Elementary Principles of Fortification

12 feet advance annexed diagram arrangement artillery assailant assault attack banquette bastions batteries besiegers breach bridge Canister Shot caponniere casemates cavalier centre charge command construction counter-forts counterguards counterscarp coupure covered covered-way crest curtain defiladed dimensions direct fire distance earth elevation embrasures enceinte enemy enemy's enfilade epaulement escarp excavation exposed exterior side faces fascines flanked angle flanking defence foot fortification fortress fougasses front gabions gallery garrison glacis gorge grape shot ground guns height howitzers inches interior slope length loop-holes main ditch masonry mortars necessary party passage perpendicular pickets places of arms plane polygon pontoon position postern powder protected rampart and parapet ravelin re-entering places rear Redan redoubt retrenchment revetment river salient angle sand-bags sappers second parallel secure shells shot shoulder angle siege sorties strong sufficient superior slope tenaille terre-plein thick timber tion trace traverses trench troops usually Vauban's vertical wall yards