screw working through its entire length, with a graduated head, c. D is a binding-screw connected with a socket, which holds the various tools, of six of which we here give drawings, which may be made, of course, of any shape that may be desired. This instrument enables the turner to describe circles of any size within its compass, by simply turning the screw, C, at the end of the frame, which moves the socket nearer to or farther from the centre.

B

FIG. 12.

THE VERTICAL CUTTING-FRAME.

This tool, like the two preceding ones, is attached to the slide in the cradle, B, on the slide-rest by its shaft,

A.

B is the end of a steel spindle, passing through its upper end, and at exactly right angles with the shaft, having a slot and binding-screw for holding one of the small tools (see Fig. 11), at one end, and a similar small steel wheel to that in Fig. 10 at the other, and worked in exactly the same way. This tool, as its name signifies, only cuts vertically.

We now come to a far more complicated but most useful tool, called

THE UNIVERSAL CUTTING-FRAME,

which, like all the preceding ones, fits into the slide of the slide-rest, and is worked by means of the overhead motion. As its name implies, its action is universal, i.e., it enables the turner to make cuts in his work at any angle and direction.

A is its shaft, having a spindle passing through its entire length, attached to the apparatus to be presently described at its upper end, and a finelygraduated index, C, with a binding-screw, F, at the other. This index has its zero or starting-point on its upper side, and the degrees marked upon it extend to its right and left. The instrument, as shown in the engraving, is set at this point, and the cut made by it in this position would be exactly horizontal. B is the small wheel similar to that in Fig. 12. H is the end of the small spindle, having a slot cut through it, and a binding-screw for the purpose of holding any of the small tools in Fig. II. E is the head of the instrument, and below it is the binding-screw for the purpose of holding the small frame, D, which carries the two small additional or guide-wheels. It is obvious that if the band from the overhead motion came direct from it to the small wheel B in the position in the drawing, it could not act, as that wheel is in an horizontal one; but, with the aid of the additional or guide-wheels on the frame D, the band

can be brought to bear upon it at any angle. We will suppose, then, that a cut is required to be made at fifteen degrees from zero on the right: the binding-screw, F, must be loosened, and the instrument turned in its shaft until the mark on the small fixed stud is exactly opposite that number on the index, when the binding-screw, F, must be tightened and the cut made. If a corresponding cut is required, all that is necessary is to again loosen the bindingscrew, F, turn the instrument in its shaft until the same number on the other

B

D

H

A

F

FIG. 13.

side of the index is opposite the mark on the small stud, when the cut made will be exactly in a corresponding direction on the other side. The frame, D, is made to shift from one side to the other, so as to accommodate it to the shape or position of the work; and this is done by simply loosening the binding-screw at E, withdrawing the frame, and putting it through the same hole on the other side, and again tightening the screw; the small brass additional or guide-wheels on the frame must then be transferred to the other end of the bar on which they work, or they will not be opposite the small driving-wheel on the spindle, and would not, therefore, be "in gear" with it.

This brief description, with the drawing before him, will, we think, be amply sufficient to enable the pupil to comprehend the great use of this instrument. All further knowledge of it can only be acquired by practice on the instrument itself.

We next proceed to give a description of

THE ECCENTRIC CHUCK.

Fig. 14 being the front part of it, showing the cog-wheel, B, on which the common chuck carrying the work is screwed, with its ratchet and spring, C and D; and Fig. 15 showing the back of the chuck, with the screw, F, by which it is attached to the mandril of the lathe, E being the head of the screw, to be

hereafter described. This chuck is nothing more than a slide for moving the work in an eccentric position, or "out of the centre," which enables the turner

to operate upon the surface of it at any given point. We here give an engraving of the chuck with the slide thrown out. A is the brass slide; B is the cogged wheel on which the common chuck is fixed, which is graduated round its edge

with ninety-six divisions or cogs, into which the ratchet, C, having a powerful spring, D, works, and holds it in any position. It will be seen, therefore, that a lateral or a circular movement, or both, can be given to the work attached to it, and thus any part of it so placed that the tool in the slide-rest can be brought to bear upon it. A slot the whole length of the chuck is cut

both in the slide, A, and in the brass plate below it, and a steel block is firmly brazed to the lower part of the slide A, through which the screw, E, works. The slide A can thus be moved any distance from the centre by turning this screw. When the slide A is screwed "home," it is exactly concentric with the mandril of the lathe. It may be well to remark here that any work intended to be ornamented by the aid of this chuck in conjunction with the slide-rest should always be turned upon it in this position in the plain lathe, and "faced" by means of the slide-rest tools in the slide (Fig. 8) without moving it from, or disturbing it in, the chuck. Attention to hints like this, trifling as they may appear until put in practice, will often save the turner much time, much annoyance, and, what is perhaps of more importance, much temper; for it frequently, indeed nearly always, happens that, after much labour devoted to the preparation of a piece of work to receive eccentric patterns, &c., and it is found necessary to remove it from one chuck to another, or to move it in its own chuck from the lathe (even although you immediately replace it), a great want of accuracy will be discovered, which will take probably hours to set to rights. Let it be a golden rule therefore never, after a piece of work is in a sufficient state of forwardness to receive the pattern intended to be placed upon it, allow it to be removed from the mandril or moved in its chuck.

An instrument not in anything like general use amongst amateur turners, although it enables them to place ornamental patterns on work of certain peculiar shapes and forms, which they could not perform without its aid, is deserving of a description here; and we can assure our young friends that, when they have attained a certain amount of proficiency in this delightful amusement, it will be well worth their attention, and a most useful addition to their stock of ornamental apparatus. It is a very simple, though very ingenious, piece of mechanism, and we will now attempt to describe it. It is called

THE DOME CHUCK,

and is so named from its enabling the turner to ornament the sides of a dome or half-sphere on its convex surface, which will be noticed in the instructions hereafter given.

A is a stout piece of brass or gun metal, about half an inch thick and four

and a half inches long, with a nozzle at one end cut at right angles to fit the mandril of the lathe; and at the other is a graduated nut, E, attached to a screw, which passes along a slot (longer than appears by the engraving) and through a block on the lower side of the slide, which can thus be moved to or from the centre. To an arm extending from this slide is fixed the graduated wheel (ninetysix divisions), E, which is moved round by the endless screw, D, by means of a key, and G is a screw of the same size as that cut on the nose of the mandril, which receives the chuck containing the work, C being a binding-screw to fix the slide in its place. The slide referred to is composed

FIG. 17.

of two plates of brass, and the slot and binding-screw, F, admits of the upper one being turned on the other by its centre, which, giving a different position to the work, enables an elliptical shape to be operated upon. It must not be imagined that anything can be done with the chuck without the assistance of the slide-rest and overhead motion. It merely holds the work in its proper position, and regulates its adjustment and the requisite movements as the work proceeds.

We now come to a description of the very ingenious and indispensable instrument for sharpening the small tools used in this branch of turning (shown in Fig. 11), on which the accuracy and uniformity of the work very materially depends, and without which it would be impossible to preserve that exactness in the angles of the tools, which is so essential to good work, and to produce and retain the necessary polish upon them.

A

It is composed almost entirely of brass, the upper part, G, being attached to the lower one, C, by a hinge, and having graduations on its upper surface, commencing at its centre and extending right and left. From just above the hinge is an index, moving on a pin just below the binding-screw, B, and extending to the graduations on the brass plate, and upon it are two sockets, A A, into which the holder containing the tool to be sharpened is placed, and held tight by the binding-screw, B. F is a semicircular piece of steel, also graduated, fastened to the lower plate and passing through the upper one, which is kept in its place by the binding-screw, D. At each end of the lower plate is a small stud or foot. It will be seen that by this arrangement the index carrying the tool can be placed at any angle by moving it to the right or left, and any degree of bevil can be obtained by moving the upper plate, G, up or down the perpendicular index, F. When in use, i.e., when a tool is being sharpened, the two studs or feet and the tool itself form a tripod upon any even surface on which they may be placed.

FIG. 18.

In order to sharpen a tool, proceed as follows (all these tools, if procured from Messrs. Holtzappfel and Co., of Charing Cross, bear a number): first ascertain the number engraved upon it, and then move the index to the corresponding number on the plate, having of course fixed the tool in the sockets; then, being prepared with a piece of perfectly smooth and even sheet of brass, place upon it a small quantity of crocus powder (to be had at Messrs. Holtzappfel and Co.'s) and a little salad oil; then let the two feet of the instrument and the bevil of the tool rest on this plate, the tool being placed, of course, on the crocus: by simply moving the tool round and round and to the right and left, the keenest edge will be obtained, and at the same time the most