure for Measure. Those may be accounted the left hands of courts; persons that are full of nimble and sinister tricks and shifts, whereby they pervert the plain courses of courts, and bring justice into oblique lines and labyrinths. Bacon's Essays.

The just person has given the world an assurance, by the constant tenor of his practice, that he makes a conscience of his ways, and that he scorns to undermine another's interest by any sinister or inferior arts. South.

8.

In vain has nature form'd
Mountains and oceans to oppose his passage;
He bounds o'er all, victorious in his march,
The Alps and Pyreneans sink before him.
Addison's Cato.
To lose or want prominence.
What were his marks?-A lean cheek, a blue
eye and sunken.
Shakesp. As you like it.
Deep dinted wrinkles on her cheeks she draws;
Sunk are her eyes, and toothless are her jaws.
Dryden.

To be overwhelmed or depressed.

Our country sinks beneath the yoke;
It weeps, it bleeds, and each new day a gash
Is added to her wounds. Shakesp. Macbeth.
They arraign'd shall sink
Beneath thy sentence.
Milton.
But if you this ambitious pray'r deny,
Then let me sink beneath proud Arcite's arms;
And,
once dead, let him possess her charms.
To be received; to be impressed.
Let these sayings sink down unto your ears.
Luke, ix. 44.
Truth never sinks into these men's minds, nor
gives any tincture to them.

Dryden.

Heav'n bear witness,

And, if I have a conscience, let it sink me,
Ev'n as the ax falls, if I be not faithful. Shakop
To make to fall.

These are so far from raising mountains, the they overturn and fling down some before star ing, and undermine others, sinking them into t abyss. Woodwars.

To bring low; to diminish in quantity.

When on the banks of an unlook'd-for stream, You sunk the river with repeated draughts, Who was the last in all your host that thirsted? Ad To crush; to overbear; to depress. That Hector was in certainty of death, and depressed with the conscience of an ill cause: if ya will not grant the first of these will sink the spirit i a hero, you'll at least allow the second may. Pe 8. To diminish; to degrade.

They catch at all opportunities of ruining cat trade, and sinking the figure which we make. Addison on the War. I mean not that we should sink our figure out f covetousness; and deny ourselves the proper co veniences of our station, only that we may lay up a superfluous treasure. Reger 9. To make to decline.

Thy cruel and unnatural lust of power Has sunk thy father more than all his years, And made him wither in a green old age. Rou To labour for a sunk corrupted state. Lyttleton 10. To suppress; to conceal; to intervert. If sent with ready money to buy any thing, and you happen to be out of pocket, sink the money, and take up the goods on account. Swift's Rules to Serv. SINK. n. s. [rinc, Sax.]

1. A drain; a jakes.

Should by the cormorant belly be restrain'd,
Who is the sink o' th' body.
Locke.
Shakesp. Coriolanus
Bad humours gather to a bile; or, as divers
kennels flow to one sink, so in short time their
numbers increased.
Hayward
Gather more filth than any sink in town.
Granvilk

To decline; to decrease; to decay.
Then down the precipice of time it goes,
And sinks in minutes which in ages rose. Dryden.
This republick has been much more powerful
than it is at present, as it is still likelier to sink
than increase in its dominions. Addison on Italy.
Let not the fire sink or slacken, but increase.
Mortimer.

3. [Sinistre, Fr.] Unlucky; inauspici- 9. To fall into rest or indolence.
ous. The accent is here on the second
syllable.

Tempt it again; that is thy act, or none:
What all the several ills that visit earth,
Brought forth by night with a sinister birth,
Plagues, famine, fire, could not reach unto,
The swords, nor surfeits, let thy fury do. B. Jonson.
SI'NISTROUS. adj. [sinister, Lat.] Ab-
surd; perverse; wrong-headed
French gauche.

in

A knave or fool can do no harm, even by the most sinistrous and absurd choice.

Bentley.

SINISTROUSLY. adv. [from sinistrous.] 1. With a tendency to the left.

Many in their infancy are sinistrously disposed, and divers continue all their life left-handed, and have but weak and imperfect use of the right. Brown's Vulgar Errours.

2. Perversely; absurdly.
To SINK. v. n. pret. I sunk, anciently
sank; part. sunk or sunken. [rencan,
Sax. senken, Germ.]

1. To fall down through any medium;
not to swim; to go to the bottom.

Wouldst thou have me sink away
In pleasing dreams, and lose myself in love,
When every moment Cato's life's at state?"
Addison's Cato.

10. To fall into any state worse than the
former; to tend to ruin.

Nor urg'd the labours of my lord in vain,
sinking empire longer to sustain. Dryd. En.
To SINK. v. a.

1. To put under water; to disable from
swimming or floating.

2.

A small fleet of English made an hostile inva-
sion or incursion upon their havens and roads, and
fired, sunk, and carried away ten thousand ton of
Bacon.
their great shipping.

To delve; to make by delving.
At Saga in Germany they dig up iron in the
fields by sinking ditches two feet deep, and in the
space of ten years the ditches are digged again for
iron since produced.

Boyle.

Near Geneva are quarries of freestone, that run
under the lake: when the water is at lowest, they
make within the borders of it a little square, in-
closed within four walls in this square they sink
a pit, and dig for freestone.
3. To depress; to degrade

Addison.

Returning home at night, you'll find the sink Strike your offended sense with double stink.Stift 2. Any place where corruption is ga thered.

What sink of monsters, wretches of lost minds,
Mad after change, and desperate in their states,
Wearied and gall'd with their necessities,
Durst have thought it? Ben Jonson's Cataline.
Our soul, whose country's heav'n, and God her
father,

Into this world, corruption's sink, is sent;

Yet so much in her travail she doth gather, That she returns home wiser than she went. Donne

SI'NLESS. adj. [from sin.] Exempt from

1

for our lapses, we might cry out with Balaam, Alas! who should live, if God did this? Rogers. SINLESSNESS. n. s. [from sinless.] Exemption from sin.

We may the less admire at his gracious conde-3. scensions to those, the sinlessness of whose condition will keep them from turning his vouchsafements into any thing but occasions of joy and gratitude. Boyle's Seraphick Love.

SI'NNER. n. s. [from sin.]
1. One at enmity with God; one not
truly or religiously good.

Let the boldest sinner take this one consideration along with him, when he is going to sin, that whether the sin he is about to act ever comes to be pardoned or no, yet, as soon as it is acted, it quite turns the balance, puts his salvation upon the venture, and makes it ten to one odds against him. South.

Never consider yourselves as persons that are to be seen, admired, and courted by men; but as poor sinners, that are to save yourselves from the vanities and follies of a miserable world, by humility, devotion, and self-denial. 2. An offender; a criminal.

Law.

Here's that which is too weak to be a sinner,
honest water, which never left man i' th' mire.
Shakesp. Timon.
Over the guilty then the fury shakes
The sounding whip, and brandishes her snakes,
And the pale sinner with her sisters takes. Dryden.

Thither, where sinners may have rest, I go,
Where flames refin'd in breasts seraphick glow.

Pope.

Pope.

Whether the charmer sinner it or saint it,
If folly grows romantick, I must paint it.
SINO'FFERING. n. s. [sin and offering.]
An expiation or sacrifice for sin.

The flesh of the bullock shalt thou burn without
the camp: it is a sinoffering.
Ex. xxix. 14.
SI'NOPER or Sinople. n. s. [terra pontica,
Lat.] A species of earth; ruddle.

Ainsworth.

To SINUATE. v. a. [sinuo, Lat.] To bend in and out.

Another was very perfect, somewhat less with the margin, and more sinuated. Woodward on Fossils. SINUATION. n. s. [from sinuate.] bending in and out.

sinuations.

A

The human brain is, in proportion to the body, much larger than the brains of brutes, in proportion to their bodies, and fuller of anfractus, or Hale's Origin of Mankind. SINUO'SITY. n. s. [from sinuous.] The quality of being sinuous. SINUOUS. adj. [sinueux, Fr. from sinus, Lat.] Bending in and out.

Try with what disadvantage the voice will be carried in an horn, which is a line arched; or in a trumpet, which is a line retorted; or in some pipe that were sinuous.

Bacon. These, as a line, their long dimension drew, Streaking the ground with sinuous trace.

Milton's Paradise Lost

In the dissections of horses, in the concave or sinuous part of the liver, whereat the gall is usually seated in quadrupeds, I discover an hollow, long, membranous substance. Brown.

SINUS. n. s. [Lat.]

1. A bay of the sea; an opening of the land.
Plato supposeth his Atlantis to have sunk all
into the sea whether that be true or no, do not
think it impossible that some arms of the sea, or
sinuses, might have had such an original.
Burnet's Theory of the Earth.

2. Any fold or opening.
To SIP. v. a. [ripan, Sax. sippen, Dut.]
1. To drink by small draughts; to take, at
one apposition of the cup to the mouth,
no more than the mouth will contain.
Soft yielding minds to water glide away,
And sip with nymphs their elemental tea.
3. To drink in small quantities.

Pope.

Find out the peaceful hermitage;
The hairy gown and mossy cell,
Where I may sit and rightly spell
Of ev'ry star that heav'n doth shew,
And every herb that sips the dew.
To drink out of.

Milton.

The winged nation o'er the forest flies:
Then stooping on the meads and leafy bow'rs,
They skim the floods,and sip the purple flow'rs. Dry.
To SIP. v. n. To drink a small quantity.

She rais'd it to her mouth with sober grace;
Then sipping, offer'd to the next. Dryden's Aneid.
SIP. n. s. [from the verb.] A small draught;
as much as the mouth will hold.
Her face o' fire

With labour, and the thing she took to quench it
She would to each one sip. Shakesp. Winter's Tale.
One sip of this

Will bathe the drooping spirits iu delight,
Beyond the bliss of dreams.

Milton.

SIPHON. n. s. [σípov; sipho, Lat. siphon,
Fr.] A pipe through which liquors are
conveyed.

Beneath th' incessant weeping of these drains
I see the rocky siphons stretch'd immense,
The mighty reservoirs of harden'd chalk,
Of stiff compacted clay. Thomson's Autumn.
SIPPER. n. s. [from sip.] One that sips.
SIPPET. n. s. [sop, sip, sippet.] A small

sop.

SIR. n. s. [sire, Fr. seignior, Ital. senor,
Span. senior, Lat.]

1. The word of respect in compellation.
Speak on, sir,

I dare your worst objections: if I blush,

It is to see a nobleman want manners. Shak. H. VIII.
But, sirs, be sudden in the execution;
Withal obdurate; do not let him plead.
Shakesp. Richard III.

Whose sires, great part'ners in my father's cares,
Saluted their young king at Hebron crown'd. Prior
Whether his hoary sire he spies,

While thousand grateful thoughts arise,
Or meets his spouse's fonder eye.

Pope's Chorus to Brutus. 2. It is used in common speech of beasts: as, the horse had a good sire, but a bad dam. 3. It is used in composition: as, grandsire, great-grand-sire.

To SIRE. v. a. To beget; to produce.
Cowards father cowards, and base things stre
the base.
Shakesp.
SI'REN. n. s. [Lat.] A goddess who en-
ticed men by singing, and devoured
them; any mischievous enticer.

Oh train me not, sweet mermaid, with thy note,
To drown me in thy sister's flood of tears:
Sing, siren, to thyself, and I will dote;
Spread o'er the silver waves thy golden hair,
And as a bed I'll take thee, and there lie. Shakesp.
SIRIASIS. n. s. [ogíaois.] An inflamma-
tion of the brain and its membrane,
through an excessive heat of the sun.

Sir king,
This man is better than the man he slew. Shakesp.
At a banquet the ambassador desired the wise
men to deliver every one of them some sentence or
parable, that he might report to his king, which
they did only one was silent, which the ambas- SI'ROP.
sador perceiving, said to him, Sir, let it not dis-Sirup.
please you; why do not you say somewhat that
1 may report? He answered, Report to your
lord, that there are that can hold their peace.
Bacon's Apophthegms.
2. The title of a knight or baronet. This
word was anciently so much held essen-
tial, that the Jews in their addresses
expressed it in Hebrew characters.

3.

Sir Horace Vere, his brother, was the principal
in the active part.
Bacon's War with Spain.
The court forsakes him, and sir Balaam hangs.
Pope.
It is sometimes used for man.
I have adventur'd

To try your taking of a false report, which hath
Honour'd with confirmation your great judgment,
In the election of a sir so rare Shakesp. Cymbeline.
4. A title given to the loin of beef, which
one of our kings knighted in a fit of good
humour.

He lost his roast-beef stomach, not being able to
Addison.
touch a sir-loin which was served up.
And the strong table groans
Beneath the smoaking sir-loin, stretch'd immense
From side to side.
Thomson's Autumn.
It would be ridiculous, indeed, if a spit, which
is strong enough to turn a sir-loin of beef, should
Swift.

not be able to turn a lark.

SIRE. n. s. [sire, Fr. senior, Lat.]
1. A father. Used in poetry.

He, but a duke, would have his son a king,
And raise his issue like a loving sire. Shak. Hen. VI.
A virgin is his mother, but his sire
The pow'r of the most High.

Milton's Par. Lost.
And now I leave the true and just supports
Of legal princes and of honest courts,

Sidney.

Not poppy, nor mandragora, Nor all the drowsy sirups of the world, Shall ever med'cine thee to that sweep sleep, Which thou owed'st yesterday. Shakesp. Othello. And first, behold this cordial julap here, That flames and dances in his crystal bounds, With spirits of balm, and fragrant syrops mixt. Milt. Those expressed juices coutain the true essential salt of the plant; for if they be boiled into the consistence of a sirup, and set in a cool place, the essential salt of the plant will shoot upon the sides Arbuthnot. of the vessels.

SI'RUPED. adj. [from sirup.] Sweet, like
sirup; bedewed with sweets.

Yet when there haps a honey fall,
We'll lick the syrup leaves:

our happiness. Nothing, as we passionately think, 18 can equal the uncasiness that sits so heavy upon Locke

And sweeping oars with struggling urg'd their way. 20. To sit up. To rise from lying to sitting.

As the partridge sitteth on eggs, and hatcheth | them not, so he that getteth riches not by right, j shall leave them in the midst of his days. Jer. xvii. 11. The egg laid, and severed from the body of the hen, hath no more nourishment from the lien; but only a quickening heat when she sitteth. Bacon's Natural History. She mistakes a piece of chalk for an egg, and sits upon it in the same manner. Addison.

To be adjusted; to be with respect to fitness or unfitness, decorum or inde