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SIR WALTER RALEIGH.

seek? What sense of the beautiful ever passed transiently over his spirit? His books and his pictures ever accompanied him in his voyages.

Even in the short hour before his last morning is he not still before us, while his midnight pen traces his mortuary verse, perpetuating the emotions of the sage, and of the hero who could not fear death?"-DISRAELI Amenities of Lit.: Paychological Hist. of Rawleigh.

"Raleigh, the soldier, the sailor, the scholar, the courtier, the orator, the poet, the historian, the philosopher; whom we picture to ourselves

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agreeable to your noble nature. Exert yourself, O generous prince, against such sycophants, in the glorious cause of liberty; and assume such an ambition worthy of you, to secure your fellow-creatures from slavery; from a condition as much below that of brutes as to act without reason is less miserable than to act against it. serve to your future subjects the divine right of free agents; and to your own royal house the divine right of being their benefactors. Believe me, my prince, there is no other right can flow from God. While your highness is forming yourself for a throne, consider the laws as so many common-places in your study of the science of government; when you mean nothing but justice they are an ease and help to you. This way of thinking is what gave men the glorious appellation of deliverers and fathers of their SIR WALTER RALEIGH TO PRINCE HENRY, country; this made the sight of them rouse SON OF JAMES I.

sometimes reviewing the Queen's guards, sometimes giving chase to a Spanish galleon, then answering the chiefs of the country party in the House of Commons, then again murmuring one of his sweet love-songs too near the ears of her Highness's maids of honour, and soon after poring over the Talmud, or collating Polybius with Livy."-LORD MACAULAY: Burleigh and His Times, Edin. Rev., April, 1832, and in his works, complete, 1866, 8 vols. 8vo, v. 611.

May it please your highness, The following lines are addressed to your highness from a man who values his liberty, and a very small fortune in a remote part of this island, under the present constitution, above all the riches and honours that he could anywhere enjoy under any other establishment.

You see, sir, the doctrines that are lately come into the world, and how far the phrase has obtained of calling your royal father God's vicegerent; which ill men have turned both to the dishonour of God and the impeachment of his majesty's goodness. They adjoin vicegerency to the idea of being allpowerful, and not to that of being all-good. His majesty's wisdom, it is to be hoped, will save him from the snare that may lie under gross adulations: but your youth, and the thirst of praise which I have observed in you, may possibly mislead you to hearken to these charmers, who would conduct your noble nature into tyranny. Be careful, O my prince! Hear them not; fly from their deceit : you are in the succession to a throne, from whence no evil can be imputed to you, but all good must be conveyed from you. Your father is called the vicegerent of Heaven: while he is good, he is the vicegerent of Heaven. Shall man have authority from the fountain of good to do evil? No, my prince; let mean and degenerate spirits, which want benevolence, suppose your power impaired by a disability of doing injuries. If want of power to do ill be an incapacity in a prince, with reverence be it spoken, it is an incapacity he has in common with the Deity. Let me not doubt but all pleas which do not carry in them the mutual hap piness of prince and people will appear as absurd to your great understanding as dis

their beholders into acclamations, and mankind incapable of bearing their very appearance without applauding it as a benefit. Consider the inexpressible advantages which will ever attend your highness while you make the power of rendering men happy the measure of your actions! While this is your impulse, how easily will that power he extended! The glance of your eye will give gladness, and your very sentence have a force of beauty. Whatever some men would insinuate, you have lost your subjects when you have lost their inclinations. You are to preside over the minds not the bodies of men; the soul is the essence of the man, and you cannot have the true man against his inclinations. Choose therefore to be the king or the conqueror of your people: it may be submission, but it cannot be obedience, that is passive.

London, Aug. 12, 1611.

RALEIGH'S THREE RULES TO BE OBSERVED FOR

THE PRESERVATION OF A MAN'S ESTATE.

Amongst all other things of the world take care of thy estate, which thou shalt ever preserve if thou observe three things: first, that thou know what thou hast, what every thing is worth that thou hast, and to see that thou art not wasted by thy servants and officers. The second is, that thou never spend anything before thou have it; for borrowing is the canker and death of every man's estate. The third is, that thou suffer not thyself to be wounded for other men's faults, and scourged for other men's offences; which is the surety for another, for thereby millions of men have been beggared and destroyed, paying the reckoning of other men's riot and the charge of other men's folly and prodigality; if thou smart, smart for thine own sins; and, above all things, be

not made an ass to carry the burdens of other men: if any friend desire thee to be his surety, give him a part of what thou hast to spare; if he press thee farther, he is not thy friend at all, for friendship rather chooseth

harm to itself than offereth it. If thou be bound for a stranger, thou art a fool; if for a merchant, thou puttest thy estate to learn to swim; if for a churchman, he hath no inheritance; if for a lawyer, he will find an invasion by a syllable or a word to abuse thee; if for a poor man, thou must pay it thyself; if for a rich man, he needs not; therefore from suretyship, as from a man slayer or enchanter, bless thyself; for the best profit and return will be this, that if thou force him for whom thou art bound to pay it himself, he will become thy enemy; if thou use to pay it thyself, thou wilt be a beggar; and believe thy father in this, and print it in thy thought, that what virtue soever thou hast, be it never so manifold, if thou be poor withal, thou and thy qualities shall be despised. Besides, poverty is ofttimes sent as a curse of God; it is a shame amongst men, an imprisonment of the mind, a vexation of every worthy spirit; thou shalt neither help thyself nor others; thou shalt drown thee in all thy virtues, having no means to show them; thou shalt be a burden and an eyesore to thy friends, every man will fear thy company; thou shalt be driven basely to beg and depend on others, to flatter unworthy men, to make dishonest shifts; and, to conclude, poverty provokes a man to do infamous and detested deeds; let no vanity, therefore, or persuasion, draw thee to that worst of worldly miseries.

If thou be rich, it will give thee pleasure in health, comfort in sickness, keep thy mind and body free, save thee from many perils, relieve thee in thy elder years, relieve the poor and thy honest friends, and give means to thy posterity to live and defend themselves and thine own fame. Where it is said in the Proverbs, "That he shall be sore vexed that is surety for a stranger, and he that hateth suretyship is sure; it is further said, "The poor is hated even of his own neighbour, but the rich have many friends." Lend not to him that is mightier than thyself, for if thou lendest him, count it but lost; be not surety above thy power, for if thou be surety, think to pay it.

RICHARD HOOKER, born in or about 1553, died 1600. Works, arranged by the Rev. John Keble, Lond., 1836, 4 vols. 8vo; again, 1841, 3 vols. 8vo; 3d edit., Oxf., 1845, 3 vols. 8vo.

"The finest as well as the most philosophical writer of the Elizabeth period is Hooker. The

first book of the Ecclesiastical Polity is at this day one of the master-pieces of English eloquence. His periods, indeed, are generally much too long beautifully rhythmical; his language is rich in and too intricate, but portions of them are often English idiom without vulgarity, and in words of a Latin source without pedantry; he is more uniformly solemn than the usage of later times permits, or even than writers of that time, such as Bacon, conversant with mankind as well as books, would have reckoned necessary: but the example of ancient orators and philosophers, upon themes so grave as those which he discusses, may justify the serious dignity from which he does not depart. Hooker is perhaps the first of such in England who adorned his prose with the images of poetry! but this he has done more judiciously and with more moderation than others of great name; and we must be bigot in Attic severity before we can object to some of his grand figures of speech. We may praise him also for avoiding the superfluous luxury of quotations;-a rock on which the writers of the succeeding age were so frequently wrecked." HALLAM: Introduction to Lit. of Europe, ed. 1854, ii. 198.

SCRIPTURE AND THE LAW OF NATURE.

What the Scripture purposeth, the same in all points it doth perform. Howbeit, that here we swerve not in judgment, one thing especially we must observe: namely, that the absolute perfection of Scripture is seen by relation unto that end whereto it tendeth. And even hereby it cometh to pass that, first, such as imagine the general and main drift of the main body of sacred Scripture not to be so large as it is, nor that God did thereby intend to deliver, as in truth he doth, a full instruction in all things unto salvation necessary, the knowledge whereof man by nature could not otherwise in this life attain unto; they are by this very mean induced, either still to look for new revelations from heaven, or else dangerously to add to the word of God uncertain tradition, that so the doctrine of man's salvation may be complete; which doctrine we constantly hold in all respects, without any such things added, to be so complete, that we utterly refuse as much as once to acquaint ourselves with anything further. Whatsoever, to make up the doctrine of man's salvation, is added as in supply of the Scripture's insufficiency, we reject it; Scripture purposing this, hath perfectly and fully done it. Again,

the scope and purpose of God in delivering the holy Scripture, such as do take more largely than behoveth, they, on the contrary, side-racking and stretching it further than by him was meant, are drawn into sundry as great inconveniences. They pretending the Scripture's perfection, infer thereupon, that in Scripture all things lawful to be done must needs be contained. We count those things perfect which want nothing requisite for the end whereto they were in

SIR PHILIP SIDNEY.

stituted. As, therefore, God created every part and particle of man exactly perfect that is to say, in all points sufficient unto that use for which he appointed it so the Scripture, yea, every sentence thereof, is perfect, and wanteth nothing requisite unto that purpose for which God delivered the same. So that if hereupon we conclude, that because the Scripture is perfect, therefore all things lawful to be done are comprehended in the Scripture; we may even as well conclude so of every sentence, as of the whole sum and body thereof, unless we first of all prove that it was the drift, scope, and purpose of Almighty God in holy Scripture to comprise all things which man may practise. But admit this. and mark, I beseech you, what would follow. God, in delivering Scripture to his church, should clean have abrogated among them the Law of Nature, which is an infallible knowledge imprinted in the minds of all the children of men, whereby both general principles for directing of human actions are comprehended, and conclusions derived from them; upon which conclusions groweth in particularity the choice of good and evil in the daily affairs of this life. Admit this, and what shall the Scripture be but a snare and a torment to weak consciences, filling them with infinite perplexities, scrupulosities, doubts insoluble, and extreme despairs? Not that the Scripture itself doth cause any such thing (for it tendeth to the clean contrary, and the fruit thereof is resolute assurance and certainty in that it teacheth); but the necessities of this life urging men to do that which the light of nature, common discretion, and judgment of itself directeth them unto; on the other side this doctrine teaching them that so to do were to sin against their own souls, and that they put forth their hands to iniquity, whatsoever they go about. and have not first the sacred Scripture of God for direction; how can it choose but bring the simple a thousand times to their wit's end; how can it choose but vex and amaze them? Nor in every action of common life, to find out some sentence clearly and infallibly setting before our eyes what we ought to do (seem we in Scripture never so expert), would trouble us more than we are aware. In weak and tender minds, we little know what misery this strict opinion would breed, besides the stops it would make in the whole course of all men's lives and actions. Make all things sin which we do by direction of nature's light, and by the rule of common discretion, without thinking at all upon Scripture; admit this position, and parents shall cause their children to sin, as oft as they cause them to do anything before they come to

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years of capacity, and be ripe for knowledge in the Scripture. Admit this, and it shall not be with masters as it was with him in the gospel; but servants being commanded to go, shall stand still till they have their errand warranted unto them by Scripture, which, as it standeth with Christian duty in some cases, so in common affairs to require it were most unfit.

The Laws of Ecclesiastical Polity, Lond., Bookes I-IV. (1594), fol.; Book V., 1597, fol.; Book VI., 1618; Bookes VII., VIII., 1618, 4to; again, Bookes I.-VIII. (termed The Works), Lond., 1622, fol.

SIR PHILIP SIDNEY,

born 1554, was fatally wounded at the battle of Zutphen, September 22, 1586, and died at Arnheim on the 17th of October ensuing.

As a writer Sidney is best known by the Countesse of Pembroke's Arcadia, Lond., 1590, 4to, a romance, and An Apologie for Poetrie, Lond., 1595, 4to, afterwards entitled The Defence of Poetry, and The Defense of Poesy.

intellectual

"Sir Philip Sidney is a writer for whom I can not acquire a taste. As Mr. Burke said he could not love the French Republic,' so I may truly say that I cannot love The Countess of Pembroke's Arcadia,' with all my good will to it.... It is to me one of the greatest monuments of the abuse of power on record. It puts one in mind of the court dresses and preposterous fashions of the time, which are grown obsolete and disgusting. It is not romantic, but scholastic; not poetry, but casuistry; not nature, but art, and the worst sort of art, which thinks it can do better than nature. Of the number of fine things that are constantly passing through the author's mind, there is hardly spoil purposely and maliciously, in order to ag one that he has not contrived to spoil, and to grandize our idea of himself. Out of five hundred folio pages, there are hardly, I conceive, half a dozen sentences expressed simply and directly, with the sincere desire to convey the image implied, and without a systematic interpolation of the impertinence of the writer, so as to disguise the wit, learning, ingenuity, wisdom, and everlasting object, instead of displaying it in its true colours and real proportions."-HAZLITT: Lects. on the Dramat. Art of the Age of Elizabeth, Lect. V.

Horace Walpole also thought Sidney vastly overrated; but Dr. Zouch, Peter IIeylin, Isaac Disraeli, Hallam, Dr. Drake, and others, have much to say in his favour. As a specimen of Sidney's style, we shall present an extract from a very long letter, which does great credit to his good judgment, honesty, and courage.

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this my boldness, and to arm the acknowledging of a fault with reasons for it, might better show I knew I did amiss, than any way diminish the attempt, especially in your judgment; who being able to discern lively into the nature of the thing done, it were folly to hope, by laying on better colours, to make it more acceptable.

Therefore carrying no other olive branch of intercession than the laying myself at your feet, nor no other insinuation, either for attention or pardon, but the true vowed sacrifice of unfeigned love, I will in simple and direct terms (as hoping they shall only come to your merciful eyes) set down the overflowing of my mind in this most important matter, importing, as I think, the continuance of your safety; and, as I know, the joys of my life. And because my words (I confess shallow, but coming from the deep well-spring of most loyal affection) have delivered to your most gracious ear what is the general sum of my travailing thoughts therein; I will now but only declare what be the reasons that make me think that the marriage with Monsieur will be unprofitable unto you; then will I answer the objection of those fears which might procure so violent a refuge.

the never-dying knot of religion). The one of them, to whom your appy government hath granted the free exercise of the external truth; with this, by the continuance of time, by the multitude of them; by the principal offices and strength they hold ; and fastly, by your dealings both at home and abroad against the adverse party; your state is so entrapped, as it were impossible for you, without excessive trouble, to pull yourself out of the party so long maintained. For such a course once taken in hand, is not much unlike a ship in a tempest, which how dangerously soever it may be beaten with waves, yet is there no safety or succour without it; these, therefore, as their souls live by your happy government, so are they your chief if not your sole strength; these, howsoever the necessity of human life makes them lack, yet can they not look for better conditions than presently they enjoy; these, how their hearts will be galled, if not aliened, when they shall see you take a hus band, a Frenchman and a Papist, in whom (howsoever fine wits may find further dealings or painted excuses) the very common people well know this, that he is the son of a Jezebel of our age; that his brother made oblation of his own sister's marriage, the easier to make massacres of our brethren in belief; that he himself, contrary to his promise, and all gratefulness, having his liberty and principal estate by the Huguenots' means, did sack Zacharists, and utterly spoil them with fire and sword. This I say, even at first sight, gives occasion to all, truly religious, to abhor such a master, and consequently to diminish much of the hopeful love they have long held to you.

The good or evil that will come by it must be considered either according to your estate or person. To your estate what can be added to the being an absolute born and accordingly respected princess? But, as they say the Irishmen are wont to call over them that die, they are rich, they are fair, what needed they to die so cruelly? not unfitly of you, endowed with felicity above all others, a man might well ask, What makes you in such a calm to change course; to so healthful a body The other faction, most rightly indeed to to apply so unsavoury a medicine? What can be called a faction, is the Papists; men recompense so hazardous an adventure? In- whose spirits are full of anguish, some deed, were it but the altering of a well-being infested by others, whom they acmaintained and well-approved trade; for, as in bodies natural every sudden change is full of peril, so in this body politic, whereof you are the only head, it is so much the more dangerous, as there are more humours to receive a hurtful impression. But hazards are then most to be regarded when the nature of the patient is fitly composed to occasion them. The patient I account your realm; the agent Monsieur and his design; for neither outward accidents do much prevail against a true inward strength; nor doth inward weakness lightly subvert itself, without being thrust at by some outward force.

Your inward force (for as for your treasures indeed, the sinews of your crown. your majesty doth best and only know) consisteth in your subjects, generally unexpert in warlike defence; and as they are divided now into mighty factions (and factions bound in

counted damnable; some having their ambition stopped, because they are not in the way of advancement: some in prison and disgrace; some whose best friends are banished practisers; many thinking you an usurper; many thinking also you had disannulled your right, because of the Pope's excommunication; all burthened with the weight of their conscience; men of great numbers, of great riches (because the affairs of state have not lain on them), of united minds (as all men that deem themselves oppressed naturally are); with these I would willingly join all discontented persons, such as want and disgrace keep lower than they have set their hearts; such as have resolved what to look for at your hands; such as Cæsar said, Quibus opus est bello civili, and are of his mind, malo in acie, quam in fore cadere.

FRANCIS BACON.

FRANCIS BACON,

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perpetual hyperbole is comely in nothing

born in London, 1561, was created Lord but love; neither is it merely in the phrase;

High Chancellor of England and Baron Verulam, 1619; Viscount of St. Alban's, 1620, and died in 1626. The work by which Bacon is best known to the general reader is entitled Essayes: Religious Meditations: Places of Perswasion and Disswasion, Lond., 1597, 16mo; frequently reprinted, with addi

tions.

"The first in time, and, we may justly say, the first in excellence, of English writers on moral prudence, are the Essays of Bacon. . . . The transcendent strength of Bacon's mind is visible in the whole tenor of these Essays, unequal as they must be from the very nature of such compositions. They are deeper and more discriminating than any earlier, or almost any later work in the English language: full of recondite observations, long matured, and carefully sifted.... Few books are more quoted, and, what is not always the case with such books, we may add, that few are more generally read. In this respect they lead the van of our prose literature; for no gentleman is ashamed of owning that he has not read the Elizabethan writers; but it would be somewhat derogatory to a man of the slightest claim to

polite letters were he unacquainted with the Essays of Bacon."-HALLAM: Introduc. to Lit. of Europe.

ESSAY X. OF LOVE.

That

for whereas it hath been well said, "That
the arch flatterer, with whom all the pretty
flatterers have intelligence, is a man's self;
certainly the lover is more; for there was
of himself as the lover doth of the person
never a proud man thought so absurdly well
loved; and therefore it was well said,
it is impossible to love and to be wise."
Neither doth this weakness appear to others
only, and not to the party loved, but to the
loved most of all, except the love be recip-
rocal; for it is a true rule, that love is ever
rewarded, either with the reciprocal, or with
an inward or secret contempt; by how much
more the men ought to beware of this pas
sion, which loseth not only other things, but
itself. As for the other losses, the poet's re-
lation doth well figure them: "That he that
preferred Helena quitted the gifts of Juno
and Pallas" for whosoever esteemeth too
much of amorous affection quitteth both
riches and wisdom. This passion hath its
floods in the very times of weakness, which
are great prosperity and great adversity,
though this latter hath been less observed;
both which times kindle love, and make it
more fervent, and therefore show it to be
the child of folly. They do best who, if
they cannot but admit love, yet make it keep
quarter, and sever it wholly from their seri-
ous affairs and actions of life; for if it check
once with business, it troubleth men's for-
tunes, and maketh men that they can no
ways be true to their own ends. I know
not how, but martial men are given to love
I think it is but as they are given to wine
for perils commonly ask to be paid in pleas

ures.

The stage is more beholding to love than the life of men; for as to the stage, love is even matter of comedies, and now and then of tragedies; but in life it doth much mischief; sometimes like a siren, sometimes like a fury. You may observe that amongst all the great and worthy persons (whereof the memory remaineth, either ancient or recent) there is not one that hath been transported to the mad degree of love, which There is in man's nature a secret inclina shows that great spirits and great business tion and motion towards love of others, do keep out this weak passion. You must which, if it be not spent upon some one or except, nevertheless, Marcus Antonius, the a few, doth naturally spread itself towards half partner of the empire of Rome, and many, and maketh men become humane and Appius Claudius, the decemvir and law-charitable, as it is seen sometimes in friars. giver; whereof the former was indeed a voluptuous man, and inordinate; but the latter was an austere and wise man; and therefore it seems (though rarely) that love can find entrance, not only into an open heart, but also into a heart well fortified, if watch be not well kept. It is a poor saying of Epicurus, "Satis magnum alter alteri theatrum sumus" as if man, made for the contemplation of heaven, and all noble objects, should do nothing but kneel before a little idol, and make himself a subject, though not of the mouth (as beasts are), yet of the eye, which was given him for higher purposes. It is a strange thing to note the excess of this passion, and how it braves the nature and value of things by this, that the speaking in a

Nuptial love maketh mankind; friendly love perfecteth it; but wanton love corrupteth and embasseth it.

ESSAY XLIV. OF BEAUTY.

Virtue is like a rich stone, best plain set; and surely virtue is best in a body that is comely, though not of delicate features; and that hath rather dignity of presence than beauty of aspect: neither is it at most seen that very beautiful persons are otherwise of great virtue; as if nature were rather busy not to err, than in labour to produce excellency; and therefore they prove accomplished, but not of great spirit: and study rather behaviour than virtue. But this

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