between the knee and second joint next the foot, called a fetlock or pastern joint. SHANKER (Med.) or chancre, a venereal bubo in the groin and adjacent parts.

SHANK-PAINTER (Mar.) in French serre bosse, a short rope and chain; the latter is fastened to the top side, abaft the cat-head, and used for hanging the shank and flooks of the anchor up to the ship's side.

SHANKS (Com.) the skin of the leg of a kid, which bears the fur called the badge.

TO SHAPE a Course (Mar.) to direct or appoint the track of a ship, in order to prosecute a voyage. SHAPO URNET (Her.) vide Chaperon. SHARD (Mech.) a broken piece of a tile. SHARE (Mech.) from the German scheren, to cut, the cutting iron part belonging to a plough, SHARK (Ich.) a voracious animal, the Squalus of Linnæus, an inhabitant of the sea only, which has a tapering compressed body that grows to an enormous size. The flesh is hard, tough, and rank; the liver yields a quantity of oil, and the skin is used for carriage traces, &c. SHA'ROCK (Com.) a silver coin in India, worth about a shilling sterling.

SHARP (Cus.) a pass word among the attendants at Windsor, to signify the approach of the king. SHARP-BOTTOM (Mar.) the same as a sharp floor of a ship, in opposition to a flat floor or bottom. To brace up sharp," to turn the yards to the most oblique direction possible, so that the ship may lie well up to the wind. SHARPING (Archeol.) a customary present of corn made about Christmas, by farmers in some parts of England to the smiths, for sharpening their iron implements of husbandry.

SHAUMIA'RIS (Cus.) a canopy of cotton cloth in India. SHAW (Hort.) probably from the shadow which it affords; a tuft of trees which encompasses a close. SHAW-BANDER (Polit.) a viceroy in Persia. SHAW-FOWL (Fowl.) an artificial bird used by fowlers to shoot at.

SHA'WIA (Bot.) a genus of plants, Class 19 Syngenesia, Order 5 Polygamia segregata, named after Dr. Shaw, author of Travels into Barbary.

Generic Character. CAL. perianth imbricate.-COR. onepetalled. STAM. filaments five.-PIST. germ oblong; style filiform; stigma bifid.-PER. none; seed solitary; receptacle naked.

Species. The single species is the Shawia paniculata, na

tive of New Zealand.

SHAWM (Mus.) a religious instrument in use among the Hebrews.

SHEA'DING (Archeol.) a tithing or division in the Isle of Man.

SHEAF of Arrows (Archæol.) a bundle of arrows, containing 24 in number.

SHEAF (Husband.) a bundle of corn in the straw or hawlm. SHEA'RMAN'S CRAFT (Com.) the craft or occupation of shearing worsteds, fustians, and all woollen cloths. SHEARS (Husband.) an implement made in the form of scissars, for cutting hedges or grass, shearing sheep, &c. SHEARS (Mar.) two yards set up on end at some distance, and bound across each other next the top: their use is to take out and put in a mast, or to hoist goods in or out of boats that have no masts.-Shear-hooks, iron hooks let into the main and fore-yard's arms, in order to cut and tear the enemy's shrouds, sails, &c.

SHEATH (Mech.) a case for a knife or sword. SHEATH (Bot.) a membrane investing the stem or branch, as in grasses.

SHEATH-BILL (Orn.) the Vaginalis of Linnæus, a bird inhabiting Zealand and the South-Sea Islands, which is so

called because the upper mandible of its bill is covered with a sheath.

SHEATHED (Bot.) vaginatus, invested by a sheath or cylindrical membranaceous tube, which is the base of the leaf, as the stem in Polygonum amphibium, and the culm grasses.

in

SHEA'THING (Mar.) in French doublage, a sort of casing or covering nailed all over the outside of a ship's bottom to protect the planks from the worms, particularly in hot climates. Sheathing-boards, fir planks from ths to ths of an inch thick, used principally in covering the bottoms of merchant ships before the copper sheathing is applied. SHEATHING (Bot.) vide Vaginans.

SHEAVE (Mar.) or shiver, in French rouet de poulie, the wheel in which the rope works in the block; it is generally made of lignum vitæ, sometimes of brass. [vide Black]-Sheave-hole, in French clan, the channel cut in a mast, yard, or timber, in which to fix a sheave, answering instead of a block,

SHED (Build.) a pent-house or shelter made of boards. SHEDDING-TEETH (Anat.) the primary teeth, other wise called the milk-teeth.

SHEEP'S SCABIOUS (Bot.) the Jasione montana of Linnæus, an annual.

SHEEP-SHANK (Mar.) in French jambe de chien, a sort of knot made on a rope to shorten it: it is particularly used on runners or ties to prevent the tackle coming block and block.

TO SHEEP-SHANK (Mar.) to shorten the topgallant backstays, &c.

SHEEP-SILVER (Law) a sum of money anciently paid by tenants to be released from the service of washing the lord's sheep.

SHEER (Mar.) is applied to a ship to denote, 1. The longitudinal curve of a ship's deck, or sides, in French tonture des préceintes, whence the phrases "To quicken the sheer," i. e. to shorten the radius which strikes out the curve, and "To straighten the sheer," i. e. to lengthen the radius. 2. The position in which a ship is sometimes kept when at single anchor, whence To break sheer," to deviate from that position, and thereby risk the fouling of the anchor. TO SHEER (Mar.) to deviate or stray from the line of the course, so as to form a crooked and irregular path through the water. "To sheer up alongside," to approach a ship in a parallel direction. "To sheer off," to remove to a greater distance.

SHEE'R-HOOKS (Mar.) an iron instrument with two or three prongs at one end like a fork and four hooks near the other end.

SHEE'R-HULK (Mar.) an old ship of war cut down to the lower or gun-deck, having a mast fixed in mid-ships, and fitted with an apparatus, consisting of sheers, tackles, &c. for heaving out or in the lower masts of his majesty's ships, particularly in the royal ports, as occasion requires. SHEERS (Mar.) two hand-masts, or large spars, erected on the vessel whose masts are to be fixed or displaced. SHEE'R-STRAKE (Mar.) the strake under the gunwale in the topside; it is generally worked thicker than the rest of the topside, and scarfed between the drifts.

SHEET (Mar.) in French écoute, a rope fastened to one or both the lower corners of a sail, to extend and retain it in a particular station.-False sheet, a rope bound to the clew of the sail above the sheet-block, to ease the sheet lest it should break when there happens to be an extraordinary gale of wind.

SHEET-ANCHOR (Mar.) in French maîtresse ancre, the largest anchor used in a ship; and in stress of weather it is the mariner's last refuge.

SHEFFIELDIA (Bot.) a genus of plants, Class 5 Pentandria, Order 1 Monogynia.

Generic Character. CAL. perianth five-cleft.-COR. onepetalled.-STAM. filaments ten, awl-shaped.-PIST. germ oblong; style filiform; stigma simple. PER. capsule conical; seeds very many.

Species. The single species is the Sheffieldia repens, a creeping plant.

SHEICK (Polit.) or Sheik, the chief of a tribe among the Arabs. SHE'KEL (Ant.) Spw, a Jewish silver coin worth about half a crown sterling, and a gold coin worth about 1/. 16s. 6d. SHELDRAKE (Orn.) a bird of the duck-tribe, the Anas tadorna of Linnæus.

SHELL (Nat.) the crustaceous covering of fishes, and of some fruits.

SHELL (Gunn.) in French bombe; a hollow cast-iron ball to throw out of mortars, or howitzers, having a vent, or hole,|| through which the powder is put that is to burst it: when it is filled, the fusee for setting fire to the powder is driven firmly into the hole.

SHELL of a sword (Mil.) in French plague d'épée; the particular part of a sword, which serves as a shield to the hand when it grasps the hilt.

Shell is also the outward part of a tent, or marquee; and likewise a short jacket without arms, which was worn by light dragoons, and in some instances by the infantry previous to the new regulations.

SHELL of a block (Mar.) in French corps d'une poulie; the outer frame or case, wherein the sheaf or wheel is contained, and traverses about its axis.

TO SHELL (Vet.) is said of a horse that has the teeth completely bare and uncovered, which happens about the fifteenth or sixteenth year.

SHELVES (Mar.) a general name given to any dangerous shallows, sandbanks, or rocks, lying immediately under the surface of the water.

SHELVING (Geog.) a gradual inclination of the land towards the sea.-Shelving Bottom, an irregular surface at the bottom of the sea.

SHEPHERD'S NEEDLE (Bot.) the Scandix pecten Veneris of Linnæus, an annual.-Shepherd's Purse, the Thlaspi perfoliatum, an annual. - Shepherd's Staff, the Dipsacus pilosus.

SHERA'RDIA (Bot.) a genus of plants, Class 4 Tetrandria, Order 1 Monogynia.

Generic Character. CAL. perianth small.-Cor. one-petalled. STAM. filaments four; anthers simple.-PIST. germ twin; style filiform; stigmas headed.-PER. none; fruit none; seeds two.

Species. The species are the-Sherardia arvensis, As perula, Rubeola, seu Rubra, Little Field Madder, an annual. Sherardia muralis, a shrub, &c. SHE'RIFF (Law) in Latin vicecomes; the Shire-Reve, Shiriff, or the Reeve, Bailiff, or officer of the shire, the chief officer under the King in every shire, or county, being so called from the first division of the kingdom into counties. The sheriff is otherwise called the High Sheriff, to distinguish him from the Under Sheriff-Sheriff in that|| part, or on that behalf, a person appointed to supply the place of the sheriff for executing process in Scotland. SHE'RIFF CLERK (Law) the clerk to the Sheriff's court in Scotland, who alone can be notary to the seisins given by the sheriff, proceeding on precepts for infefting heirs holding of the crown.

SHERIFFALTY (Law) or Shrievalty, the office of sheriff. SHE'RIFFGEL!) (Law) a rent formerly paid by the sheriff, whereof it is prayed that the sheriff in his account may be discharged. Rot. Parl. 50 Edw. 3.

SHE'RIFF'S TOURN (Law) vide Turn.

SHERIFF-TOOTH (Law) a tenure by the service of providing entertainment for the sheriff at his county-courts. Rot. Plac. in Itin. apud Cest. 14 H.7.

SHEWT of blood (Vet.) a disease in cattle when they bleed at the mouth. SHI'BBOLETH (Bibl.) from the Hebrew naw, an ear of corn; a word by the pronunciation of which the Gileadites distinguished the Ephraimites, who pronounced s for sh. SHIELD (Mil.) a defensive weapon formerly used as a protection against arrows or darts, &c.

SHIELD (Her) is also another name for the escutcheon by which it is represented.

SHIFT (Mus.) the motion of the hand along the finger-board of a violin, violincello, &c. necessary in the execution of passages, the notes of which, in point of gravity or acuteness, lie at a considerable distance from each other.

TO SHIFT (Mar.) as applied to the wind at sea, signifies to alter its direction. This term is also employed on other occasions, as "To shift the helm," in French changer la barre, to alter its position, by pushing it towards the opposite side of the ship. "To shift a tackle," in French affaler ou reprendre un palan, to remove the blocks of a tackle to a greater distance from each other, on the object to which they are applied, to give a greater scope or extent to their purchase. Shift the messenger," in French changer le tournevine, the order to change its position on the capstan from the right to the left, and vice versa. SHIFTED (Mar.) an epithet denoting the state of a ship's ballast, or cargo, when it is shaken from one side to the other.

SHIFTER (Mar.) the person who assists the cook in shifting or changing the water in which the salt provisions are steeped.

SHIFTING USE (Law) vide Use. SHIFTS (Archæol.) a term formerly employed to denote the per-centage, or douceur, which usurers exacted contrary to law.

SHILOH (Bibl.) nb, i. e. sent; a name appropriated in Scripture to our LORD AND SAVIOUR JESUS CHRIST.

SHILLING (Com.) in the Saxon Scylling, from Scild, a shield, because anciently coined with the form of a shield on it; a silver coin now worth 12d. although among the Saxons it was not worth more than 5d. A Scotch shilling is equal to an English penny, and the shilling in Germany is worth still less. [vide Schilling] SHINGLES (Med.) the vulgar name for Erysipelas. SHINGLES (Carpent.) small boards similar to slates, prepared for covering a building. They are of oak, either sawn or cleft, about an inch thick at one end, thinned off towards the nail or pin.

SHINGLING (Carpent.) the act of covering a roof with shingles.

SHINING (Bot.) vide Lucidus.
SHIP (Ant.) vide Militia, Plate 49.

SHIP (Mar.) a general name for all large vessels navigated on the ocean; but, in sea language, is more particularly applied to a vessel furnished with three masts, each of which is composed of a lower-mast, top-mast, top gallantmast, and royal-mast, with the yards and other machinery thereto belonging. The plans, elevations, and sections, together with the several timbers and compartments, &c. are explained under the head of ship-building [vide Plate No. I (57)]; and the machinery and furniture with which she is. equipped are represented and explained in the same place [vide Plate No. II (58)]; and also under the several terms in their respective places.

SHIPS, according to their structure, use, &c. are distin

"

guished into-A Ship cut down, in French batiment rasé, one which has had a deck cut off from her, whereby a three-decker is converted into a two-decker, and a twodecker becomes a frigate. A ship raised upon, one whose dead works have been heightened by additional timbers.- Admiral's ship, any ship bearing an admiral's flag-Armed Ship, vide Armed.-Fire-Ship, vide Fire. -Guard-Ship, a vessel of war appointed to superintend the marine affairs in a harbour or river, and to see that the ships which are not commissioned, have their proper watch duly kept, &c.-Hospital-ship, a ship fitted up to attend a fleet of men of war, and to receive their sick and wounded.-Leeward-ship, vide Lee.-A Ship of the Line, an epithet applied to all men of war carrying sixty guns or upwards. Merchant-ship, or Merchantman, a vessel employed in commerce to carry commodities of various sorts from one port to another. The largest merchant ships are those employed by the different companies of merchants who trade to the East Indies, which are distinguished by the name of East Indiamen.-Prison-ship, a vessel fitted, up for receiving prisoners of war.-Receiving Ship, a ship stationed at any place to receive volunteers and impressed men-Store-ship, a vessel employed to carry artillery or naval stores for the use of a flect.-Transport-ship, a merchant-ship hired by the transport-board for the purpose of conveying ammunition, stores, &c. from one place to another.-Troop-ship, a ship fitted up for carrying troops. Ship of war, a vessel belonging to the Royal Navy.

SHIP-BUILDING, the art of building ships according to certain draughts, the forming of which constitutes the theory of the art, and is more properly denomi nated Naval Architecture. Three several draughts are usually made of ships, for the purpose of obtaining a correct delineation of the structure which is proposed to be raised. The first gives a side view of the whole length of the ship, and is termed the plane of the elevation, or sheer-draught. The second exhibits an end view so as to present the outlines of the principal timbers, and is properly termed the plane of projection, or the vertical plane of the timbers. The third gives a view of the horizontal curves by means of water lines traced upon what is called the horizontal plane. The elevation, or sheer-draught, determines the length and depth of the keel; also the rake, that is, the length and projection of the stem and stern-post, &c. as is represented in fig. 1, Plate No. I (57). To the practical part of naval architecture, namely, ship-building, belongs the knowledge of the different timbers which are employed in the structure of a ship, of the different parts into which a ship is divided, and of the different tackling with which it is worked; of all which a representation is given in fig. 3, 4, 5, Plates No. I & II (57, 58), and a more particular account in the following explanation.

Fig. 1. The Elevation, or Sheer-draught of a man of war; A A, the Keel; B, the Stern-post; C, the Stem; D D, the Quarter-gallery; E, the Quarter-piece, which limits the stern on each side: F, the Taffrail, or Upper-piece of the stern; GG, Profile of the stern with its galleries; HHH, the Gunports; III, the Channels with their dead eyes and chain-plates; K, the Tuck-rail; L, the Lower Finishing; M, the Upper Finishing; N, the Fretwork on the upper finishing; O, the Rudder; P, the Top Timber-line; Q, the Upper Edge of the Main-wale; R, the Lower Edge of the Main-wale; S, the Upper

Edge of the Channel-wale; T, the Lower Edge of the Channel-wale; U, the Water-lines; X X, the Rails of the Head; Y, the Knee of the Head, or Cutwater; ZZ, the Cheeks; a, the Cat-head; bb, the Hawseholes; c, d, e, f, &c. the frame timbers in the fore-body of the ship, before the midship-frame; , the midshipframe, called the dead flat. The figures 2, 4, 6, &c. the timbers in the afterbody.

Fig. 2. The Pieces of the Hull; a, the Pieces which compose the Keel bolted together and clinched; b, the Stern-post tenoned into the Keel; c, the Stem composed of three pieces scarfed together; d, the inner posts, into which the transoms are let; e, the FalsePost, which serves to augment the breadth of the Sternpost;f, the pieces of Dead-Wood which form the afterpart of the ship; g, the Knee of the Stern-post; h, the Apron which is fayed on the inside of the stem; i, the Stems on which reinforces the scarf of the apron; k, the Wing-Transom which is fayed across the stern-post: 1, the Deck-Transom parallel to the wing-transom ; m, the Filling-Transom; n, the Lower Transoms; o, the After Fashion-piece; p, the Middle Fashion-piece; r, the Side Counter-timber; s, the Stemson; t, the Gripe; u, the Lengthening Piece on the side countertimber; r, the Scarf of the after-piece of the keel; y, the several pieces of the Knee of the Head. Fig. 3. The Deck of a Man of War; a, the Principal or Main-Hatchway; b, the Stem-post; c, the Stem; d, the Plate-Knee; ee, the Carlings ranging fore and aft, from one beam to another; f, the Ledges let into the carlings; g, the Pump-dale; h, the Prong or Forked Beams; i, the Wing-Transom; k, the Manger-boards; 7, the Fore-Hatchway; m, the After-Hatchway; n, the Step for the jear-capstan; o, the Step for the maincapstan; p, the Wing-transom Knee; g, the Scuttles; r, the Ring-bolts of the decks; ss, the King-bolts of the sides; tt, the Water-ways; uu, the Cable-bits with their cross-pieces and standards; v, the Station of the Fore-mast; w, the Station of the Main-mast; r, the Mizen-step; y, the Cistern for the chain-pumps.

Plate No. II (58).

Fig. 4. Tackling, &c. of a first rate ship at anchor. A. The Bowsprit; 1, Gammoning: 2, Bumkin; 3, Horses; 4, Bob-stays; 5, Martingal; 6, Martingal-stays; 7, Bowsprit shrouds; 8, Jib-boom; 9, Jib, stay, and sail; 10, Jib-halyards; 11, Sprit-sail-yard and course; 12, Bowsprit-cap; 13, Jackstaff and flag: 14, Braces. B. Fore-mast; 15, Shrouds and rat-lines; 16, Stay and Lanyard; 17, Preventer-stay and Lanyard; 18, Yard and course with studding-sail-booms; 19, Top; 20, Yard-tackles; 21, Lifts; 22, Sheets; 23, Tack; 24, Bowlines and bridles; 25, Futtock-shrouds; 26, Cap. C. Fore-top-mast; 27, Shrouds and Lanyards; 28, Yard and Sail with studding-sail-booms; 29, Stay and Sail; 30, Preventer-stay; 31, Back-stays; 32, Halyards; 33, Stay-sail Halyards; 34, Crosstrees. D. Fore-TopGallant-Mast; 35, Shrouds; 36, Yard and Sail; 37, Stay; 38, Royal Stay; 39, Back-stay: 40, Royal Yard and Sail; 41, Royal Braces; 42, Royal Lifts; 43, Flag of the Lord High Admiral. E. Main-Mast; 44, StayTackles; 45, Yard-Tackles; 46, Tack. F. Main-TopMast. G. Main-Top-Gallant-Mast; 47, Shrouds; 48, Yard and Sail; 49, Stay, Halyard, and Sail; 50, Royal Standard. H. Mizen-Mast; 51, Cross-Jack-Yard; 52, Cross-Jack-Lifts; 53, Cross-Jack-Braces. I. MizenTop-Mast. K. Mizen-Top-Gallant-Mast; 54, RoyalBack-Stays; 55, Union-Jack; 56, Driver-Boom; 57, Boom-Topping-Lifts; 58, Boom-Guy-Falls; 59, Gaff and Driver; 60, Derrick-Fall; 61, Peak-Brails; 62,

SHIP-MONEY (Law) an imposition anciently charged upon the ports, towns, and cities, &c. of this realm, and revived in the time of Charles I, for the providing and furnishing certain ships for the King's service. This tax was abolished by Stat. 17 Car. 1, c. 14.

SHIPPER (Mar.) the master of a Dutch ship. In the Dutch he is called skipper.

SHIPPING (Mar.) whatever relates to ships, including every sort of vessel employed upon the water, together with the laws connected therewith, &c.

SHIP-SHAPE (Mar.) in the shape, or after the fashion of a ship; as in the phrases, "The mast is not rigged ship-shape," "Trim your sails ship-shape." SHIP-WORM (Com.) the Teredo of Linnæus, a testaceous animal, which adheres to the sides and bottoms of ships that come from India, and does much damage to all wood to which it attaches itself.

SHIPWRIGHT (Mar.) one who is skilled in the art of building ships from certain draughts; also in the theory and practice of constructing such draughts for ships of

various rates and classes.

SHIPWRIGHTS, Company of (Her.) were in

corporated in the reign of James I. Their - armorial ensigns are a Noah's ark, on a chief the cross of St. George charged with a lion of England.

SHIRE (Polit.) in the Saxon reine, from reynan, to divide; a portion or division of land most Commonly called a county of these there are forty in England, twelve in Wales, and twenty-four in Scotland. King Alfred first divided this land into satrapia, i. e. shires;|| centuria, i. e. hundreds; and decennæ, i. e. tithings. Leg. Alfred. apud Brompt. Shire-Clerk, he that keeps the County Court.-Shire-Man, anciently a judge of a county, by whom causes respecting land, &c. were determined before the conquest. Shire-mote, an assembly of the county or shire at the assizes, &c.

SHIVER (Mar.) vide Sheave.

TO SHIVER (Mar.) in French fasier, is said of a sail when it shakes or flutters in the wind, as being neither full nor a-back, but in a medium, between both, as well with regard to its absolute position as to its relative effect on the vessel.

SHIVERS (Mech.) the foul particles that are taken from the hemp when hatchelling.

SHOAL (Mar.) a shallow piece of water, or water not deep enough for vessels of a certain magnitude. SHOARS (Carpent.) or Shores, props that are set up obliquely against a house, or any building, for the purpose of supporting its weight.-Dead-shoars are props set up against a wall that is broken through to prevent it from falling.

SHOAR (Mar.) vide Shore.

SHOCK (Husband.) several sheaves of corn set together. SHOE of the Anchor (Mar.) a small block of wood convex on the back, and having a hole sufficient to contain the point of the anchor-flook on the foreside.-Shoe-Blocks, two single blocks cut in a solid piece transversely to each other.

SHOE (Mech.) the part at the bottom of the water-trunk, or
leaden pipe, for turning the course of the water,
SHOLE (Com.) a quantity of fish that congregate together.
SHOOT (Bot.) vide Sarculus.

TO SHOOT (Mar.) is said of a ship that moves forward with particular rapidity by, or through, any objects as "To shoot through London Bridge," where the main current runs. To shoot a head of the ship."

SHOOTING (Carpent.) the act of planing the edge of a board straight and cut of winding-Shooting Boards, two boards fixed together with their sides lapped together so as to form a rebate.

SHOOTING-STAR (Meteor.) vide Star. SHOOTING-STICK (Print.) a stick used by the compositor in locking up a form. [vide Printing] SHOP-LIFTING (Law) the stealing of goods privately out of a shop, which, being to the value of 5s. though no person be in the shop, is felony without benefit of clergy. SHO'RAGE (Law) a duty paid for goods brought on shore. SHORE (Geog.) a tract of land near a sea. SHORE (Carpent.) vide Shoar,

SHORES (Mar.) props or stanchions fixed under a ship's side or bottom to support her on the stocks, or when laid on the blocks in the slip.

SHO'RLING (Husband.) a sheep's skin after the fleece is

shorn off.

SHORT-ALLOWANCE-MONEY (Mar.) a pecuniary allowance made to the officers and seamen of any of his Majesty's ships for the period they have been necessitated. to subsist on a diminution of the established allowance. This is commonly made in cases where the service, on which they were sent, has not been performed within the time limited for that purpose.

TO SHORTEN (Mar.) is said of a ship's sails in opposition to "Making sail."

SHO'RTFORD (Law) an ancient custom of Exeter, whereby the lord got possession of any tenement which was forfeited to him for nonpayment of rent. SHORTHAND (Mech.) a mode of writing by means of abbreviations or arbitrary characters. SHORT-HAULS (Mech.) a term in rope-making for the hauls of yarn which are short of the ordinary length. SHORT-JŎINTED (Vet.) an epithet for a horse that has a short pastern.

SHORT-LAID (Mech) a term in rope-making for shorttwisted.

SHORT-OCTAVES (Mus.) an appellation given to some of the lower octaves of an organ, because, from the omis sion of some of the intermediate notes, the extreme keys lie nearer to each other than those of the full octaves. SHORTS (Mech.) a term in rope-making for the toppings and tailings of hemp, which are dressed for bolt-ropes and whale-lines. The term is also employed to denote the distinction between the long hemp, used in making stapleropes, and inferior hemp. pl

SHOT (Gunn.) in French boulet, a general name given to all sorts of balls used for artillery and fire-arms, from the pistol to the cannon; those for cannon and carronades, being of iron, and those for small arms, of lead. Shot is distinguished into Round-Shot, the simplest of all, which is composed of a ball or globe of cast iron, the weight of which is proportioned to the size of the cannon. -Grape-Shot, in French charge à la suedoise ou charge grappe, a combination of balls put into a canvass bag, and corded strongly together, so as to form a sort of cylinder, the diameter of which is equal to that of the ball which is adapted to the cannon.-Case or Canister-Shot is formed

diameter of shot.

SHOT-LOCKER (Mar.) a locker or hole planked up for holding the shot.

SHOT-RACKS (Mar.), wooden frames bolted to the cramings and head-ledges round the hatchways on the decks to contain the different shot.

SHOVE OFF! (Mar.) a term employed by those who have -the management of boats, to move a boat clear off from the shore.

SHOVELER (Orn.) a bird of the duck tribe, the Anas clypeata of Linnæus.

SHOULDER (Archer.) the broad part of the arrow-head. SHOULDER (Mech.) a projection made upon the surface of blocks, pins, &c. by reducing one part to a less substance. SHOULDER (Mil) the upper part of the blade of a sword. SHOULDER of a Bastion (Fort.) vide Epaule. SHOULDER of a horse (Vet.) that part of the forehand that lies between the withers, the fore-thigh, the counter, and the ribs. A horse is said to be charged with shoulders when he has thick, fleshy, and heavy shoulders, and is consequently liable to trip or fall.

SHOULDER of a Tenon (Carpent.) the transverse plane to the length of a piece of timber from which the tenon projects. TO SHOULDER (Mil.) to lay any thing on the shoulder, or to rest any thing against; whence the phrases in military exercise,"Shoulder arms!" and "To Shoulder a musket,"

&c.

SHOULDER-BELT (Mil.) a part of a soldier's accoutrements made of buff leather, and so called because it hangs over the shoulder to carry the bayonet or sword. SHOULDER-BLADE (Anat.) vide Scapula. SHOULDER-BLOCK (Mar.) a large single block left almost square at the upper end, and cut sloping in the direction of the sheave.

SHOULDER-PEGGED (Vet.) an epithet for horses that are gourdy, stiff, and almost without motion. SHOULDER-PIGHT (Vet.) a malady in a horse, when he displaces the point of the shoulder by a fall or wrench. SHOULDER-PINCHING (Vet.) a misfortune which befals a horse by labouring or straining when too young, or by having been overloaded.

SHOULDER-SHIELD (Mil.) a part of ancient armour, which was formed of plates of iron rivetted together, and which served to protect the breast and shoulders of a horse. SHOULDER-SPLAYED (Vet.) an epithet for a horse when he has given his shoulders such a violent shock as to disjoint the shoulder-joint from the body. SHOULDER-WRENCH (Vet.) a wrench in the shoulders of a horse.

SHOULDERING (Fort.) a demi-bastion consisting of one face and one flank, &c.

SHOULDERING-PIECE (Archit.) a member which is otherwise called a bracket.

SHRE'DINGS (Carpent.) vide Furrings.

SHREW (Zool.) the Sorex of Linnæus, an animal resembling a mole in its head, and a mouse in other parts; it is nearly the size of a rat, and the colour of a weasel, and is very mischievous to cattle.

SHRIKE (Orn.) the Lanius of Linnæus, a fierce sort of bird, which prey on lesser birds, and, tearing them to pieces, stick their fragments on the thorn.

TO SHRIKE (Sport.) or shriek, is said of a badger which makes its noise at rutting time.

SHRIMP (Ent.) a well-known animal which is nearly allied to the crab; it is the Cancer crangon of Linnæus. SHRINE (Ecc.) from scrinium, a desk; a case to hold the relics of a saint, or a place where prayers are made to some saint.

SHRIVING (Ecc.) the making confession to a priest. SHRO'FFING (Com.) a term in India for the examining and sorting of money.

SHROUD (Cus.) from the Saxon rchnýt, a cloth; a gar ment in which a corpse is wrapped. SHROUDS (Mar.) in French haubands, a range of large ropes extended from the mast-heads to the right and left sides of the ship to support the masts, and enable them to carry sail. The shrouds are distinguished into-Bentinckshrouds, which are strong ropes seized on the futtockstaves, serving to relieve or support the masts when the ship rolls.-Bowsprit-shrouds are put over the head of the bowsprit, and support the bows of the ship.-Bumkin-shrouds are strong ropes fixed as stays or supports to the bumkin ends.- Futtock or Foothook-shrouds, pieces of rope communicating with the futtock plates, which form ladders whereby the sailors climb up to the top-brim.-Top-mastshrouds are extended from the top-mast-heads to the edges of the tops. Top-gallant-mast-shrouds are extended to the cross-trees, &c. [vide Ship-building, Plate No. II (58)] -To set up the Shrouds, vide to Set. SHRO'VE-TIDE (Ecc.) from shrive, to confess; the time just before Lent, so called because, in former times, it was customary for all to confess their sins for the more strict observance of Lent; the practice is still observed in the Romish Church.

SIAMIN (Bot.) the Pentapetes of Linnæus. SIBBA'LDIA (Bot.) a genus of plants, Class 5 Pentandria, Order 5 Pentagynia.

Generic Character. CAL. perianth one-leaved. - COR. petals five. STAM filaments five, ovate, very short; anthers small, obtuse.-PIST. germs five, ovate; styles from the side of the germs; stigmas headed. — PER. none; calyx converging; seeds five, rather oblong. Species. The species are the-Sibbaldia procumbens, seu Pentaphylloides.-Sibbaldia erecta, &c.

SI'BBENS (Med.) a disease resembling the syphilis.
SI'BI (Bot.) a species of the Lagerstroemia of Linnæus.
SIBTHORPIA (Bot.) a genus of plants, Class 14 Didyna-
mia, Order 2 Angiospermia.

Generic Character. ĈAL. perianth one-leaved.-COR. onepetalled, five-parted.STAM. filaments four; anthers cordate, oblong.-PIST. germ roundish; style cylindrical;