Various definitions of Wealth, 2; Sources of Wealth, 4; Means of contributing to the increase of Wealth, 5. The variety of Systems has produced Incredulity and Superstition, 6. Affinity of Political Economy with the science of Government and Legislation, 8. Civilization connected with the study of Political Economy, 12. Division of the Work, 13. Introduction on the nature of Wealth, 15; the passion for Wealth is universal, 18; it is the promoter of Industry, 19; it originally caused Domestic Servitude and Civil and Foreign Wars, 21; among the Persians, 23; Spartans, 24; Athenians, 25; Carthaginians, 26; Romans, 27; nations of the Middle Age, 30; Arabs, 32; Among the Moderns the passion for Wealth has been directed towards Labour, Industry, and Commerce, 34; at Venicè, Genoa, Pisa, Florence, in the Hanseatic Towns, the Cities of Spain, France, and Germany, 35; among the Portuguese and Spaniards, in Hindostan and America, 36. Different influence of modern and ancient Wealth, 38. Conclusion of the Introduction, 50.
VARIOUS SYSTEMS CONCERNING THE SOURCES OF WEALTH.
The Mercantile System, 52; the Monetary System, 58; the System of lowering the rate of Interest, 60; the Agricultural System, 63; the System of Labour that fixes and realizes itself in a permanent object, 67; the System of the permanent and necessary equilibrium of Wealth and Poverty, 68; these yarious Systems reconciled, 70.
OF THE VARIOUS SYSTEMS CONCERNING LABOUR.
The productiveness of Wealth is not exclusively reserved to one sort of Labour, 74;
Nor peculiar to some Labours, but common to all, 87.
Agricultural Labour is not the most productive of labours, 92; it limits Accumulation, 94; the distribution of its produce holds out few encouragements to Industry, Sciences, Arts, and Com- merce, 95; its produce is insufficient to supply the wants of a great political power, 96. The Labours of Industry and Commerce are preferable, because they are susceptible of great subdivision, give a considerable impulse to general Labour, and favour Accu- mulation, 103. The resources of Agriculture compared to those of Manufactures and Commerce, 108 the superiority of the latter proved by History, 109; by the authority of Adam Smith, 110; by their mutual advantages and inconveniences, 112. Man- ufacturing and trading nations have nothing to fear from the pro- gress of Industry and Commerce among agricultural nations, 117 their manufactures and trade are rather extended by it, 120. Manufactures and trade can alone confer great political power, 126.
The causes which invigorate Labour, are: 1, the division of Labour in Manufactures, 130; 2, its concentration in Agriculture, or large farms, 137; 3, and the introduction of Machines, 139.
Obstacles to the progress of Labour, are: 1, the slavery of the La- bourer, 145-6.
2. Apprenticeships and Corporations, 154.
3. And Combinations, which lower the wages of Labour below their natural rate, 158. Conclusion of the Second Book, 161.
OF THE VARIOUS SYSTEMS RESPECTING CAPITAL. CHAP. I.
Wherein do Capitals consist? 162; in Metallic Currency, in the advancement of Agriculture, or in the first materials of all Labour, Improvements of the soil, &c. ibid; in the Instruments and Ma- chines proper to shorten and facilitate Labour, or in the accumu- lation of the produce of Labour? 163.
How are Capitals formed? 165; by economy in the costs of Agri- cultural labour, and by the increased price of commodities through Foreign Trade, ibid; or by the proportion of productive to unproductive labour, 167; or by economy in consumption? 168.
How are Capitals employed? 182: to what kind of Capital does the Metallic Currency belong? 186: is Paper Credit a part of cap- ital? 194. Of the hoarding of Money, 196. Of Capital lent out at interest, 199. Does the rate of Interest depend upon the plen- ty or scarcity of Metallic Currency? 202: is it to be fixed by Law? 203 is the lending of Capital at Interest profitable or de- trimental to National Wealth? 208. Of Public loans, or Na- tional Debts, ibid: Of a Sinking Fund, 214.
Of the influence of Capitals on the progress of Public Wealth, 230; it is greater or smaller according as Capitals are employed, 231. Which mode of employing of capital is most favourable to the pro- gress of Wealth? 233.
Of the Profit of Stock, 244: of the causes which regulate that Pro- fit, 245.
Conclusion of the Third Book, 247.
OF THE VARIOUS SVSTEMS RELATING TO THE CIR- CULATION OF THE PRODUCE OF LABOUR BY
Introduction, on the importance of Commerce, 249.
Of the causes of the circulation of the produce of Labour, 253.
Of the Value of the Produce of Labour, 255: this Value is regula- ted, 1st, by the wants of the Consumers, and their means of sup- plying them, 256; 2dly, by the demand for Commodities, and their abundance or scarcity, 257; 3dly, by Labour, 258; 4thly, by Land and Labour, 259; 5thly, by the value of Man, 260. There is no invariable Standard of Value, 264. Money and Corn are not better calculated than Labour to fix the Value of things for distant times, 268; there is no fixed Value of things but up to what their production has cost, 270; beyond this the Profits on Productions of Labour are unequal, 271; this inequali- ty of Profits is indifferent with regard to the Home-Trade, 272; it is not injurious in the exchange of Home for Foreign produce, 273; except in one particular case, 278.
Of the influence of Money and credit upon the circulation of the Produce of labour, 286. Different kinds of Money, 287: ob- jects of every Monetary System, 288; obstacles which it en- counters: 1, in the nature of things, 289; 2, in the confused notions of its own nature, 290. What is Money? 295. Is a Seignorage on Coin advantageous? 297. Is either Gold or Silver alone to be admitted as Money? 300. Is there a known and fixed proportion between Money and the Produce which it is to circulate? 303. Is the abundance of Money favourable or in- different to the progress of Wealth? 306. Is a Gold and Silver Currency necessary to the formation of Wealth? 312. Doesits Plenty contribute to the progress of Wealth? 314.
Of Credit and Banks, 319: what is Credit? ibid: three sorts of Credit, 322 1, Commercial Credit, ibid. Of the liquidation of
Commercial Credit by setting off or compensating one debt against the other, 326. Of Deposit Banks, 329; Bank of Venice, ibid; Bank of Genoa, or Bank of St. George, 332; Bank of Amster- dam, 334; Bank of Rotterdam, 337; Bank of Hamburgh, ibid. Of Banks of Circulation, 338: Bank of England, ibid; its nature, 340; its extent, 342; its advantages and inconveni- encies, 346. Number of Banks of that kind in England, 349, The amount of Commercial Debts liquidated with Bank-notes, 350. Is an abundant Paper Currency favourable to the progress
of Wealth 351. Of the Banks of Circulation that have existed in France, 352: Mr. Law's Bank, 353; Discounting Bank (Caisse d' Escompte), ibid; Bank of Current Accounts, 354; Commercial Bank, 355; Manufacturers' Bank, ¿vid; Land Bank, ibid: Bank of France, 356. Which of the two kinds of Banks is most favourable to the progress of Wealth, 368. 2. Pri- vate Credit, 371: Banks of Circulation of no use to it, 372. vate Credit has made little progress, because it is opposed by most Religions, 373. The law fixes the rate of Interest, and favours the Debtor, 374. 3. Public Crédit, and wherein it resembles Commercial and Private Credit, 378.
Which Trade is the most beneficial to National Wealth? Opinions in favour of Foreign Trade, 382; in favour of the Home Trade, 384: Foreign Trade is the most conducive to National Wealth, 386. Of the different methods of carrying on the Foreign Trade of a Country, 398.
1. of Corporations and privileged Companies, 398; this method of trading is prejudicial to Wealth, 399.
2. Of Modern Colonies, 404: their difference from the Colonies of the Ancients, ibid. This mode of trading is beneficial, and has been of great service, with regard to population, 405; to capitals, 406; and to Public and Private Wealth, 410. Have Nations with Colonies shared more largely in these advantages than Na- tions that have no Colonies ?411. Of Colonial Monopoly, 413: it is of no advantage to monopolizing Nations, 417.
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