or common; a long syllable, marked thus (-), requires double the time in pronouncing it that a short one, marked thus (), does; a common syllable, marked (), is that which is either short or long at the option of the poet; as in ămābo, where the first a is a short, the second long, and the third common. Feet are composed of syllables, and verses of feet.

Feet. A foot is a certain measured number of syllables into which a verse is divided. Feet are distinguished according to the number of syllables, as in the following table:

The first twelve of these feet are simple, of which only five are used in poetry; namely, the Dactyle, the Anapæst, the Iambus, the Trochee, and the Spondee; the remainder are compound feet composed of the preceding feet. A verse is a certain number of feet disposed in a certain regular order and cadence; in the Greek it is called sixes; whence the distich is a couplet, or two verses; and the hemistich is half a verse. Verses are distinguished, in respect to cadence, into catalectic, acatalectic, &c.; in respect to the number of feet, or the measures they contain, into hexameter, pentameter, &c.; sometimes from the foot which prevails, as dactylic, iambic, &c.; sometimes from the author by whom it was particularly used, as Alcaic, Archilochian, &c. [vide Verse] To versification belongs scanning, and figures employed in scanning.

Scanning. Scanning is the distinguishing or distributing any verse into the proper number of feet of which it is composed.

Figures. Figures belong to Etymology, Syntax, or ProBody.

Figures in Etymology. Under the head of etymology are comprehended several irregularities in the formation or

spelling of words introduced by the poets, which have been termed figures; the principle of which are as follow :-Prosthesis, which adds a letter, &c. to the beginning; as gnatus for natus.-Apheresis, which takes away from the beginning of a word; as 'st for est, &c.— Epenthesis, which inserts in the middle; as relligio for religio.-Syncope takes away from the middle; as dix'ti for dixisti-Paragoge adds to the end of a word; as dicier for dici.-Apocope takes away from the end, as satin' for satisne, &c.-Antithesis changes a letter, as olli for illi. Metathesis transposes a letter, as Lybia for Libya.-Archaismus, an old mode of writing, as aulai for aulæ, &c.—Hellenismus, an imitation of the Greek form, as Helene for Helena.

Figures of Syntax. To the syntax belong certain peculiarities termed figures, of which the four principal are Ellipsis, Pleonasmus, Enallage, and Hyperbaton. Ellipsis is the omission of some word necessary to complete the sense; thus, the nominative is most commonly understood in Latin by this figure; as ita aiunt for ita homines aiunt, &c. The ellipsis is of different kinds; namely, apposition, when two nouns stand together, as te duce, i. e. you being leader, where the verb ens or existens is understood; asyndeton where conjunctions are omitted, as ferte citi flammas, date tela, impellite remos; Syllepsis is when one adjective or verb agrees with two or more substantives; Zeugma, when the adjective or verb agrees with the nearer substantive; prolepsis, synecdoche, &c. -Pleonasmus is a redundance of one or more words in a sentence, which may be of different kinds; as parelcon, polysyndeton, hendyadis, and peraphrasis. [vide Parelcon, &c.]-Enallage changes the genders, numbers, persons, moods, and tenses; as Romanus victor erat for Romani victores erant. The different sorts of enallage are the antimeria, synthesis, anacolouthon, hellenismus, and archaismus. [vide Antimeria, &c.]-Hyperbaton is a derangement of the words from their natural order, of which there are different kinds; as the anastrophe, tmesis, parenthesis, hypallage, synchysis, and anacolouthon. [vide Anastrophe, &c.]

Figures of Prosody. The figures employed in scanning are the casura, echthlipsis, synalæpha, systole, diastole, synæresis, and diaresis. [vide Casura, &c.]

Writers on Grammar in chronological succession. Varro "De Analogia;" Trypho "De Dialectis;" Elius Dionysius περὶ ἀκλίτων ρημάτων; Charoboscus περὶ ἐγκλίνος μενων; Apollonius Alexandrinus περὶ συντάξεως; Julius Pollux "Onomasticon;" Q. Rhemnii " Ars Grammatica;" Marci Valerii Probi" Institutiones Grammaticæ;" Herodiani παρεκβολαί μεγάλες ρήματος; Suetonius « De Grammaticis illustribus;" Sosipatri Charisii " Institutiones Grammaticæ; Diomedes "De Oratione, &c.; Macrobius " De Differentiis et Societatibus Græci et Latini Verbi;" D. Augustinus "De Grammatica; Ælii Donati " De Arte Grammatica;" Prisciani " Institutiones Grammaticæ;" Cassiodorus "De Arte Grammatica," &c. &c.

GRA'MME (Anat.) pan, the iris of the eye. GRA'MPUS (Ich.) a fish of the whale tribe, the Orca of Pliny, and Delphinus orca of Linnæus, which the former describes as 66 an immense heap of flesh, with dreadful teeth," it being remarkably thick in proportion to its length. It is extremely voracious, not even sparing the porpoise, a congenerous fish. It is likewise said to be a great enemy to the whale, whom it fastens on as a dog on a bull. Plin. l. 9, c. 6; Gesn. de Fisc.; Rondelet. de Pise. GRAN cantore (Mus.) Italian for a fine singer. GRA'NA (Med.) a term applied in the pharmacopoeia to certain seeds used medicinally, as the Grana cnidia. [vide

GRA'NARY (Husband.) a storehouse for threshed corn. GRANATARIUS (Archeol.) the store-keeper or officer who took charge of the corn-chamber in religious houses. GRA'NAT (Min) the Gemma soranus of Linnæus, a shining transparent gem, of a yellowish red colour, so called because it is sometimes found in the form of rounded grains mixed with sand or earth.

GRANATITE (Min.) a sort of precious stone of the granate kind.

GRANATRI'STUM (Med.) a boil or carbuncle. GRANATUM (Bot.) the Punica granatum, or Common Pomegranate Tree.

GRANĂTUS (Min.) or Gemma granatus, in the Linnean system, the garnet.

GRAND (Mil.) an epithet for a division of troops consisting of two companies.

GRAND (Law) an epithet for several things in law, as-Grand assize, a writ in a real action to determine the right of property in lands.-Grand cape, a writ on plea of land where the tenant makes default in appearance at the day given for the king to take the land into his hands. Reg. Jud. 1.Grand days, those days in the term which are solemnly kept in the Inns of Court and Chancery, i. e. Candlemas Day, in Hilary term; Ascension Day, in Easter term; St. John the Baptist's Day, in Trinity term; and All Saint's Day, in Michaelmas term; which days are Dies non juridici, or no days in court.-Grand distress, a writ so called because of its extent, namely, to all the goods and chattels of the party distrained within the county.-Grand jury, the jury which finds bills of indictment before Justices of the Peace, Gaol Delivery, &c. in distinction from the petit jury, by whose verdict causes are tried.—Grand serjeanty, an ancient tenure by military service.

GRAND gusto (Paint.) a term used to express that in a picture there is something very great and extraordinary to surprize and please.

GRAND Seignior (Polit.) a title by which the Sultan of the Turkish empire is distinguished.

GRAND Seignior's crown (Her.) consists of a turban enriched with pearls and diamonds, and held out by a wire that keeps it from falling.

GRANDE' (Mus.) an Italian epithet signifying grand. GRA'NDEBALD (Anat.) the hairs which grow under the armpits.

GRANDE'E (Polit.) a nobleman of Spain or Portugal. GRANDIMONTE'NSERS (Ecc.) an order of monks instituted in the 11th century. GRANDINES (Med.) vide Grando. GRANDINO'SÙM os (Anat.) the Os cuboides. GRA'NDO (Med.) xaλaior, a movable tumour on the margin of the eye-lid, so called from its likeness to a hail-stone. Cels. 1.7, c. 7; Gal. de Ocul. c. 9, &c.; Aet. Tetrab. 2, serm. 5, c. 81; Paul. Æginet. 1. 3, c. 21; Act. de Meth. Med. 1. 2, c. 7; Gorr. Def. Med. in Voc. xaxation. GRANGE (Archæol.) a great farm, with all the necessary appurtenances, as barns, stables, granaries, &c. GRÄNIFEROUS (Bot.) an epithet for such pods as bear seeds like grains.

GRANITE (Min.) a sort of speckled marble which is classed under the head Granites in the Linnean system. It is valued for its extreme hardness and beauty, and is capable of an elegant polish,

GRANITES (Min.) a genus of earths of the Aggregate Order, which consists of parts, mostly in the form of crystals, and is of a granular texture.

GRANTEE (Law) vide Grant.
GRANTOR (Law) vide Grant.

To GRANULATE (Chem.) to pour melted lead through an
iron cullender into cold water, that it may become grains.
GRANULATE (Bot.) vide Granulatus.
GRANULATION (Med.) the little grain-like fleshy bodies
that form on the surfaces of ulcers and suppurating wounds.
GRANULATUS (Bot.) granulate, or, according to Wither-
ing, beaded; an epithet for a root, radix granulata, a root
consisting of several tubes or fleshy knobs resembling grains.
GRANULE (Com.) a small grain."

GRAPE (Bot.) the fruit of the vine.-Grape Hyacinth, the Hyacinthus Romanum.-Sea Grape, the Ephedra distachya.

GRAPES (Chem.) by a chemical analysis, are found to contain supertartrate of potash, tartaric acid, citric and malic acids, abundance of sugar, a portion of mucilage jelly, some albumen and colouring matter, and also gluten, as is said by some.

horses.

GRAPES (Vet.) arrests, or mangy tumours in the legs of GRAPHIOIDES (Anat.) pads, a process about the basis of the brain inclining backward. GRAPHI'SCUS (Anat.) papioxos, a surgical instrument for extracting darts, invented by Diocles, and described by Celsus. Cel. 1. 7, c. 1.

GRAPHO'METER (Mech.) an instrument for measuring of heights, &c. GRAPHOY (Bot.) the Dormium germanicum of Linnæus. GRA'PNEL (Mar.) or grapling-iron, in French grapin, an anchor for a small ship of war.-Fire-grapnel, an instrument provided with barbs or points for grapling or laying hold of an enemy's ship, in order to board her.

TO GRA'PPLE (Man.) is when a horse lifts up one or both his legs at once, and raises them with precipitation, as if he were curvetting.

GRAPPLING-IRON (Mar.) vide Grapnel. GRA'SIER (Husband.) one who grazes or fattens cattle. GRASS (Bot.) is the name of several sorts of plants, of which the following are the principal, namely--Arrow-headed Grass. [vide Triglochin]-Barley Grass. [vide Hordeum]-Bent Grass. [vide Agrostis]-Brome Grass. [vide Bromus]-Canary Grass. [vide Phalaris]-Cat's-Tail Grass. [vide Phleum]-Cock's-Foot Grass. [vide Dactylis]-Cotton Grass. [vide Eriophorum]-Couch Grass. [vide Triticum] -Darnel Grass. [vide Lolium]-Dog's Grass. [vide Triti cum]-Dog's-Tail Grass. [vide Cynosurus]-Feather Grass. [vide Stipa]-Fescue Grass. [vide Festuca]-Five-leaved Grass. [vide Potentilla]-Fox-Tail Grass. [vide Alopecurus] -Hair Grass. [vide Aira]-Hard Grass. [vide Dactylis] -Knot Grass. [vide Polygonum]-Lyme Grass. [vide Elymus]-Manna Grass. [vide Festuca]-Marl Grass. [vide Trifolium]-Mat Grass. [vide Nardus]-Meadow Grass. [vide Poa]-Melic Grass. [vide Melica]-Millet Grass. [vide Milium]-Oat Grass. [vide Avena]-Orchard Grass. [vide Dactylis]-Panic Grass. [vide Panicum]-Pepper Grass. [vide Pilularia]-Quaking Grass. [vide Briza]-Quick Grass. [vide Triticum]-Ray Grass. [vide Lolium]-Rye Grass. [vide Hordeum]-Scurvy Grass. [vide Cochlearia]-Spiked Grass. [vide Triglochin]-Spring Grass. [vide Anthoxanthum]—Three-leaved Grass. [vide Trifolium]-Timothy Grass. [vide Phleum]

-Vernal Grass. [vide Anthoxanthum]-Vetch Grass. [vide Lathyrus]-Viper's Grass. [vide Scorzonera]— Wheat Grass. [vide Triticum]-Wrack Grass. [vide Zostera] GRA'SS-HEARTH (Law) the grazing or turning up the RTH earth with a plough; an ancient customary service of tenants doing one day's work for their landlord. GRA'SS-HOPPER (Ent.) a well-known insect, nearly allied to the locust tribe; it is the Gryllus campestris of Linnæus. GRASS-WEEK (Ecc.) vide Rogation-week.

GRATIA Dei (Bot.) a name given to Herb Robert and Hedge Hyssop, and other plants, because of their supposed efficacy in curing disorders.

GRATIE expectativa (Ecc.) vide Graces. GRATIEUSEMENT (Mus.) the same as Grazioso. GRATIFICATION (Law) a rewarding or making amends for some piece of service done.

GRATINGS (Mar.) frames or lattice-work between the mainmast and foremast.

GRATIOLA (Bot.) a genus of plants, Class 2 Diandria, Order 1 Monogynia.

Generic Character. CAL. perianth five-leaved.-COR. unequal.-STAM. filaments four; anthers roundish.-PIST. germ conic; style straight; stigma two-lipped.-PEr. capsule ovate; seeds small.

Species. The species are perennials, as the-Gratiola officinalis, Officinal Gratiola, Hedge Hyssop, or Water Hyssop.-Gratiola monnieria, Monnieria, seu Annagalis, native of the Indies.-Gratiola veronicifolia, seu Ruellia, Veronica-leaved Gratiola; but the-Gratiola hyssopioides, Hyssop-leaved Gratiola, is an annual. Bauh. Hist.; Bauh. Pin.; Ger. Herb.; Park. Theat. Bot.; Raii Hist., &c.

GRATIOLA is also the name of the Hottonia indica. GRATIO'SA (Mus.) Italian for an agreeable manner of playing.

GRATTERONA (Bot.) vide Aparine.

GRATTON (Archeol.) grass which comes after mowing. GRAVATIVUS (Med.) an epithet for a pain in the head. GRAVE (Gram.) an accent opposed to the acute, marked thus (').

GRAVE (Mus.) an epithet for a low deep sound, in distinction from the acute.-Grave, or gravement, is also a term to denote a motion faster than adagio, and slower than largo. GRAVEDO (Med.) a weight or listlessness which accompanies a lessened transpiration. Cel. 1. 4, c. 2; Paul. Egin. 1. 3, c. 28.

GRAVEL (Med.) a disorder otherwise called calculus, or the stone. [vide Calculus] GRAVEMENT (Mus.) vide Grave.

GRA'VER (Surg.) an instrument for scaling the teeth. GRAVER (Mech.) a tool used in engraving. GRAVIDITAS (Med.) the state of being gravid, or pregSpurious Gravidity is that which is produced by water in the abdomen, uterus, &c. GRAVIMETER (Mech.) an instrument for measuring the specific gravities of bodies.

GRAVITATION (Phy.) the exercise of gravity, or the pressure a body exerts on another body beneath by its weight.

GRAVITY (Phy.) the natural tendency or inclination of bodies towards the centre, or according to some, the natural tendency of one body towards another, or the mutual tendency of each body, and each particle of a body, towards all others: this is otherwise called the centripetal force, or gravitating force.

GRAVITY (Mech.) the conatus, or tendency of bodies by their weight towards the centre of the earth. This is either absolute or relative.-Absolute Gravity is that with which a body descends freely and perpendicularly through an un

resisting medium.-Relative Gravity is that with which a body descends through a resisting medium, or as opposed by some other resistance.

GRAVITY (Hydrostat.) the law of bodies gravitating in fluids, which is either absolute or specific.-Absolute, or true Gra-. vity, is the whole force with which the body tends downwards.-Specific Gravity, the relative or comparative gravity of any body in respect to that of an equal bulk or magnitude in another body; as suppose there be two equal spheres, each one foot in diameter, the one of lead, and the other of wood: the leaden one in this case is said to be specifically, or in specie, heavier, and the wooden one specifically lighter.

GRAY (Her.) an epithet for a badger.
GRAZIER (Husband.) vide Grasier.
GRAZIOSO (Mus.) vide Gratiosa.

GREAT (Astron.) an epithet for those circles of the sphere
which divide it into two equal parts, as the Equinoctial,
Meridian, and Equator.-Great Bear, a constellation. [vide
Ursa Major]

GREAT Circle sailing (Mar.) the manner of conducting a ship in or very near the arc of a great circle that passes through the zenith of the two places whence and whither he is bound.

GREAT Seal (Law) the king's principal seal for the sealing of charters, commissions, &c. used by the Lord Chancellor and Lord Keeper.-Great Men, a title applied sometimes to the laity of the Upper House of Parliament.

GREAT Cannon (Print.) a sort of letter type, seventeen and a half of which are contained in one foot.-Great Primer, another sized letter, fifty of which are contained in one foot. [vide Printing]

GREAVES (Mil.) a sort of armour for the legs.
GREBE (Orn.) a division of the genus Colymbus, consisting
of such birds as have their feet four-toed and lobed.
GRECES (Her.) signifies steps, as a cross on three greces.
GRECIAN (Mil.) vide Greek.

GREE (Law) good liking or allowance, satisfaction, as "To make gree to parties," i. e. to agree with or satisfy the parties for any wrong done. Stat. R. 2, c. 15; 25 Ed. 3,、 c. 19.

GREEK (Gram.) vide Alphabets.

GREEK Fire (Mil.) a sort of artificial fire, consisting of naphtha, bitumen, sulphur, gum, and pitch, which was so called because it was first used by the Greeks in their system of warfare.

GREEK Orders (Archit.) the Ionic, Corinthian, and Doric are so named, in distinction from the Tuscan and Composite, which are of Roman origin.

GREEN (Nat.) one of the seven primitive colours. GREEN (Mech.) an epithet for a hide or skin which is not yet curried, but is just as it was taken off the carcase of the beast.

GREEN-CLOTH (Law) the compting-house of the king's household, so called because the table is always covered with a green cloth.

GREEN-SILVER (Law) a duty of one halfpenny paid annually in Writtle, in Essex, to the lord of the manor. GREEN-WAX (Law) the estreats of fines, issues, and amercements in the Exchequer, delivered to the sheriff under the seal of that court; it is so called because it is made in green wax.

GREE'N-FINCH (Orn.) a yellowish green bird, an inhabitant of Europe, which builds in hedges, and lays five or six pale green eggs, with blood-coloured streaks. It is the Loxia chloris of Linnæus. The native note of this bird has nothing musical in it, but it may be taught to pipe or whistle in imitation of other birds.

GREE'N-HOUSE (Hort.) a place where exotics and tender plants are sheltered from the cold and inclement weather.

GREEN-SHANK (Orn.) a sort of snipe, the Scolopax | glottis of Linnæus. GREEN-SICKNESS (Med.) a disorder incident to girls. [vide Chlorosis]

GREENWOOD (Bot.) the Genista tinctoria of Linnæus. GREGGIA (Bot.) the Myrtus Gregii of Linnæus. GREGORIAN Style (Chron.) or Gregorian year, otherwise called the New Style; a new account of time according to the reformation of the Calendar made by Pope Gregory XIII. in 1582. [vide Chronology]-Gregorian Calendar, the Calendar which was made according to the new or Gregorian style of computation.-Gregorian epocha, the period or point of time from which the Gregorian computation took place.

GRENADE (Mil.) granade, or grenado, a little hollow globe of iron, &c. filled with powder, and fired by a fusee at a touch-hole, when it flies into very many pieces. Some grenades are thrown out of a mortar; others, called handgrenades, are thrown with the hand. They are principally used in annoying the besieging party.

GRENADIE'RS (Mil.) foot soldiers, who are distinguished from the rest not only by their dress, but by their stature, being always the tallest and stoutest men in the regiment, for which reason they are always the first to commence the attack.

GRE WIA (Bot.) a genus of plants, Class 20 Gynandria, Order 7 Octandria.

Generic Character. CAL. perianth five-leaved.-COR. petals five.-STAM. filaments numerous; anthers roundish.PIST. germ roundish; style filiform; stigma four-cleft.PER. berry four-lobed; seeds solitary.

Species. The species are trees, as the-Grewia occidentalis, seu Ulmifolia, Elm-leaved Grewia.-Grewia populifolia, seu Chadara, Poplar-leaved Grewia.-Grewia asiatica, seu Micros, &c.

GREY (Orn.) a bird of the duck tribe, the Anas strepera of Linnæus.

GREY-HOUND (Zool.) a well-known variety of the dog, having a long, slender, curved body, a tapering snout, of the size of a wolf.

GRIAS (Bot.) a genus of plants, Class 13 Polyandria, Order 1 Monogynia.

Generic Character. CAL. perianth one-leaved.-COR. petals four.-STAM. filaments numerous; anthers roundish.— PIST. germ depressed; style none; stigma thickish.--PER. drupe large; seeds nucleus scored with eight furrows. Species. The single species, the Grias cauliflora, Anchovy Pear, is a tree.

GRICE (Her.) a term in blazon for a young wild boar.
GRID-IRON (Mech.) a utensil for broiling meat.
GRID-IRON (Her.) is sometimes borne as a charge in coat

armour.

GRI'ELUM (Bot.) a genus of plants, Class 10 Decandria,|| Order 4 Pentagynia.

Generic Character. CAL. perianth one-leaved.-COR. petals five.-STAM. filaments ten; anthers ovate.-PIST. germs five; style none; stigma warted.- PER. capsules five, oblong; seeds oblong.

Species. The single species is the Grielum tenuifolium, seu Geranium, native of the Cape of Good Hope. GRIFFIN (Ant.) a fabulous creature. [vide Gryps] GRIFFIN (Her.) This monstrous creature is now represented in armorial bearings after the manner of the figure given of it by the ancients, i. e. one half a lion, and the other half an eagle. It is represented either passant or segreant, as in the annexed figure; he beareth "Or, a griffin segreant sable, in a bordure gules, by the name of Boys." GRIG (Ich.) the smallest kind of Eel.

||

GRILL (Ich.) a very small fish. GRINDERS (Anat.) the vulgar name for the Dentes molares, or large teeth, which particularly serve for grinding the food in mastication.

GRINDLET (Archæol.) a small drain or ditch. GRINDLE-STONE (Min.) a kind of whitish gritty stone. GRIND-STONE (Min.) a sort of sand-stone, the Arenarius cos in the Linnean system, which is principally used for grinding stones.

GRIND-STONE (Mech.) the stone on which the edge of steel instruments is set, or sharpened.

GRINGOLLEE' (Her.) an epithet for a cross, the ends of which turn round somewhat like the flooks of an anchor, as in the annexed figure.

GRIPE of a ship (Mar.) the compass, or sharpness of her stern under water, especially towards the bottom of the stern.

GRIPE Stick (Surg.) a stick used in cutting off an arm. TO GRIPE (Mar.) in French être ardent, is said of a ship when she runs her head too much into the wind. GRIPES (Mar.) a machine formed of an assemblage of ropes, hooks, and dead eyes, used to secure the boats of a ship on the deck at sea.

GRISLE'A (Bot.) a genus of plants, Class 8 Octandria, Order 1 Monogynia.

Generic Character. CAL. perianth one-leaved.-COR. petals four. STAM. filaments eight; anthers simple.-PIST. germ superior; style filiform; stigma simple.—PER. capsule globular; seeds many.

Species. The two species are, the Grislea secunda, native of South America.-Grislea tomentosa, seu Lathyrum, native of China.

GRIST (Husband.) corn ground, or fit for grinding.
GRIT (Husband.) the coarse parts of meal. Grits, in the
plural, is the name for oats coarsely husked, or ground.
GRIT (Min.) the smallest particles of sand which compose

dust.

GROAT (Com.) a silver coin first struck in the reign of Edward I. which was probably made in imitation of the French gross, that was so called because it was the largest silver money then in use; there being at that time no larger coins than pennies. The groat has since been used only as a money of account equal in value to four pence. GROATS (Law) a vulgar name for the allowance to prisoners for debt, which was formerly 4d. a day. GROCERS, Company of (Her.) were incorporated in 1344 by the name of grocers, having been previously known by the name of Pepperers. Their armorial ensigns are as in the annexed figure," Argent, a chevren gules, between six cloves in chief, and three in base sable." GROG (Mar.) a term particularly applied to rum mixed with water, without any sugar.

GRO'GRAM (Com.) stuff woven with a large woof and rough pile, consisting of stuff and silk.

GROIN (Archit.) the hollow formed by the intersection of two or more vaults crossing each other. Groins are either regular or irregular. - Regular Groins are those which have the same diameter.-Irregular Groins are formed by one arch, being a semicircle, &c. the other an ellipsis. GROMA (Ant.) an instrument for measuring out ground. Hygin. de Castramet.; Fest. de Verb. Signif. Nonn. 1. 1. GROMMETS (Mar.) small rings fastened with staples on the upper side of the yard, to which the lines called the laskets and caskets are tied and made fast. GRO'MWELL (Bot.) the Lithospermum of Linnæus. GRO'NNA (Archæol.) a deep pit, or bog, out of which turf was dug to be burnt. Hoved. 438; Mon. Angl. tom. 1,

p. 243.

Generic Character. CAL. perianth one-leaved.-COR. petals five.-STAM. filaments five; anthers erect.-PIST. germ inferior; style filiform; stigma obtuse.-PER. berry dry; seed single.

Species. The single species is annual, as the Gronovia scandens, Climbing Gronovia.

GROOM (Law) is commonly taken for an inferior servant, particularly one who looks after horses; but in certain cases for officers of the court, as the Groom of the Chamber, and the Groom of the Stole, &c. which latter is a great officer of the King's household, who takes charge of the King's wardrobe. Lex. Constitut. p. 182.-Groom Porter, an officer of the King's household, who has the direction of the royal games.

GROOVE (Carpent.) a channel cut in wood, stone, &c. GROOVE (Min.) a deep hole, or pit, sunk in the ground to search for minerals.

GROPING (Sport.) a manner of fishing by putting one's hands into water-holes.

GROS (Mil.) French for a body, as un gros de cavalarie, a body of cavalry; le gros d'une armée, the main body of an

army.

GROSCHE'N (Com.) or gute groschen, a German money of account, 24 of which go to a Rix-Dollar. GROSS (Law) absolute, entire, not depending on another. -A villain in gross, was such a servile person as was not appendant or annexed to the lord, or the manor.- -Common in gross, gross common, or common at large, such as is neither appendant nor appurtenant to land, but is annexed to a man's person: so likewise-Advowson in Gross, in distinction from Advowson appendant. Co. Lit. 120. GROSS (Com.) a quantity of twelve dozen.-Gross weight, the whole weight of goods, including the dust, dross, chest, bags, &c. mixed with or containing them. GROSSE Bois (Law) i. e. great wood; such wood as by the common law is reputed timber. 2 Inst. 642. GROSSULA'RIA (Bot.) the Ceanthus asiaticus of Linnæus. GRO'SSUS (Bot.) an unripe fig.

GROTESQUE (Paint, &c.) in French grotesque, Italian grotesco; ornamental work of foliage and capricious figures, resembling Arabesques.

GROVELLING (Sport.) a deer is said to feed grovelling when she feeds lying on her belly.

GROUND Annual (Law) a ground-rent payable, according to the Scotch law, out of the ground before the tenement in a burgh is built.

GROUND (Archit.) or Ground-plot, the piece of ground selected for building upon.-Ground-joists, the joists which rest upon sleepers laid upon the ground, or on bricks, propstones, dwarf-walls, &c. -- Ground-plan, the plan of the story of a house on the same level with the surface of the ground.-Ground-plates, the outermost pieces of timber lying in or near the ground, and framed into one another with mortices and tenons of the joists, the summer and girders. Ground-sill, the lowest horizontal timber on which the exterior wall is erected. It is otherwise called

the ground-plate. Ground-work, the same as founda

tion.

GROUND (Mil.) the field or place of action.

"To take ground," is said of a battalion when it extends in any given direction-Ground arms! a word of command for the soldiers to lay their arms down on the ground. GROUND (Mus.) any composition in which the bass is perpetually repeated to the continual varying of the melody. GROUND (Perspect.) the surface on which the figures and other objects are raised, or represented.

TO GROUND a Ship (Mar.) to lay her on her side, in order to bream, or to repair her.

a ship stands on in port.

float.

GROUND-ANGLING (Sport.) fishing under water with a
GROUND-JOISTS (Build.) vide Joists.
GROUND-IVY (Bot.) the Glechoma hederacea of Linnæus,
a shrub.
GROUND-NUT (Bot.) the Arachis, an annual.
GROUND-PINE (Bot.) the Teucrium Chamæpitys.
GROUND-RATAN (Bot.) the Rhapis flabelliformis.
GROUNDSEL (Bot.) the Senecio vulgaris, an annual.
GROUND-PLAN (Archit.) vide Ground.
GROUND-PLATE (Archit.) vide Ground.
GROUND-PLOT (Archit.) vide Ground.
GROUND-PLUMBING (Sport.) the finding out the depth
of the water in fishing.

GROUNDLING (Ich.) the Cobitis tænia of Linnæus, a
fish so called because it keeps under stones in small
brooks. It makes a hissing noise when handled, and feeds
on worms and the spawn of other fish.
GROUND SILL (Archit.) vide Ground.
GROUND-TACKLE (Mar.) a general name for all ropes
and furniture belonging to the anchors, or employed in
securing a ship in a road or harbour.-Ground-tier, vide
Tier.-Ground-timbers, timbers which lie on the keel.-
Ground-ways, large pieces of timber laid across the ship,
or dock, to place the blocks upon.

GROUND-TOW (Mech.) the loose hemp that comes from the sides of the hatchellers and spinners in hemp-making. GROUND-WAYS (Mar.) vide Ground. GROUP (Paint.) a knot or assemblage of figures which, by the appearance of light and shade, appear to have a connexion with each other.

GROUP (Mus.) a word formerly applied to a certain kind of diminution of long notes, for the purpose of embellish

ment.

GROUPA'DE (Man.) a lofty kind of manege higher than the ordinary curvet.

GROUSE (Örn.) a bird larger than a partridge, but otherwise very similar in appearance. It inhabits the mountainous and woody parts of Europe and Asia, and is solitary, except in breeding time, when it is very inattentive to its safety, and easily caught. It is classed by Linnæus under the genus Tetrao, with the partridge and the quail. Grouse are called by sportsmen red and black heath-game. GROWING (Mar.) implies the direction of the cable towards the anchors. The cable grows on the star-board bow," i. e. stretches towards the starboard or right side. GROWME (Mech.) a machine to stretch woollen cloth on after it is woven; mentioned in statute 43, Ed. 3, c. 10. GROWTH Halfpenny (Law) a rate paid in some places for tithe of every fat beast.

GRUA'RIA (Archæol.) the principal officers of the forest.
GRUB (Ent.) another name for the maggot.
TO GRUB (Husband.) to delve or dig up trees by the roots.
GRUBAGE (Husband.) Grubbage, or Grub-axe, a tool for
grubbing up roots.

GRUBS (Med.) a kind of small white unctuous pimples or tumours rising on the face, chiefly on the alæ of the nose. GRUMA (Chem.) the tartar of wine.

GRUME (Med.) grumus, a concreted clot of blood, milk, or any other substance.

GRU'MOUS blood (Med.) that which is too thick for circulation.

GRUMOUS roots (Bot.) those which are composed of several knobs, as the Asphodel and Pile-Wort. GRUMUS (Med.) vide Grume.

GRUPPO (Mus.) Italian for a trill or shake. GRUS (Astron.) the Crane, one of the new constellations, containing 13 stars. . 4