universe within its description; it is distinguished from Chorography, or the description of countries; and Topography, or the description of particular places, as a whole from the part. The natural divisions of the Earth are Land and Water. The Land is divided into Continents, Islands, Peninsulas, Isthmuses, Promontories, Mountains, Volcanoes, Champaign, Coasts, Cliffs, Archipelagoes, &c. [vide Continent, Island, &c.] The Water is divided into Oceans, Seas, Gulfs, Bays, Havens, Straits, Lakes, Rivers, Creeks, Cataracts, &c. [vide Ocean, Sea, &c.] The political division of the earth is into Countries, Empires, Kingdoms, States, Circles, Provinces, Counties, Towns, Cities, Villages, &c. The principal writers on geography among the ancients are Ptolemy, Strabo, Pomponius Mela, Pausanias, Arrian, Dicæarchus, Dionysius, Stephanus, &c. Among the moderns, Johannes de Sacrobosco, Sebastian Munster, Clavius, Cluverius, Cellarius, Wolfius, &c. GEO'LOGY (Nat.) from y, the earth, and yo, a discourse; that branch of Natural History which treats of the structure of the earth in regard to the origin, constitution, and composition of its solid contents. GEOMANCY (Ant.) yewpárosia, from, the earth, and partia, divination; a kind of divination performed by making circles on the earth, or by opening the earth. GEOMETRA (Ent.) a rame given by Fabricius to a division of the genus Phalana, comprehending those insects of this tribe which have the antennæ pectinate. GEOMETRICAL (Geom.) an epithet for what appertains to the science and principles of geometry, as a-Geometrical place, a certain bound or extent wherein any point may serve for the solution of a local or undetermined problem. -Geometrical solution of a problem, a solution according to the rules of geometry, &c. GEOMETRY, the science which teaches the dimensions of lines, surfaces, and solids. The word is derived from the Greek yeμrpía, signifying, literally, a measuring of land, because the study of geometry first took its rise from the measuring of lands. The invention of it is generally ascribed to the Egyptians, who, in consequence of the periodical inundations of the Nile, which destroyed all their landmarks, had recourse to mathematical admeasurement to determine the boundaries of each man's possessions. Geometry is distinguished into theoretical and practical. Theoretical Geometry treats of the various properties and relations of magnitudes and the different propositions which flow out of these.-Practical Geometry is the application of these general principles to the various purposes of admeasurement in the concerns of life. Speculative geometry may again be divided into the elementary and the sublime geometry.-Elementary or Common Geometry is employed in the consideration of lines, superficies, angles, planes, figures, and solids.-Sublime or Higher Geometry enters into the consideration of curve lines, conic sections, and the bodies formed of them.

Line. A Line, according to Euclid, is length without breadth, the extremities of which are points that have no parts or magnitude.-A straight line is that which lies evenly between the points, as A B, fig. 1, Plate 37. This being the shortest line between any two points, is denominated their distance from each other.-A curve line is that whose parts lie unevenly between their points or tend different ways, as A C B.-A perpendicular is a line which is normal or perpendicular to another, as CD perpendicular to AB. This makes the adjacent angles equal, namely, CDB and C D A, fig. 2, and each of them is called a right angle.-An oblique line is that which is oblique to another, and makes the angles oblique, as A B to A C, fig. 3.-Parallel lines are those which preserve the same distance from each other, as OP and Q R, fig. 7. These lines if infinitely produced

will never meet.-Convergent lines are those whose distance from each other becomes always less, as TO and UQ, fig. 4.-Divergent lines are those whose distance from each other becomes always greater, as O N and R S, fig. 4.

Superficies. The Superficies is that which has only length and breadth; the terms and boundaries of which are lines, and the measure or quantity is called the area. Superficies are either plane, rectilinear, curvilinear, convex, or concave.-A plane superficies is that in which any two points being taken, the straight line between them lies wholly in that superficies. A rectilinear superficies is that which is bounded by right lines.-A curvilinear superficies is bounded by curved lines.-A convex superficies is that which is curved, and rises outwards.-A concave superficies is curved, and sinks inwards.

Angles. An angle is the mutual inclination of two lines or two planes meeting in a point, called the vertex, or angular point, as B, fig. 5. Angles are mostly denoted by three letters, the middle of which stands for the vertex or angular point, as ABC, DBC. The sides which contain the angle are called the legs, as A B, B C, or D B, B C. Angles are distinguished in respect to the form of their legs, their magnitude, and their relative situation, into-Rectilinear angles, whose legs are both right angles.—Curvilinear angles, which are contained by curves.-Mixt, or mixtilinear angles, which have one leg rectilinear and the other curvilinear.Right angles are formed by one line standing perpendicularly on another, as CD B, and C D A, fig. 2.Oblique angles are those which are not right; these may be either acute or obtuse.-An acute angle is less than a right one, as DB C, fig. 5, AEB, fig. 6.-An obtuse angle is greater than a right angle, as FDB, fig. 2.Vertical angles are such as have their legs mutually continuations of each other, as A and b, c and d, fig. 7: these are also called opposite angles.-Alternate angles are those made on the opposite sides of a line cutting two parallel lines, A y, fig. 7.-External angles are the angles of a figure made without it by producing the sides, as c, fig. 7.-Internal angles are those within the figure, as b, y, fig. 7. [vide Angle]

Figure. A Figure is that which is included within one or more boundaries, called sides. Figures are, as to their form, either rectilinear, curvilinear, or mixtilinear. Rectilinear Figures. Rectilinear Figures are those figures which are contained by right lines: the ambit or limit of such a figure is called the perimeter. Rectilinear figures are distinguished, according to the number of their sides, into trilateral figures, or triangles; quadrilateral figures, or squares; and multilateral figures, or trapeziums.

Triangles. Trilateral figures, or Triangles, are figures contained by three straight lines; of these there is the -Equilateral triangle, which has all its sides equal, as fig. 8.-Isosceles triangle, which has only two sides equal, as fig. 9. It is proved in the fifth proposition of the first Book of Euclid, that the angles at the base of an isosceles triangle, as FDE and FED, are equal to each other.-Scalene triangle, which has three unequal sides, as CA B, fig. 10.-Right-angled triangle, that which has a right angle, as MKL, fig. 11.—An obtuse angled triangle, that which has an obtuse angle, as PNO, fig. 12.-Acute angled triangle, that which has all three acute angles, as A CB, fig. S. To the right-angled triangle belongs the hypothenuse, i. e. the side which subtends, or is opposite to the right angle, as ML. In the 47th Proposition of the first Book of Euclid, it is proved that the square of the hypothenuse is equal to the squares of the other two sides.

Quadrilateral Figures. A quadrilateral figure is that whose perimeter consists of four sides. The principal of these figures are as follow: nainely-The square, i. e. a foursided figure, which has all its sides equal, and all its angles right angles, as A B C D, fig. 13.-An oblong square, a figure having all its angles right angles, but not all its sides equal, as ABCD, fig. 15.-A rhombus is a figure which has all its sides equal, but its angles are not all right angles, as EFGH, fig. 14.-A rhomboid is a figure which has its opposite sides equal to each other, but all its sides are not equal, and its angles are not right angles, as O P Q N, fig. 16.-A rectangle is any quadrilateral figure whose angles are right angles, such as fig. 15.-Parellelogram is any quadrilateral figure whose opposite sides are parallel, and consequently equal, as fig. 13, 14, 15, and 16.-The diagonal is the line which divides any parallelogram into two equal parts, as DB, fig. 15, and PN, fig. 16; and if any two lines, as EG and HK, be drawn parallel to A B and B C, then four parallelograms will be formed; namely, two, which are called parallelograms about the diameter, as H G and EK, fig. 15; and two which are complements, namely, AF and FC. Any one of the parallelograms about the diameter, together with the two complements, is called a gnomon, as the parallelogram H G, together with the complements À F, FC, is the gnomon, which is briefly expressed by the letters A G K or EHC. Every rightangled parallelogram or rectangle is said to be contained by the two lines which contain one of the right angles: thus, the rectangle A B C D is said to be contained by the lines B A and A D. Trapeziums are all other foursided figures, as fig. 17.

Multilateral Figures. Multilateral figures or polygons are those figures which consist of more than four sides, which are called pentagons, if they consist of five sides, as in fig. 18; hexagons, if of six sides, as fig. 19; octagons, if of eight sides, &c.

Figures are moreover distinguished into-equiangular, which have their angles equal; equilateral, when they have their sides equal each to each; regular, when they are both equiangular and equilateral; irregular, when they are not equiangular and equilateral. Similar rectilinear figures are those which have their several angles equal each to each, and the sides about the equal angles proportional.-Reciprocal figures, i. e. triangles and parallelograms, are such as have their sides about two of their angles proportionals in such manner, that a side of the one is to a side of the other, as the remaining side of the second is to the remaining side of the other.

The Base of a figure is the lowest part of the perimeter, as KL, fig. 11. The vertex of a figure is the extreme point opposite to the base, as M. The altitude of a figure is the distance from the vertex to the base, as MK. A rectilinear figure is said to be inscribed in another rectilinear figure, when all the angles of the inscribed figure are upon the sides of that in which it is inscribed, each upon each, as ABDC, fig. 27. In like manner, a figure is said to be described about another figure, when all the sides of the circumscribed figure pass through the angular points of the figure, about which it is described, each to each. Survilinear Figures. Of curvilinear figures the most important is the circle.

Circle. A circle is a plane figure contained by one line, called the circumference or periphery, as B A D, fig. 20, which is at an equal distance from a certain point, called the centre, as C. All the lines drawn from this point to the circumference are equal, as CA, CE, CD.-The chord of a circle is the right line drawn from one point of a circumference to another, as A B, fig. 20.-The

diameter is a chord which passes through the centre, as A E: the semi-diameter, or the half of the diameter, is otherwise called a radius, as AC or C D.-The arc is any part of the circumference cut off by the chord, as AFB, fig. 20.-The arc of a circle is the measure of an angle: thus the angle BAC, in fig. 3, is measured by the arc D E.-The segment of a circle is that part which is bounded by an arc and its chord, as the segment AFBA, comprehended within the arc FB A, and the chord AB. It is called the greater segment when it is greater than a semicircle; and the lesser segment when it is less. The sector of a circle is the part, ACD, comprehended within the two radii, AC and CD, fig. 20. -The tangent to a circle is that line which touches a circle; but if produced, falls wholly without the circle, as HI, fig. 21, which touches the circle M L, in the point L. A circle is a tangent to another circle within if it lies wholly within the other circle, as L M touches the circle L N within, as in fig. 23. A circle touches another circle without, if, meeting the other circle, it falls wholly without it, as L M and L N touch each other in the point L, fig. 22.-Straight lines are said to be equally distant from the centre of a circle, when perpendiculars, drawn to them from the centre, are equal, as DE and FG, which have the equal lines C A and C B drawn perpendicularly to them, as in fig. 24.-An angle at the centre of a circle is that which forms the vertex of a triangle at the centre, as B G C, E HF, fig. 25, 26.— The angle at the circumference is that which forms the vertex of a triangle at the circumference, as B A C, E D F. The angle at the centre is double that at the circumference, as proved by Prop. 26, Book III, of Euclid's Elements. An angle is said to insist or stand upon the circumference, intercepted between the straight lines that contain the angle: thus the angles BAC, BG C, EDF, and EH F, stand on the circumferences B K C, ELF. A rectilinear figure is said to be inscribed in a circle when all the angles of the inscribed figure are upon the circumference of the circle, as ABDC, fig. 28, -A rectilinear figure is said to be described about a circle, when each side of the circumscribed figure touches the circumference of the circle, as A BĎ C, fig. 29.-A circle is said to be inscribed in a rectilinear figure when the circumference touches each side of the figure, as A B D C, fig. 29.-A circle is said to be described about a rectilinear figure when the circumference of the circle passes through all the angular points of the figure, about which it is described, as A B D C, fig. 30.

Solid Figures. A solid is that which has length, breadth, and thickness. That which bounds a solid is a plane, or a plane superficies.-A straight line is perpendicular, or at right angles to a plane when it makes right angles with every straight line meeting it in that plane, as A B in fig. 36.-A plane is perpendicular to a plane when the straight lines drawn in one of the planes perpendicularly to the common section of the two planes are perpendicular to the other, as A B C, fig. 37.-The inclination of a straight line to a plane is the acute angle contained by that straight line, and another drawn from the point in which the first line meets the plane, to the point in which a perpendicular to the plane drawn from any point of the first line above the plane, meets the same plane, as AC B, fig. 38.-The inclination of a plane to a plane is the acute angle contained by two straight lines drawn from any the same point of their common section at right angles to it, one upon one plane, as A B, and the other upon the other, as BC, fig. 39. Two planes are said to have the same or like inclination to one another, which two other planes have, when the said angles of inclination are equal to one another,-A

solid angle is that which is made by the meeting of more than two planes which are not in the same plane, as the angle A, fig. 40, and E, fig. 41, made by the meeting of CAD, CA B, BAE, DAE, or by the meeting of HEK, GEH, GEL, and KEL.-A pyramid is a solid figure contained by planes that are constituted betwixt one plane and one point above it in which they meet, as fig. 42.-A prism is a solid figure contained by plane figures, of which two that are opposite are equal, similar, and parallel to one another; and the others parallelograms, as in fig. 43.-A sphere is a solid figure described by the revolution of a semicircle, as CB A round its diameter C A, as in fig. 44.—A cone is a solid figure described by the revolution of a rightangled triangle, A BC, about one of the sides containing the right angle, as A B, fig. 45. If the fixed side be equal to the other side, containing the right angle, as A B and B C, fig. 45, it is a right-angled cone; if it be less than the other side, as in fig. 46, it is an obtuseangled cone; and if it be greater than the other side, as in fig. 47, it is an acute-angled cone. The axis of a cone is the fixed straight line, as A B, about which the triangle revolves. The base of a cone is the circle described by that side containing the right angle which revolves. A cylinder is a solid figure described by the revolution of a right-angled parallelogram, A C B, fig. 48, about one of its sides, as AB, which remains fixed, and is called the axis of the cylinder. The bases of a cylinder are the circles described by the two revolving opposite sides of the parallelogram.-A cube is a solid figure contained by six equal squares, as fig. 49.—A tetrahedron is a solid figure contained by four equal and equilateral triangles, as fig. 50. — Octahedron, a solid figure contained by eight equal and equilateral triangles, as fig. 51.- A dodecahedron, a solid figure contained by twelve equal pentagons, which are equilateral and equiangular, as fig. 52.--An icosahedron, a solid figure contained by twenty equal and equilateral triangles, as fig. 53.-A parallelopiped, a solid figure contained by six quadrilateral figures, whereof every opposite two are parallel. Ratio. Ratio is a mutual relation of two magnitudes of the same kind to one another in respect of quantity: thus the ratio of 2 to 1, or of A B to A G, fig. 31, is double; that of 3 to 1, triple, &c.-A less magnitude is said to be a part of a greater when the less measures the greater, or is contained in it a certain number of times exactly thus AG is a part of A B, fig. 31.—A greater magnitude is said to be a multiple of a less when the greater is measured by or contains the less a certain number of times: thus A B is a multiple of E, and CD of F, fig. 31.-Magnitudes are said to have a ratio to one another when the less can be multiplied so as to exceed the other; and those magnitudes which have the same ratio are called proportionals.

:

Proportion. Proportion is the similitude of ratios: thus the ratio of 6 to 2 is the same as the ratio of 3 to 1; and the ratio of 15 to 5 is also the same as that of 3 to 1: therefore the ratio of 6 to 2 is the same as that of 15 to 5, which is expressed thus: as 6:2::15:5. The first of four magnitudes is said to have the same ratio to the second which the third has to the fourth, when any equimultiples whatsoever of the first and third being taken, and any equimultiples whatsoever of the second and fourth: if the multiple of the first be less than that of the third, the multiple of the second is also less than that of the fourth; if equal, equal; and if less, less: thus A, fig. 32, is said to have the same ratio to B as C to D, supposing E, F to be any equimultiples whatever of A and B, and G, H any equimultiples whatever of C and D; so that if E be greater than G, F is greater than H, if equal,

equal, and if less, less. In proportionals the antecedent terms are called homologous to one another, and the consequents to one another.

Proportion varies according to the order or magnitude of the proportionals, as-Alternate proportion, when the first of four magnitudes has the same ratio to the third which the second has to the fourth; thus the ratio of A to C, fig. 32, being the same as B to D, the proportion is alternate.-Inverse proportion is when the second is to the first as the fourth to the third, i. e. B to A as D to C.-Compound proportion is when the first, together with the second, is to the second as the third, together with the fourth, is to the fourth, i. e. supposing AE to be E B as CF to FD, fig. 33, then, by composition, AB is to BE as CD to D E.-Proportion by division is the reverse of the preceding, for supposing A B to be BE as CD to E F, then, by division, AE is to E B as CF to FD. Proportion by conversion is when the first is to its excess above the second as the third to its excess above the fourth.-Ordinate proportion, or proportion ex æquali, i. e. from equality of distance, is when any number of magnitudes more than two are proportionals in such manner, that when taken two and two of each rank, it is inferred that the first is to the last of the first rank of magnitudes as the first is to the last of the others, as in fig. 34, supposing A to be to B as D to E, and B to C as E to F; then, ex æquali, A is to C as D to F. -Perturbate proportion, or proportion ex æquali, in cross order, is when the proportion of such magnitudes, taken two and two in cross order, is inferred: thus, supposing A to be to B as E to F; and as B is to C so is D to E; then A is to C as D to F.

The principal writers on geometry, besides Euclid, are Archimides, Apollonius, Pappus, Eutocius, and Proclus, among the ancients; those among the moderns have been already given under the head of Algebra. GEOPILY'SIA (Chem.) yroziavola, a separation of particles by dilution. ST. GEORGE (Numis.) on the medals of Alexis, John, and Manuel Comnenus, this celebrated saint and martyr is represented mostly on horseback holding a spear in one hand, and a sword, &c. in the other, sometimes piercing a dragon, as he is now commonly represented; the inscription гEPTIOC, i. e. ayos гrapyes, or Holy George. Bandur. Numis. Imp. Roman.

ST. GEORGE (Her.) or Knight of St. George, a denomination of several military orders, the principal of which is that of the Garter, by whom the figure of St. George on horseback is worn.

ST. GEORGE (Mil.) the English war cry. GEORGE D'OR (Com.) a Hanoverian coin equal in value to about 16s. 61d.

GEORGE Noble, a name for the noble coined in the reign of Henry VIII. [vide Coinage]

GEORGIANS (Ecc.) a sect of heretics so called from one David George, a Dutchman, who declared himself to be the Messiah.

GEO'RGICS (Poet.) from y, the earth, and yo", a work; books treating on husbandry, of which Virgil has left an example. GEO'RGIUM Sidus (Astron.) or Uranus, the name given by Dr. Herschel, in honour of his late Majesty, to the planet which he discovered in 1781. [vide Astronomy] GERE'STIA (Ant.) país, GERE'STIA (Ant.) yɛpaíçıx, a festival in honour of Neptune, kept at Geræstus in Eubola. Stephan. Byz.; Schol. Pindar.

GERA'NIUM (Bot.) a genus of plants, Class 16 Monadelphia, Order 5 Decandria.

Generic Character. CAL. five-leaved.-COR. petals five. -STAM. filaments ten; anthers oblong.-PIST. germ

five-cornered; style awlshaped; stigmas five.-PER. capsule five-grained; seeds ovate, oblong. Species. The species are perennials, as the-Geranium molle, Common Crane's-bill, or Dove's-foot.-Geranium pratense, Meadow Crane's-bill, native of Europe.-Geranium robertianum, Stinking Crane's-bill, or Herb Robert, native of Europe.-Geranium Bohemicum, Bohemian Crane's-bill. Geranium carolinianum, Carolina Crane's-bill.-Geranium dissectum, Jagged Crane's-bill. -Geranium columbinum, Long-stalked Crane's-bill, native of Europe.-Geranium lucidum, Shining Crane'sbill, or Dove's-foot.-Geranium rotundifolium, Roundleaved Crane's-bill.-Geranium sylvaticum, Wood Crane'sbill,-Geranium nodosum, Knotted Crane's-bill.—Geranium reflexum, Purple-flowered Crane's-bill.-Geranium phæum, Dark-flowered Crane's-bill.-Geranium tuberosum, Tuberous-rooted Crane's-bill.-Geranium incanum, Hoary-leaved Crane's-bill. Geranium sanguineum, Bloody Crane's-bill. Geranium Sibericum, Siberian Crane's-bill, &c. Clus. Hist.; Dod. Pempt.; Bauh. Hist.; Bauh. Pin.; Ger. Herb.; Park. Theat.; Raii Hist.; Tourn. Inst.

GERANIUM is also another name for the Erodium. GERA'RAT (Med.) a name in Avicenna for poisonous animals.

GERARDIA (Bot.) a genus of plants, Class 14 Didynamia, Order 2 Angiospermia.

Generic Character. CAL. perianth one-leaved.-COR. onepetalled. STAM. filaments four; anthers small.-PIST. germ ovate; style simple; stigmas blunt.-PER. capsule ovate; seeds ovate.

Species. The species are mostly annuals, as the-Gerardia delphinifolia, Larkspur-leaved Gerardia, native of the East Indies.-Gerardia purpurea, seu Digitalis, native of North America, &c. &c. GERASCA'NTHUS (Bot.) the Cordia gerascanthus of Lin

næus.

GERBE'RA (Bot.) the Amica crocea of Linnæus. GERMAN (Law) germanus, whole, or entire, as respects genealogy or descent; thus "Brother-german" denotes one who is brother both by the father and mother's side. "Cousins-german," those in the first and nearest degree, i. e. children of brothers or sisters. GERMA'NDRA (Bot.) the Teucrium of Linnæus. GERMEN (Bot.) germ, ovary, or seed-bud; the rudiment of the fruit while yet in embryo, which is the lower part or base of the pistil: when the germ is included within the corolla, it is said to be superior, but when placed below the corolla, inferior; on the other hand, when the corolla is placed above the germ it is called superior; and when it encloses the germ so as to have its base below the germ it is called inferior: when the germ is elevated on a fulcre besides the peduncle it is said to be pedicelled. GERMINATIO (Bot.) germination, the time when seeds begin to vegetate; also the act of their vegetating. GEROCO'MIA (Med.) ysponowía, from viper, an old man, and nouia, to take care of; that part of medicine which prescribes a regimen for old age. GERONTOCO'MIA (Med.) vide Gerocomia. GERONTOXON (Med.) from yipar, an old person, and Tógov, a bow; a small ulcer, like the head of a dart, appearing sometimes in the cornea of old persons. GEROPO'GON (Bot.) a genus of plants, Class 19 Syngenesia, Order 1 Polygamia Equalis.

Generic Character. CAL. common simple.-COR. compound uniform.-STAM. filaments five; anthers cylindric. -PIST. germ oblong; style filiform; stigmas two.-Per. none; seeds subulate.

Species. The species are mostly annuals, and natives of Italy, as the-Geropogon glabrum, seu Trapogon, Smooth

Geropogon, or Old Man's Beard.-Geropogon hirsutum, Rough Geropogon; but the-Geropogon calyculatum is a perennial.

GE'RRA (Ant.) vippa, a square sort of shield, used first by the Persians, and afterwards by the Greeks. GERRÆ (Mil.) hurdles made of twigs, and filled with earth, for the fortifying a place. Fest. de Verb. Signif. GE/RRES (Ich.) a fish of the pilchard kind. Plin. 1. 32, GERRIS (Ent.) a division of the genus Cimex, according to Fabricius, comprehending those species which have the lip rounded, and body long.

c. 10.

GERSU'MA (Archæol.) a fine, or an income, among the

Saxons.

GE'RUND (Gram.) a part of a verb so called from its double use and form, namely, as a verb and an adjective. GESNE'RA (Bot.) another name for the Gesneria of Lin

næus.

GESNE'RIA (Bot.) a genus of plants, Class 14 Didynamia, Order 2 Angiospermia.

Generic Character. CAL. perianth one-leaved.-COR. onepetalled. STAM. filaments four; anthers simple.-PIST. germ inferior; style filiform; stigmas capitate.-PER. capsule roundish; seeds numerous.

Species. The species are shrubs, as the-Gesneria humilis, Low Gesneria, native of New Spain.-Gesneria acaulis, seu Rapunculus, Stemless Gesneria, native of Jamaica.-Gesneria tomentosa, seu Digitalis, Woolly Gesneria, native of Jamaica. Raii Hist. GESNERIA is also the Digitalis canariensis of Linnæus. GE'SSANT (Her.) vide Jessant. GE'SSERAIN (Archæol.) a breast-plate. GE'SSES (Her.) vide Jesses. GESTATIO (Ant.) a place of exercise among the Romans, similar to what is now termed a riding-school. GESTATION (Med.) pregnancy; the period that intervenes between conception and delivery.

GE'STIO pro hærede (Law) behaviour as heir; in Scotch law, that conduct by which the heir makes himself liable to the debts of the ancestor.

GE'STU et famá (Law) an ancient writ where a person's good behaviour was impeached.

GETHIOIDES (Bot.) the Allium pallens of Linnæus. GETHYLLIS (Bot.) γηθυλλίς, or ἀγλίθες, a name for the heads or divisions of garlick, which are now called cloves. Aristoph. Acharn; Schol. in Nicand.; Theoph. Hist. Plant. 1. 7, c. 4; Dioscor. 1. 2, c. 18; Plin. 1. 19, c. 6; Athen. 1. 9, c. 3.

GETHYLLIS, in the Linnean system, a genus of plants, Class 6 Hexandria, Order 1 Monogynia.

Generic Character. CAL. none.- -COR. one-petalled.

STAM. filaments six; anthers linear.-PIST. germ inferior; style simple; stigma capitate.-PER. berry clubshaped; seeds nestling one upon another in three rows. Species. The species are natives of the Cape, as theGethyllis villosa, seu Papiria, Hairy Gethyllis.-Gethyllis ciliaris, Fringed Gethyllis.Gethyllis spiralis, Spiral Gethyllis.

GETHYON (Bot.) another name for Gethyllis.
GE'UM (Bot.) a genus of plants, Class 12 Icosandria,
Order 3 Polygynia.
Generic Character. CAL. perianth one-leaved. COR.
petals five.-STAM. filaments numerous; anthers short.
-PIST. germs numerous; styles long; stigma simple.—
PER. seeds numerous.

Species. The species are perennials, as the-Geum virginiacum, seu Caryophyllata, American Avens.-Geum potentilloides, seu Dryas, Siberian Avens.-Geum urbanum, Common Avens, or Herb Bennet. Geum rivale, Water Geum. Clus. Hist.; Bauh. Hist.; Bauh.