this is really the question-though these con-faided by their peerless mental energies. La. siderations carry with them an imposing weigh bor-here lies the source of all wealth; this is towards settling the question-yet I am no the mine of all mines to work for its production, willing to rest it, and leave it to be decided on for its issues are unceasing and inexhaustible. these considerations: for I am convinced that To open and fully to develop this resource is the policy is the true policy of this country to strike upon the fountain of national wealth and that, if it had never been adopted, it oughto open the spring-head of, and to realize, now to be adopted; that we are invited to it by the fabled Pactolus, whose copious and unfailother considerations that are irresistible. ing stream was a stream of gold. Nothing, With your indulgence I will attempt, as nothing is so omnipotent in producing national briefly as I can, to lay before you the grounds wealth as the labor of a nation profitably directof that conviction. In a mltifarious and ex-ed and fully developed. tremely complicated question, as one involving We shall all agree, I suppose, that it would effects immediate and remote, direct and con- be beneficial to the country to have all her resequential of a scheme of national policy, must sources fully developed; that the policy which be, it is difficult to say enough for demonstra-would have this effect is her true policy; that, tion, without saying too much for patient atten- if it be the only policy that could have this ef tion. I will endeavor, however, to do the one, fect, it would be unwise not to adopt it; and and to avoid, if possible, doing the other. Per- that, if the protecting be that very policy, it mit me to premise a few remarks. ought to be continued. What, then, is the We have a great country, possessing great natural and necessary operation of the protec natural resources, yet to be developed; and ating policy?—I mean if it be effectively followpeople, of all others the best fitted to develop ed out according to its principle, and to the -a nation of freemen, animated with the spir-extent of its principie. it, and possessing all the energies of freedom; Its primary effect is to give to the country, remarkable for their intelligence, their activity, in time, and rapidly too, a body of manufactures and their enterprise; sagacious, inventive, and equal to the supply of the demand for all the fertile in resource; prompt and bold in adven- wants of all the country; and beyond, for exture; ardent and indefatigable in pursuit. They portation to other countries, to an indefinite are a hive without drones; all are active, all on but very great amount. Already, though we the wing, every where, and ransacking every are but in the intancy of this policy, our export field that promises profit; in a country too of manufactures stands next in importance to where no mortmain, no perpetuities prevent the export of tobacco, and that is next in imalienation and check circulation; where the ac-portance to cotton: cotton stands first. The cumulations of one generation are broken down export of manufactures, proceeding as they in the next by distribution; where every new have hitherto proceeded, will soon exceed in generation is made up of individuals thrown value that of tobacco. Perhaps it will not soon" upon their own resources to make their way in rival in value the export of cotton; but if the the world for themselves; where there is no policy be not arrested, the day is coming when passport to distinction but eminent merit, and it will not only rival, but surpass in value the where that is an infallible passport; where the export of cotton, and stand at the head of our first abilities and the highest virtues connected, export commerce. Let not this idea be thought whatever may be their birth, vindicate their extravagant. Look at the export commerce of way to the first places in society-to the high- England: vast as that is, nine-tenths of it are est honors of the nation. made up of their manufactures, acquired by Now, what are those natural resources to be this very policy. developed by this people, so fitted to develop Will it be pretended that we could have this them? They are many; a few only of the body of manufactures without this policy? more prominent need now be indicated. There Pray, reflect for a moment, that, when the late is a cipital in our domain and its fertility; in its war and double duties secured to the industry mineral treasures, not yet fully explored, but of the country the market of the country for showing themselves in parts all over our coun- the supply of manufactures, they sprung up try, and boundless, in extent; its means of ar- on all sides, as it were by enchantment. But tificial power, by water and by steam, also when the war and double duties terminated, boundless, and every where diffused; a do- they went down at once; and would have gone main more immense and more valuable than down for ever, but for the tariff of 1816; illusever was possessed before by any other peo-trating the prodigious effect of complete prople; a domain that combines the elements tection, and the prodigious difference between of a world within itself; and when it shall be that and protection that is incomplete, and only filled up with its happy millions, when all its judicious, as it is called; and illustrating, too, faculties shall be unfolded, will rival Europe, the necessity of protection to give birth to manwill not be less in numbers, and will be far su ufactures. In a country without manufactures, perior in condition. If our energies are di- what man, in the present state of the world, rected by our true policy, the rising generation would embark and hazard his fortune in the will not all have passed away before these things undertaking to begin them, against the equal come. The infant born to day may live to see competition of other countries, possessing evethat. Add to all this, our physical resource in ry advantage over him, and ready, and willing, the labor of our great and growing population, and interested to crush the attempt? It would be fully to think of it, for it would be inevitable country may have, and ought to have, will be ruin. In what instance, in modern and recent brought, as it were, to every man's door. If times, I would ask, has any nation ever acquir-you doubt the magnitude of this market, do ed manufacturing riches without a protecting but reflect upon the demand they create upon policy? Why, the thing is impossible: in the your agriculture, your crops, your flocks, your nature of things it cannot be. Since 1816 our mines, and other agricultural treasures, for manufactures have increased, as the subsequent furnishing the raw material of their fabrics; and tariffs have increased the degree of protection; then for the supply of the wants of the whole and now they are advancing with rapid strides. manufacturing population; not stinted in their We have these manufacturing riches, then, by consumption of the necessaries of life, because means of this policy; and without it we cannot not stinted in their means to afford them; and have them. you will doubt no longer. I should hope the Now, consider that, by acquiring these man-honorable gentleman from Georgia would no ufactures, we have acquired a new and almost longer doubt. Wherever manufactures are boundless field for the profitable employment planted, they change the face of nature and of capital, made profitable to the owner, by the condition of the whole surrounding counemploying the labor of the country, in giving a try, and by means of the market they create. new value to the products of the country. Ask the agriculturists within the sphere of Why is commerce beneficial to the country, those markets to give up this policy-you and why is it protected to such an immense might as well ask them to give up their freeexpense as it is? It creates nothing; it only holds; you might tear them from the one as exchanges what has been created. It is bene easily as the other; and those of us who repreficial, because, and only because, it gives pro- sent them here, be assured, are far behind fitable employment to capital, and because them in zeal for its continuance. Why is it, that employment gives employment to the la that, as manufactures have multiplied, and ex bor of the country. Now, whatever the rela-tended themselves, this policy has gained tive profits in capital may be in those two em- friends, and particularly with the agricultural ployments, (which must depend on times and circumstances,) it is certain that, in the employ ment of labor, the capital in manufactures, in proportion to the amount, far outstrips the capital in commerce. population? It is because they have been made to feel its benefits; it has made proselytes by conferring benefits. They see these manufactures putting every thing in motion around them, evoking and evolving all the dorNow, can the different fields of business for mant energies of place and society; the old and the profitable employment of capital and labor the young, females as well as males, all embe too much multiplied in a country, for the ployed; it is one scene of universal activity. good and prosperity of the country? Is it not With the dawn of the sun the busy scene befor the good of the country that all its growing gins, nor is the sun more constant in his course, capital should be profitably employed in the nor more regular in his return to it, than they business of the country, and should have the in and to theirs; contented, animated, and hapmeans of profitable employment? And is not py, their gains make their labors light, and the the acquisition of every such new field, to the whole surrounding country rings with joy. extent of that field, a gain to the country? For much of our agriculture it makes the only Consider, again, the demand which these market it can have; for all that produce, for manufactures make for the labor of the country; instance, that must be consumed at or near the and the effect of that labor in improving the place of its growth. For all that which admits condition of the laboring classes, and in pro- of transportation and exportation, this policy, ducing and augmenting the national wealth. young as it is, has alre dy made this country Are the laboring classes of this nation few in greater and better market than all the world numbers? In numbers, they far exceed all beside, except for the articles of tobacco and other classes put together. Is it no recommen-cotton. For cotton it affords a better market dation of this policy that it makes them happy, than any other country in the world, except while they make their country rich? England; it affords a better market than Eng. This policy, then, will give us these manu- land did fifteen years ago, and in fifteen years factures as its primary effect. Now, what will hence it will afford a better market than Engbe the effect of this effect-the effect, I mean, land now does. So late as 1819, our whole of manufactures? In the first place it will be export of cotton was but 87,000,000 lbs. The to create a market for our agriculture; and that consumption by our manufactures now is 78,secured to our agriculture by the same policy 000,000 lbs. This country, by means of this -a market, the magnitude and effect of which, policy, is rapidly making for itself, and within those who have not reflected upon the subject itself, a market equal to that of all Europe. can have no adequate idea; a market sufficient I mean however, if it be aided by making and for all our agriculture as it now is, and all it completing the facilities of intercommunication may be hereafter, a market not confined to the of which the country is susceptible. The great sea board, and a few ports, but diffused all evil of our situation arises from what is its great over our country, wherever there is a water advantage-the immensity of our domain, and fall, wherever there is a bed of coal, wherever our dispersion over it. These improvements coal may be water borne; a market that, with would remove this evil, and leave this advanthe facilities of intercommunication which the tage unmixed. Then, with all the advantages of our expanded domain, we should have uni-I pray gentlemen to look at the effect of this ted all the advantages of condensation and policy on the foreign commerce of England, neighborhood. But, without this policy, we and examine the tables of that commerce. cannot have these manufactures; and without Vast as that is, you will see that nine-tenths these manufactures, we cannot have this mar- of it is the fruit of this policy; of this policy ket; and without this market, we cannot have thoroughly followed out and steadily pursued; these facilities; or if we could have them, they and thereby increasing the ability to consume, would be no object. The stock in them would it has increased the consumption in the same be unprofitable; it would make no dividends; ratio. No nation can compare with that, in it would be a dead capital. The cause of this riches; and none in public and private expense. policy, then, and the cause of these improve. To show the operation of this policy upon foments, is one and the same cause; they stand reignfcommerce, take a single fact upon a small or they fall together. But the west is told, scale, and, ex pede, estimate the Hercules; esthat it is a delusion on their part to believe this; timate the gigantic effect to be produced by that this policy is not recessary to these im- the whole system. The county of Worcester provements; and that they may have the im- is an interior country in the State of Massachuprovements without the policy; and told this setts. There, they have begun, among other by the foes of both. Why not tell them they manufactures, the manufacture of woollens. may have life without blood, and its circulation? Those establishments are yet small, though The one is just as feasible as the other, and just somewhat numerous; they are thirty-five in as probable. number. Now, what demand do they already create, which is to be supplied by foreign comme ce? To be supplied annually, and which otherwise would not exist? Indigo, | 52,112 pounds at $1 50, $768,168 9,207 15,485 12,985 1,000 17,432 $188,756 Of all the strange ideas thrown out in this debate, the most strange, according to my ap. prehension of the fact, was the supposed ten dency of this policy to diminish our commerce, and particularly the foreign. The honorable gentleman from Tennessee, while he lamented, or affected to lament, the decline of our foreign commerce, admitted the great increase of the revenue paid by that commerce, and built upon that very fact his plan for its permanent reduction. If our foreign commerce is really dy ing of a consumption by this po icy, why, the revenue will die with it, and we may dispense Why, the tonnage required to be employed with our fears of having too much, and change in foreign commerce by one single manufacthem to fears of having too little. This policy, ture, in one country, is more than would be if foreign commerce is perishing by its wither- required, to import all the woollens that we ing blast, will dry up that source of revenue, ever imported from England in any one year. and leave us to look to other sources for its Yet we are told, this policy is to diminish our supply. But the truth is, that it does not di- foreign commerce; when, in truth, there is no minish our foreign commerce; the truth is, it calculating, hardly no conceiving, the extent augments that commerce; the truth is, that to which it will enlarge it. It is true our fothis policy tends, beyond all other means that reign tonnage is somewhat less than it was years ever were devised by the wit of man, to aug- ago, when it was made large by the then exment that commerce. The effect is not im traordinary state of the world, and when we mediately so visible in the tonnage employed had in our hands the commerce of other na (though the effect is ultimately very great) as tions. With the final period to that state of in the increased value of that commerce. things, when these nations resumed their com This policy, in the first place, by creating man-merce, our foreign tonnage suddenly fell off, ufactures, creates a demand and a commerce and reduced itself to what was permitted to it for the foreign supply of materials necessary to by the general competition. it was much retheir fabrics, infinitely greater than the com- duced. But, from that period to the present, merce it displaces and supersedes. This polit has been progressively increasing, and is now cy, in the next place, by increasing the ability rapidly increasing. Though that tonnage is of the country to consume, in the same proportion, increases the foreign demand for all the supplies that foreign countries must furnish: for consumption is always regulated by income. The tonnage appears less in proportion to the commerce, on account of the great im provement of late in the structure of merchant vessels. A very intelligent merchant, and well acquainted with the subject, states, that, by that improvement, some vessels carry nearly or quite 50 per cent. more of cotton, for instance, to the ton, than they did antecedently to that improvement. somewhat less than it was at the time, and for the cause just mentioned, yet our commerce is vastly greater than it was then, or ever has been, as is evinced by the revenue it pays; it has been made thus greater by this very policy. But the effect of this policy on foreign commerce, vast as it is, is nothing-it is the rivulet to the flowing tides of the Ocean, compared to its effect on the domestic commerce. This, the domestic commerce, it may be said literally to create; for it enlarges it to a magnitude by the side of which the foreign dwindles into comparative insignificance. In England, the estimate of Adam Smith made the home-trade to the foreign, as fifteen to one: both have mestic, beyond any other, and all other, possigrown since, astonishingly-the home the ble means. These manufactures are indeed the most, and both by this policy. The honora-grand purchase, the compound lever,by which ble gentleman from Tennessee admits that the all the great interests of the country are to be coasting tonnage is increased, and well he may, raised from their dormant state, so far as they for it has doubled within a few years; but sure are dormant, in the manner I have endeavored ly that gentleman need not be informed, that to point out, and to a height, but far beyond the coasting tonnage employed is no criterion the height, which I have been able to portray even of the coasting commerce: for the car- or illustrate. Archimedes said, give me ground goes have increased in value much faster than to stand on, and with the lever I can lift the the tonnage has increased in amount. The earth from its sphere. Manufactures have a coasting vessel, that transported lumber and force seemingly as infinite; and here we have other gross products, now transports cotton. not to suppose means impossible in their nature The two hundred thousand bales required by for its exertion; we have them at commandour manufactures is of more value than the we have them in this policy. If any one think whole of the coasting commerce was, or would these ideas extravagant, let him consider what be, without them. Then reflect upon the va- manufactures have done for England, acquired lue of the returns to the coasting trade from solely by this policy; what wealth she has dethat very cotton, in cotton fabrics, to a four-rived from them; what power from that wealth; fold amount of the cotton itself, and you see at and say, if these ideas are extravagant! If all once that the growing amount of the tonnage the mines of all the precious metals, of all the employed is no criterion of the growing amount diamonds, and all the precious stones, dispers of the coasting commerce. But the coasting ed all over the world, were combined and commerce itself, though some criterion, is no planted in the soil of Great Britain, they would measure of the total amount of the domestic be nothing for wealth, nothing, compared to commerce. The separate internal trade, by the mine of wealth she has found in this policy. internal communication, is to be added, vastly Look at that prodigy of all prodigies on earth, exceeding the amount of the coasting. Here the mass of British capital, accumulated as it beg leave to recur again to the woollen manu- has been by this policy. It baffles every y effort facture of Worcester county, now, for the illus of the imagination to embrace its magnitude. tration of the effect of this policy on the do. It fills all the channels of her industry, diversimestic, as I then did for its effect on the foreign trade. There is required for the supply of that manufacture, annually2,530,000 pounds of wool, 52,112 pounds cotton for warp of satinets, 190,000 pounds ppt and pearl ashes, 21,300 pounds pastel and woad, fied and multiplied as they are to overflowing; it employs more than twenty-four thousand trading vessel, exporting and importing more than two and a half millions of tons of merchandise, annually; and the merchandise exported of the highest value, and nine-tenths of it the fabrics of her own industry; it employs all the 75,517 pounds alum, copperas, blue vi establishments by which those fabrics are pro triol, and other chemicals, 61,395 pounds glue and pates, 3,176 barrels of soft soap, 11,700,000 teasels for napping cloth, 454 barrels of lime and bran, 10,323 cords of wood, for fuel, 275 tons of mineral coal, Leather for belts and 5,191 dollars worth. repairs, duced; it supplies all the demands of her agriculture, and that on a more improved scale than ever before existed; it supplies all the demands of the intern I trade, to fifteen times the amount of the external; it supplies the capital of every object of internal improvement--her one hundred and thirty-eight thousand miles of turnpike; her three thousand miles of canals; her Securities for every anchorage on eighteen hun. Let it be noted, that, in this table, is omitted dred miles of coast; her rail roads, and every the lumber and other materials employed in other object and every other project of internal the factory buildings, and in their machinery.mprovement, it supplies her government with And here it may be remarked, that these ma-a. loan of more than eight hundred millions nufactures create more demand and a better sterling; and foreign governments with a loan market for the article of lumber, with which of more than two hundred millions sterling. our country so abounds, than all the West In Still it is not exhausted, and seems inexhausti dies, and all other foreign markets of the world, ble; the surplus remaining and idle, is suf put together. ficient and ready to supply the demands These manufactures, then, which some gen-of the whole world, provided the security be tlemen look upon with so evil an eye, are ne- not doubted. The representation of it, by my cessary to these grand results; they are the honorable friend from Ohio, so startling at the cause of them, the causa sine qua non. We moment, was within the letter of the truth; it see that, valuable as they are in themselves, is capital that would buy a continent. as an end, they are still more valuable as means What but this capital, acquired by this poli to other ends as the means of giving a spring cy, could have sustained her as she sustained and impulse to agriculture, beyond any other herself, in the wars begun the last century, and and all other possible means; and as the means continued into this? What but this capital, so of extending the sphere and augmenting the acquired, could have enabled her to bear up value of our commerce, both foreign and do-against the pressure of the world, and to set "A Gadibus usque "Auroram et Gangen :" that world at defiance? Her power was found-of Great Britain. But their eyes are now opened in her riches, and her riches were derived ed; the scales have fallen from them; they from this policy. Can there be any doubt of are wide awake to the importance of this polithis? What but this policy has given her her cy; and Great Britain can no longer delude manufactures? What has made her agriculture them with the fine theory of her Adam Smith, what it is, but the market, which these manu which she recommends to them, but repudifactures have created for it What has made ates for herself. her commurce, external and internal, what it is, Again: ancient Rome was once an inconbut these manufactures, which make nine-tenths siderable village, on the banks of the Tiber. of its value? But the very success of the expe That village reared itself into a vast empire, riment of this policy, as made by England, is embracing the fairest portions of the habitable now turned as an argument against the experi- globe; extending, on one line, as the poet exment being made by ourselves. For what is preases it, that argument? It is the superior perfection and cheapness of English manufactures, which are the results, the necessary results, of this very from Cadiz to Aurora and the Ganges" on policy, and which would take place here, just the other, from the burning desert of Lybia, as they have taken place there. And this poli- to the Danube and the Rhine-an empire of cy promises greater and better things for us which all present France was but a province, than it has done even for England : for we un- and Great Britain but an appendage of that prodertake it with greater advantages. Besides others, we have the raw material for manufacher eagles, like the delegate of her Jove, bear vince. In Europe, in Asia, in Africa, she saw tures, in greater abundance beyond all compa- her thunders in triumph over their subjugated rison; we have the means of artificial power, and trembling nations. How is this prodigy to in greater abundance, beyond all comparison; be accounted for? Solely by steadiness of pur but our greatest advantage is in the boundless ⚫uit. extent of our home market which we may self the acquisition of military power, and noThat ambitious village proposed to herbuild up for ourselves, and which will be a thing else: world within itself. Not to mention that we start with all their inventions and improvements -"Venimus ad summum fortunæ," to enter on the same career. And, as to the circum- "Parcere subjectis, et debellare superbos:" stances on which Adam Smith lays so much and the whole scheme of her policy had referstress, and in which he is echoed by Mr. Gal-ence to, and was concentrated in, that leading latin, in his free trade report, namely, the free-object; and that policy was steadily, and undom of their institutions, the enterprise of their waveringly, and exclusively, pursued, for sepeople, and the security of their property, ven hundred years. The same policy that prosurely no American, whatever a foreigner may gressively reared up this gigantic power against do, will admit his country to be inferior to Eng land in these respects. I have said that the value of this policy depended upon its being followed out according to its principle, and to the extent of its princi ple; and I will now add, upon its being steadily pursued. "Hæ tibi erunt artes; pacis que imponere morem, the world, afterwards sustained it over the world for another seven hundred years. The power and the policy fell together. Rome remained invincible, till corruption, after having triumphed over every thing else, came at last to triumph over her military institutions-then Rome fell, and avenged the conquered world with her own suicidal hand. No State ever became great by its policy, but by a steady and persevering pursuit of that But the most interesting instance of the effipolicy; and wonderful is the efficacy of such cacy of this steadiness of pursuit, was given by steadiness and perseverance. I beg leave to the city of Athens; the most interesting, berefer to a few instances. cause the object was most so. From the earGreat Britain owes her astonishing opulence liest times, Athens aspired to literature and the and power to this steadiness of pursuit. It is elegant arts. They were made, as Montesquieu now about two hundred years since she began remarks, a direct and leading object with the in earnest the policy of securing to her own in- government; singular in this respect, and differdustry the monopoly of her own markets; and ing from every other. By steady pursuit of never for a moment has she relaxed in the least the policy, adopted with a view to this end, from the pursuit of that policy. It involved the city of Athens became such a monument of her in one war; but no force without, no com- the arts, that even her imperfect and dilapidatplaint, no clamors within, ever induced on her ed remains are at this day the wonder of the part any, the least wavering, in the pursuit. world. What splendors, then, she must have The astonishing results I have just now given. emitted in the day of her splendors! When, Other nations have not profited equally by the in her freshness, she met the morning sun, and policy, only because they have failed of equal reflected back a rival glory! When she was steadiness in the pursuit. With them, the po-full of the master pieces of genius in every art licy has been fluctuating; sometimes pursued,-creations, that were said to have exalted in and sometimes abandoned, and sometimes re-the human mind the ideas of the Divinities laxed into a "ju licious tariff." It is hence themselves! The fervid eloquence of Demosthat they have been thrown so much in the rear thenes failed, unequal to the task, to do justice |