he is a married man, or head of family, and that such earnings are necessary for the use of his family, residing in this State, supported wholly or in part by his labor: Provided, That when the earnings are $2 a day or less, such married man or head of family shall be entitled to an exemption of $30 per month: Provided, That in no case shall the judgment debtor be taxed with the costs of any proceeding to obtain, by levy of execution or otherwise, any part of the earnings of such judgment debtor, for personal services rendered within thirty days next preceding the levy of such execution;

Wages preferred-In administration.

SECTION 3869. The executor or administrator, as soon as he has sufficient funds in his hands, must pay the funeral expenses and expenses of the last sickness and the allowance made to the family of the decedent. He may retain in his hands the necessary expenses of administration, but he is not obliged to pay any other debt or any legacy until the payment has been ordered by the court.

Payment of funeral expenses, etc.

SEC. 3870. Other debts of the estate must be paid in the follow- Wages a prior claim. ing order:

1. The wages of each employee of the decedent for services rendered within sixty days next preceding his death, not exceeding $100.

Misdemeanors-General penalty.

none is
scribed.

pre

SECTION 4065. Except in cases where a different punishment is Penalty where prescribed by law, every offense declared to be a misdemeanor is punishable by imprisonment in a county jail not exceeding six months, or by a fine in any sum less than $300, or by both. In all cases where a corporation is convicted of an offense for the commission of which a natural person would be punishable as for a misdemeanor, and there is no other punishment prescribed by law, such corporation is punishable by a fine not exceeding $1,000.

Sunday labor.

Sunday la

SECTION 4234. Every person who keeps open on Sunday any store, workshop, bar, saloon, banking house, or other place of busi- bor forbidden. ness, for the purpose of transacting business therein, is punishable by fine not less than $5 nor more than $100.

SEC. 4235. The provisions of the preceding section do not apply Application of to persons who, on Sunday, keep open hotels, boarding houses, law.

baths, restaurants, taverns, livery stables, or retail drug stores,

for the legitimate business of each, or such manufacturing estab

lishments as are usually kept in continuous operation.

SEC. 4238. Every person who performs any unnecessary labor Penalty.

or does any unnecessary business on Sunday is guilty of a misde

meanor, and shall be fined in any sum not exceeding $25.

SEC. 4239. Labor performed by employees of such works as are Exceptions. usually kept in constant operation, and in irrigating, is not included in the foregoing section.

Negligence of employees on steamboats, railroads, etc.

SECTION 4269. Every captain or other person having charge of Negligence enany steamboat used for the conveyance of passengers, or of the dangering life. boilers and engines thereof, who, from ignorance or gross neglect, or for the purpose of excelling any other boat in speed, creates, or allows to be created, such an undue quantity or pressure of steam as to burst or break the boiler, or any apparatus or machinery connected therewith, by which bursting or breaking human life is endangered, is guilty of a misdemeanor.

Same subject.

SEC. 4270. Every engineer or other person having charge of any steam boiler, steam engine, or other apparatus for generating or employing steam who willfully, or from ignorance or gross neglect, creates, or allows to be created, such an undue quantity of steam as to burst or break the boiler, or engine, or apparatus, or cause any other accident whereby human life is endangered, is guilty of a misdemeanor. Negligence SEC. 4271. Every person having charge of any steam boiler or causing death. steam engine, or other apparatus for generating or employing steam, who willfully, or from ignorance or neglect, creates, or allows to be created, such an undue quantity or pressure of steam as to burst or break the boiler, engine, or apparatus, or to cause any other accident whereby the death of a human being is produced, is punishable by imprisonment in the State prison for not less than one nor more than ten years.

Collision

on

SEC. 4272. Every conductor, engineer, brakeman, switchman, or railroad caus- other person having charge, wholly or in part, of any railroad car, ing death. locomotive, or train, who willfully or negligently permits or causes the same to collide with another car, locomotive, or train, or with any other object or thing, or any train dispatcher who willfully or negligently permits any such collision, whereby the death of a human being is produced, is punishable by imprisonment in the State prison for not less than one nor more than ten years.

In toxication

etc.

Intoxication, etc., of railroad employees.

SECTION 4292. Every person who is intoxicated while in charge of engineer, of a locomotive engine, or while acting as conductor or driver upon any railroad train or car, or as motorman, or as conductor of any street car, whether propelled by steam or electricity, or drawn by horses or otherwise, or while acting as train dispatcher or as telegraph operator, and receiving or transmitting dispatches in relation to the movement of trains, is guilty of a misdemeanor. of SEC. 4294. Every engineer, conductor, brakeman, switch tender, or other officer, agent, or servant of any railroad company who is guilty of any willful violation or omission of his duty as such officer, agent, or servant, whereby human life or safety is endangered, the punishment of which is not otherwise prescribed, is guilty of a misdemeanor.

Violation duty.

Platforms to

when.

Protection of employees on street railways-Inclosed platforms. SECTION 4487x7. It shall be unlawful for any person, partnerbe inelo sed, ship, or corporation owning or operating a street railway in this State, or for any officer or agent thereof superintending or having charge or control of the management of the said line of railway or of the cars thereof, operating electric, cable or other cars propelled by steam, cable or electricity, which require when in operation the constant services, care, or attention of any person or persons on any part of such car, to require or permit such services, attention, or care of any of its employees, or any other person or persons between the first day of November and the first day of April of each year, unless such person, partnership, or corporation, its officers or superintending or managing agents, have first provided at least one-third of the entire number of cars so owned with a proper and sufficient inclosure, constructed of wood, iron, and glass, or similar suitable materials, sufficient to protect such employees from exposure to the inclemencies of the weather: Provided, That such inclosure shall be so constructed as not to obstruct the vision of the person operating such car.

Proviso.

Unlawful

operate

without

sure.

to

SEC. 4487x8. It shall be unlawful for any such person, partnercars ship, or corporation so owning or operating a street railway using inclo- steam, electric, or cable cars, or any superintending or managing officer or agent thereof, to cause or permit to be used upon such line of railway between said 1st day of November and said 1st day of April of each and every of said years, any car or cars upon

which services of any employee such as specified in section 4487x7 is required, unless said car or cars shall be provided with the inclosure required by said section 4487x7.

SEC. 4487x9. Any person, partnership, or corporation owning, Penalty. operating, superintending, or managing any such line of street railway, or managing or superintending officer or agent thereof, who shall be found guilty of a violation of the provisions of sections 4487x7, 4487x8, shall be deemed guilty of a misdemeanor, and, upon conviction thereof, shall be punished by a fine of not less than $50 nor more than $250. Each day any of said persons cause or permit any of their said employees to operate such car or cars in violation of the provisions of section 4487x7, or cause or permit cars to be run or operated in violation of section 4487x8, shall be deemed a separate offense: Provided, That the provisions of sections 4487x7-4487x9 shall not apply to cars used and known as trailing cars or cars used solely in construction or repair work, or car or cars known as open or summer cars.

Interference with employment-Intimidation.

SECTION 4487x11. Any person or persons in this State who shall threaten to destroy property or to do bodily harm, for the purpose of preventing any person or persons from entering or remaining in the employ of any company, corporation, or individual, shall be guilty of a misdemeanor.

Coercion of employees-Company stores and boarding houses.

Proviso.

Threats.

Influencing

in choice of board

SECTION 4487x25. Every person, body corporate, agent, manager, or employer doing business in the State of Utah who, by employees coercion, intimidation, threats, or undue influence, compels his ing house, etc. employees to boarding [board] at a particular boarding house, or to trade with or at a particular store, shall be deemed guilty of a misdemeanor.

VERMONT.

PUBLIC STATUTES-1906.

Employment of children-General provisions.

Children un

SECTION 1044. A child under sixteen years of age who has not completed the course of study of nine years prepared for the ele- der 16. mentary schools by the superintendent of education shall not, unless excused in writing by the town superintendent of schools, be employed in work connected with railroading, mining, manufacturing or quarrying, or be employed in delivering messages by a corporation or company, except during vacation and before and after school, unless said child deposits with his employer a certificate from said superintendent to the effect that he is Certificates. eligible to employment in accordance with the provisions of this chapter; and no child under sixteen years of age shall be employed after eight o'clock at night in any of the occupations or Night work. industries herein enumerated. In case said child has been in attendance upon a private or parochial school, said superintendent is empowered to examine said child for the purpose of determining his eligibility to employment in accordance with this section.

SEC. 1045. A town superintendent may inquire of the owner or Enforcement. superintendent of a mill, factory, quarry, workshop, or railroad office, shop or yards, as to the employment of children therein, may call for the production of the certificates deposited with such owner or superintendent, and satisfy himself that the requirements of law have been complied with.

SEC. 1046. No child under the age of twelve years shall be Age limit. employed by or permitted to work for any railroad company, or

Acts of parents, etc.

Violation.

What wages are exempt.

Wage exempt.

debts

A s signments

in any mill, factory, quarry or workshop, or in delivering messages for a corporation or company.

SEC. 1047. No person having a child under his control shall allow him to be employed contrary to the provisions of this chapter.

SEC. 1048. A person who violates a provision of this chapter shall be fined fifty dollars.

Exemption of wages from garnishment.

SECTION 1666. Nor shall a person be adjudged a trustee by reason of wages or compensation due the principal debtor, for work and labor performed by him in person after the service of the trustee process upon the trustee; and no earnings of a minor or married woman shall be subject to the trustee process in a suit against the parent of such minor or husband of such married woman; nor shall a corporation be adjudged a trustee by reason of any money due from it to a person residing without the State, for services rendered without the State, provided a like sum of money so due would be exempt from attachment by trustee process in the State where such person resides.

SEC. 1667. In all cases where a principal defendant is indebted to other persons for work done in the performance of a contract out of which the trustee's indebtedness arises, there shall be exempt from the trustee process, on suit brought for the recovery of debts not incurred as above stated, such sum or sums as may be due from said principal defendant to such other persons for work done in the prosecution of such contract; and said principal defendant shall cause to be summoned as claimants before the court in which a suit so brought is pending, all such other persons to whom he is indebted for work so done.

SEC. 1668. No assignment of future earnings shall be valid to be recorded. against trustee process unless executed in writing, or unless made to secure a debt of an amount stated in the assignment contracted prior to or simultaneously with the execution of the assignment, or a debt for necessaries thereafter to be furnished to the debtor to an amount stated in the assignment, or unless such assignment is recorded in the office of the clerk of the town in which the assignor resides before the service of the writ upon the alleged trustee.

SECTION 2513.

Wages preferred—In insolvency.

In the order for dividends under this chapter, the following claims shall be entitled to priority, and be paid in the following order:

I. The fees, costs and expenses of suits, and the several proceedings in insolvency under this chapter, and for the care and custody of property as herein provided.

II. Debts due the United States, and taxes and assessments under the laws thereof.

III. Debts due the State, and taxes and assessments under the laws thereof.

IV. Wages due any employee, clerk or house servant, to an amount not exceeding fifty dollars, for labor performed within six months preceding the date of the adjudication.

Payment of wages.

SECTION 2699. The word "employee," as used in the four following sections, shall mean a mechanic, workingman or laborer who works for hire.

SEC. 2700. A mining, quarrying, manufacturing, mercantile, tele graph, telephone, railroad or other transportation corporation, and an incorporated express, water, electric light or power company, doing and transacting business within the State, shall pay each week, in lawful money, each employee engaged in the business, the wages earned by such employee to a day not more than six days

prior to the date of such payment: Provided, That, if at any time

of payment an employee is absent from his regular place of labor,

he shall be entitled to such payment upon demand.

void.

SEC. 2701. No such corporation shall pay its employees in script Scrip, etc. [scrip], vouchers, duebills, or store orders, except it be a cooperative corporation in which the employee is a stockholder; but such cooperative corporation shall, upon request of any such shareholding employee pay him as provided in the preceding section. SEC. 2702. No assignment of future wages payable under the Assignments provisions of the second preceding section shall be valid, if made to the corporation from whom such wages are to become due, or to anyone in behalf of such corporation, or if made or procured to be made to anyone for the purpose of relieving such corporation from the obligation to pay under the provisions of the second preceding section. No such corporation shall require an agreement from an employee to accept wages at any other period as a condition of employment.

SEC. 2703. Such a corporation, its lessee, or other person carrying on the business thereof, that fails to pay the wages of an employee as provided by the second and third preceding sections shall forfeit to the State fifty dollars for each such failure, to be recovered in an action on this statute by the State's attorney of the county in which such violation occurs, and in his name; but an action shall not be maintained therefor, until the State's attorney has given the employer ten days' notice in writing that such action will be brought if the wages are not paid as provided by such sections.

The above sections were held to be constitutional in an action against a railroad company. 67 Atl. Rep. 1091.

SEC. 2704. A person, partnership or corporation using checks, other than bank checks, slips, duebills, or other device to represent money in the payment of wages or other debt or obligation due an employee or servant of such person, partnership or corporation, shall pay the face value thereof to the holder in money of account, on the regular pay day of such person, partnership or corporation; and such obligations shall be redeemable at intervals of not more than one month. If such employee or servant is discharged during the month, such checks, slips, duebills or other device shall be redeemed at their face value in money of account on the day of his discharge.

Violations.

Checks to be redeemed.

SEC. 2705. A person, partnership or corporation refusing to re- Refusal. deem such obligations, as provided in the preceding section, shall forfeit to the person injured twice the value thereof, to be recovered in an action on this statute.

Safety appliances on railroads.

SECTION 4462. All single track railroad bridges in this State Height, etc., * shall, when built or rebuilt, be hereafter so constructed of bridges. as to leave a clear space of not less than fifteen feet between the inner sides of such bridges, and also a clear space of not less than twenty-two feet from the lowest timbers, boards or irons in the covering of such bridges, and the top of the rails under the same; and, in all double track bridges, the clear space of inside width shall not be less than twenty-seven feet. All overhead highway bridges, wires, ropes or other obstructions shall be not less than twenty-two feet above the top of the rails under the same.

SEC. 4463. A person or corporation operating a railroad or a part of a railroad in this State shall place at the approaches of all its bridges, the highway bridges and all other structures of whatever kind or nature which cover or extend over its tracks that do not leave a clear height of twenty-two feet from the top of the rails and lowest parts of such bridges or other structures directly over such rails, such telltale warnings, or other safety devices of uniform pattern for warning trainmen of their approach thereto, as shall be recommended by the board of railroad commissioners.

Telltales.