gence has been quickened and the reasoning powers cultivated.

Mr. Robinson, with much tact and judgment, puts the case thus:-'Certain conditions are given, from which certain consequences are to be inferred. Thus they are expected to discover that the rivers of Eastern Europe are slow, and of Western Europe rapid; after having been told that the former have their rise at a slight elevation, and have a lengthened course; and the latter originate in the high land of Central Europe, at no great distance from the sea. Political and social geography are thus shown to be in a great degree dependent on physical geography: the reason is seen why one country is agricultural and another commercial; why a certain manufacture should be carried on in a particular locality in preference to every other; and why an alteration in the mode of manufacture should involve a change in its seat. Thus, that Holland is agricultural, and England manufacturing; that our cotton manufacture is carried on in South Lancashire and the edges of the neighbouring counties, and not in Lincolnshire; that our manufactures generally are travelling north and west; and that iron, which was once largely manufactured in Kent and Sussex, is now only smelted on the great coalfields, are not merely so many facts, but highly interesting facts, because regarded as effects the causes of which are perceived, and have probably been discovered by the student himself.'

(3) Encourage the scholar to draw maps of different

countries with care and taste. Professor Bain remarks that the drawing of maps impresses a country, just as copying a passage in a book impresses the author's language and meaning. In those cases where drawing is followed out as a fascination, it carries with it an interest in the face of nature, and an enhanced power of conceiving the pictorial aspects of the world.'

(4) Train the scholars, especially in the senior classes, to write out in the form of an Essay descriptive accounts of a country, such as its river systems, mountains, productions, etc. This is a very valuable exercise not merely in obtaining a fair idea of the knowledge which the scholar may have of the subject, but it is likewise a valuable exercise in acquiring the power of composition.

Lastly, see that the teacher's own mind is full of the subject, and let him endeavour to acquire the use of pleasing and attractive language in class instruction. To teach geography well, and with the success which ought to attend it, the teacher ought to remember that it requires a great deal of general knowledge, and this can easily be obtained by careful reading.

'A real knowledge of geography,' says Dr. Arnold, ' embraces at once a knowledge of the earth and of the dwellings of man upon it. It stretches out one hand to history, the other to geology and physiology. It is just that part of the dominion of knowledge where the student of physical and of moral science meet tog ether.'

(1) Where is India?
(2) What is a peninsula?

(3) Name the chief towns in India.
(4) Name a large island near India.
(5) Name one of the divisions of India.
(6) Where is Madras?-Bombay?
(7) Where are the Himalayas ?

(8) Name the chief peaks in the Himalayas. (9) What is the highest mountain in Great Britain? (10) What is the largest lake in the British Isles ? (11) What is the largest town in Scotland? (12) On what does it stand?

(13) What counties touch the North Sea ?-English Channel?

(14) Name the chief openings on the west coast of Ireland?

STANDARD V.

(1) Give the boundaries of Europe.

(2) How many continents are there besides Europe?

(3) What is the most important country in Europe? (5) Why is Great Britain the most important, for it has not the greatest number of soldiers? (6) What countries or empires have the greatest number of soldiers?

(7) What is the Emperor of Russia called?

(8) Where does he live?

(9) What is the King of Turkey called? (10) Where does he live?

(11) What is the Sultan's wife called?

(12) In going from Athens to the Black Sea, what sea do you pass?

(13) What is an archipelago?

(14) Name the largest island in the Archipelago. (15) Name some other islands on the east of

Pupil Teacher's Examination Questions.

JANUARY 1881.

CANDIDATES.

Three hours and a half allowed.

Arithmetic.

MALES.

1. Find the value of 694 cwt. I qr. 143 lbs. at £3, 19s. 4d. per cwt.

2. If the tax on £335, 7s. 6d. amounts to £58, 13s. 9fd., what is that in the pound?

3. A besieged town containing 22,400 inhabitants has provisions to last for three weeks; how many must be sent away in order that the city may hold out for seven weeks?

4. A ceremony attended by a number of persons from a distance extends over 2 days. The first day the railway conveys 285 first-class and 3085 third-class passengers, charging 25. 8d. for each of the former, and Is. 7d. for each of the latter. The second day, in hopes of larger receipts, the railway issues tickets at the uniform price of 1s., and conveys 6009 passengers. Find the difference in the sums taken on the first and on the second day.

1. Mention the different names given to openings in the land, and to narrow passages of water on the coasts of Great Britain and Ireland; and give examples of the use of each term, describing exactly where each of them is.

2. Trace minutely the line of water-parting which separates the basins of the Thames and Severn from those of rivers flowing into the English Channel, and mention these rivers in order.

3. Say what you know about the Orkneys and Shetlands, the Hebrides, the Isle of Man, Anglesey, the Isle of Wight, and the Channel Islands.

Draw a map, if you can, in illustration of any one of your

£2754 7 5 =value of 694 cwt., etc.

2. £345, 17s. 6d. : £1 :: £58, 13s. 9fd. : 3s. 6d. Ans. Or, tax on £335, 17s. 6d. =£58, 13s. 9 d. =£58, 135. 94d.÷£3354 56343d.

=

335 d. 3s. 6d. Ans.

3. 7 weeks: 3 weeks :: 22400 inhabitants.

Therefore 12800 must be sent away.

£ s. d.

=

4. 285 at 2s. 8d.: 38 0 O 3085 at Is. 74d. =250 13 14

1. So dozen pairs=960 pairs.

960 pairs at 19s. 73d. =(960 at £1 less 960 at 41d.).

£18=value of 960 at 44d.

Therefore 960 at 19s. 74d. =960—18=£942.

Grammar.

1. Is-3d pers. sing. pres. indic. of the incomplete irreg. verb am, was, been, agr. with its subj. it.

sad-a common adj. qual. it.

to see-pres. infin. irreg. trans. verb see, saw, seen. fade—pres. infin. reg. intrans. verb to fade (to omitted after verb see).

our-poss. adj. (pronominal) qual. gaze. very-adj. qual. gaze.

some-indef. numeral adj. qual. shade. poisonous common adj. qual. shade.

droops-3d pers. sing. pres. indic. of reg. intrans. verb to droop, agr. with subj. lily.

withers-3d pers. sing. pres. indic. reg. intrans. verb to wither, agr. with subj. lily.

decays-3d pers. sing. pres. indic. reg. intrans. verb to

decay, agr. with subj. lily.

Haven-as Milford Haven, west of Pembroke.
River-in the case of Kenmare river, west of Kerry.

Names given to narrow passages of water :

Channel-as North Channel, between Scotland and Ireland. Strait-Straits of Dover, between Kent and France. Sound-Sound of Mull, between Mull and Argyle. Kyle-Kyles of Bute, between Bute and Argyle. Peculiar are (1) The Narrows of Skye. (2) The Pentland Frith.

2. The line of water-parting, separating the basins of the Thames and Severn from those of rivers flowing into the English Channel, begins in the east of Kent, and continues in a very irregular course along the Wealden Heights, the Downs of Hampshire, Salisbury Plain, Exmoor, Dartmoor, and the Cornish Highlands. The rivers flowing into the English Channel are:-the Ouse, the Arun, the Itchen, the Test, the Avon, the Frome, the Exe, and the Tamar; all which flow southward.

3. The Orkney and Shetland Islands form together one county, north of the mainland of Scotland. Chief town of the Orkneys is Kirkwall, in Pomona or Mainland; and the chief town of Shetland is Lerwick, in an island also known as Mainland. The Orkneys are mostly low and fertile; the Shetlands, mostly mere stacks of rocks, give name to a breed of ponies called Shelties.

The Hebrides form two groups of islands lying along the west of Scotland. The Inner Hebrides lie close to the coast, and consist of these principal islands: Skye, Mull, Fura, Islay, Colonsay, and Oronsay. The Outer Hebrides form a long chain, and are parted from the Inner by the Minch and Little Minch, the chief being Lewis, Harris, N. Uist, Benbecula, S. Uist, and Barra.

Chief

The Isle of Man lies in the middle of the Irish Sea. towns are Douglas and Ramsey. The island retains its own. government and judges. Its people are called Manx.

The Island of Anglesea forms a distinct county, separated from the mainland by the Menai Straits. Its chief town is Beaumaris. Holyhead, on Holy Island, is the point of departure of travellers from England to Ireland.

The Isle of Wight, south of Hampshire, famous for its beauty and the mildness of its climate, is separated from the mainland by the channels of Spithead and the Solent. Its chief towns are Newport, Cowes, Ryde, and Ventnor.

The Channel Islands, off the coast of Normandy in France, have belonged to England since the time of William the Conqueror. They consist of Jersey, Guernsey, Alderney, and Sark or Sarcq, and a few others. Chief town in Jersey, St. Helier; in Guernsey, St. Peter's Port. Alderney is noted for its breed of cattle.

2.

Rests corresponding to notes.

3. In the major scale are found five tones and two semitones, -the latter being found between the third and fourth, and seventh and eighth notes.

FIRST YEAR.

Pupil Teachers at end of First Year. Three hours and a half allowed. Arithmetic.

MALES,

1. Reduce 18 furl. 3 poles 3 yds. to the decimal of I mile; and 4 ft. 6 in. to the decimal of 3 yds. 2 ft.

2. If 1191 tons 10 cwt. I qr. 14 lbs. cost £595, 15s. 21d., what is the cost of half a million tons? Work this sum by fractions.

is

3. A farmer has 295 more sheep than cows, and this difference of the number of sheep he possesses; how many cows

has he?

4. In exchange for I cwt. of coffee at Is. 6d. per lb., how much money would you expect to receive along with 18 lbs. of tea at 428571 of a guinea per lb. ?

5. Find the greatest common measure of 805 and 1311; and the least common multiple of 15863 and 21489.

FEMALES.

1. How many yards of lace can I buy for £685, 175. 9d. at the rate of five guineas for 12 yds. ?

2. If after paying income-tax at Is. 2d. in the pound, a gentleman has £701, 10s. 10d. remaining, what is his annual income?

3. If £69, os. 11d. pays the carriage of 47 tons 8 cwt. 33 lbs. of goods for 764 miles, what weight should be carried 573 miles for the same sum?

4. If 72 oxen require 18 acres of turnips to supply them for 30 weeks, how many acres would supply 18 score of sheep for 45 weeks, on the supposition that 9 oxen eat as much as 30 sheep?

Grammar.

1. What are the two kinds of participles? Describe them, and give examples of each.

2. Parse the pronouns in the following :

'Which pillage they with merry march bring home
To the tent royal of their emperor.'

3. The words each and other are used both as adjectives and as pronouns; give examples of them in both uses.

4. Give notes of a simple lesson on adverbs, suited to Standard IV.

Geography.

Answer either Q. I or Q. 3, not both.

1. Trace minutely the line of water-parting which separates the basins of the Thames and Severn from those of rivers flowing into the English Channel, and describe those rivers in order.

1. The two kinds of participles are:-the imperfect or incom plete, expressing an action going on, as passing, drawing, destroying; and the perfect or complete, expressing an action completed, as past, drawn, destroyed.

2. They-3d pers. pron. com. gen. plu. nom. subj. of bring. their-pronominal poss. adj. or 3d pers. pron. com. gen. plu. poss. attributive to king.

3. Each and other are adjectives when they stand before nouns and qualify them, as each man, other men; but when used without the noun they may be considered pronouns, as two to each; if they cannot come, invite others.

1. The line of water-parting, separating the basins of the Thames and Severn from those of rivers flowing into the English Channel, begins in the east of Kent and continues in a very irregular course along the Wealden Heights, the Downs of Hampshire, Salisbury Plain, Exmoor, Dartmoor, and the Cornish Highlands. The most considerable rivers flowing into the English Channel are the Ouse, the Arun, the Itchen, the Test, the Avon, the Frome, the Exe, and the Tamar, all which flow southward.

The chief river is the Danube, which with its tributaries drains considerably more than two-thirds of the Empire. These tributaries are the Iller, the Lech, the Iser, the Inn, the Drave, the Save, the Naab, the March or Morava, the Waag, and the Theiss. Bohemia is watered by the upper courses of the Elbe, with its tributary the Moldau. The drainage of Galicia belongs to the Vistula and the Dniester.

Lakes Balaton and Neusiedl are the only ones of any consequence.

The chief divisions are―(1) The German Provinces, including Bohemia, Moravia, Austria Proper, and the Tyrol. (2) The Slavonian Provinces: Galicia, formerly belonging to Poland; Hungary, long an independent kingdom; Transylvania and Croatia. By Treaty of Berlin, Bosnia and Herzegovina were placed under Austrian protection.

The chief towns are Prague, an antique city; Königgräts, near battle-field of Sadowa (1866); Brünn, seat of woollen manufactures; Austerlitz, battle 1805; Vienna, one of the finest cities in Europe, chief seat of manufactures; Salzburg, salt-minesHaydn and Mozart born here; Klagenfurt has white-lead mines; Idria, famous quicksilver mines; Trieste, chief seaport; Trent, famous for Council for settling the Roman Catholic tenets; Buda and Pesth form one town, the capital of the kingdom of Hungary; Presburg, seat of Hungarian Diet; Schemnitz, chief of mining towns; Tokay, famous for sweet wines; Orsova, near the 'Iron Gates' or rapids of the Danube; Lemberg, noted for its fair; Cracow, ancient capital of Poland, has a lofty mound to the memory of Kosciusko. Wieliczka has the most celebrated salt-mines in the world.

The principal manufactures are:-Linen in Bohemia, Moravia, and Silesia ; woollen in Moravia and Bohemia; cotton in same states; silk is a very important industry, and leather fancy articles form a conspicuous branch in Vienna; iron is also manufactured.

The sovereign is called emperor at Vienna because he is there as the ruler of an empire; but at Buda he is the ruler of a kingdom, and therefore properly a king. Austria is an empire, Hungary a kingdom.

2. Having £825, I lend it at 3 per cent. simple interest. In how many years will it amount to 1000, and what amount shall I have to receive at the end of 30 years, nothing having been paid in the meantime?

3. £916 amounts in 35 years to £105302083, what is the rate per cent. per annum simple interest?

4. How must nutmegs which cost 18·75s. a lb. be sold so as to gain 16 per cent. ?

5. A plumber sold 96 cwt. of lead for £109, 2s. 6d. and gained at the rate of 124 per cent. What did the lead cost him per cwt. ?

I.

Grammar.

And oh when passion rules-how rare
The hours that fall to virtue's share!

Analyse the above, supplying what is needed in the principal sentence, and taking care in your analysis to point out the character of each sentence.

2. Give examples of conjunctions of time, and frame passages with such conjunctions introduced, to show their use. 3. Parse each word in the following :—

'The evil that men do lives after them.'

4. Give notes of a lesson on transitive and intransitive verbs suited to Standard IV. or V.

Geography.

Answer two questions only.

1. Describe, as fully as you can, the physical features, chief divisions, towns, and manufactures of the Austrian Empire. What title does the sovereign bear at Vienna, and what at Buda-Pesth? Why are they different?

2. Draw a full map of the Basin of the Ganges; marking its tributaries and chief towns, and noting the point at which the course of the Jumna is nearest that of the Sutlej.

3. Give notes of a lesson on this sentence :

All Europeans, who live in Calcutta or Madras, escape to the hills, if they can, for the hot season.'

Arrange your notes under these heads :