passed for the purchase of the London Water Companies' undertakings, and their administration by a Water Board.

No complete statement of the expenditure of all the local authorities in London is regularly published, but many of the details are included throughout the Local Taxation returns for England and Wales, from which, for the most part, the figures on page 729 have been compiled for the last year for which statistics are available.

The total given above does not represent the whole expenditure. There must be added the expenditure out of borrowed capital, amounting (in the same year) to £6,149,204. This gives a gross expenditure of £23,897,845, or about £5 55. per head of population, of which £3 18s. per head is for current expenditure.

Most of the loans of the other bodies are made through the London County Council, which thus acts as banker to the other public bodies. In March, 1903, 1904, and 1905, the loan liabilities of the Council were:

There are five electorates in London: (1) the Parliamentary Borough; (2) the Parliamentary County; (3) the County Council; (4) the Parochial; and (5) the Common Council; of these only the County Council and the Parochial franchises are identical. Until 1901 the County Council differed in part from the Parochial franchise; but by the London County Council Electors' Qualification Act, 1900, the two electorates were assimilated. The chief alteration was the addition of lodger service, married women, and ownership voters to the County Council franchise, thereby increasing that electorate. The main conditions for the Parliamentary and County Council franchises are to be householders (or servants) with occupation and residence within the borough for twelve months previous to July 15th, or to be occupiers with occupation within the borough as above and residence within seven miles of the borough for six months previous to July 15th, or to be lodgers with occupation and residence as above in qualifying rooms in one definite place within the borough.

The Liberal Unionists are included in the Conservatives.

In 1905 there were 894,368 children of the elementary school class in London, and there was accommodation in council schools for 588,703, and in voluntary schools for 209,119-total, 797,822. There were at that date 545 council schools open, and seven projected, which, with the projected enlargements of six existing schools, together will provide 805,606 school places. In addition to the above there are fifty sites for future requirements; the accommodation to be provided has not yet been settled.

In 1885 the average attendance on the board (now L. C. C.) schools was 298,317. In 1906 it was 495,901. For voluntary schools the figures are 167,242 in 1885 and 165,603 in 1906.

In addition there were 185 cookery centers, 144 laundry centers; and 36 housewifery centers, 200 manual training centers, 75 centers for the instruction of mentally defective children, 17 centers for the instruction of physically defective children, 12 centers for the education of the deaf, 10 centers for the blind. The Council has seven industrial schools, two truant schools, three day industrial schools, an industrial home for little boys, and several residential schools for the defective. Secondary schools are also being somewhat rapidly developed.

For higher education the Council has adopted the policy of subsidizing existing institutions, polytechnics, technical institutes, trade and workshop classes, art schools, some eight colleges, several secondary schools.

In 1902 a Metropolitan Water Board was created which in 1903 took over the plants of the private companies, paying the companies £30,000,000 in cash and debentures of £11,000,000, the companies having claimed £50,000,000.

For electric supply and street lighting the Board of Trade can grant orders, to be confirmed by Parliament, for installation by companies or municipal bodies, the preference being given to the latter. Companies once installed cannot be bought out except by friendly agreement for forty-two years, for the "then value," without additional pay for good-will. Some sixteen municipal undertakings have been begun.

London's gas is supplied by three principal gas companies consolidated from fifteen in 1870, which in 1905 received some £6,000,000 with gross profits of some £1,500,000. The price raised from 25. to 25. 11d.

As to tramways, of the 120 miles of tramway in London practically all the lines in the County of London have been acquired by the Council. According to the London Manual for 1905,

Municipal Ownership

the results have been as follows: (1) The relief of rates from the profits of the undertaking.

(2) The institution of all-night car services. (3) The running of workmen's cars at reduced fares.

(4) Reduced fares for ordinary passengers on many of the principal routes.

(5) The removal of advertisements from the windows of the cars.

(6) The institution of a ten-hours day (or sixty hours per week) for all tramway employees.

(7) The recognition of the principle of "one day's rest in seven.'

(8) Increased wages for employees.

(9) Provision of uniforms for drivers and conductors.

The tramways, however, as yet play a minor part in London's transit systems. It is estimated that the metropolitan and other railroads bring 1,000,000 people into the city every day. The omnibuses carried 265,500,000 passengers in 1900. Cabs and carriages are very numerous and cheap. The underground railroads carry some 160,000,000 per year.

For the large work done by the London County Council on the housing question, see HouSING.

But the problem still re:nains unsolved and acute. (See OVERCROWDING.) The death-rate of London, however, has steadily fallen since the beginning of the nineteenth century. In 1881 the death-rate was 21.6 per 1,000, less than that of the twenty other largest cities of England; in 1899, 19.4, and in 1904 (for administrative county area), 16.1, much less than the birthrate. Nevertheless conditions are anything but satisfactory. Says a Fabian tract, No. 45 (1904):

Poverty

"As regards the four millions of persons in the metropolis, Mr. Charles Booth tells us that 37,610, or 0.9 per cent, are in the lowest class (occasional laborers, loafers, and semicriminals); 316,834, or 7.5 per cent, in the next (casual labor, hand-tomouth existence, chronic want); 938,293, or 22.3 per cent, form 'the poor' (including alike those whose earnings are small, because of irregularity of employment, and those whose work, tho regular, is ill paid). These classes, on or below the 'poverty line' of earnings not exceeding a guinea a week per family, number together 1,292,737, or 30.7 per cent of the whole population. To these must be added 99,830 inmates of workhouses, hospitals, prisons, industrial schools, etc., making altogether nearly 1,400,000 persons in this one city alone whose condition even the most optimistic social student can hardly deem satisfactory ('Labor and Life of the People,' edited by Charles Booth, 1891, vol. ii., PP. 20-21).

"The ultimate fate of these victims it is not easy adequately to realize. In London alone, in 1902, no less than thirty-four persons, of whom twenty-four were fifty years old and upward, were certified by the verdicts of coroners' juries to have died of starvation, or accelerated by privation. Actual starvation is, however, returned as the cause of death in but a few cases annually; and it is well known that many thousands of deaths are directly due to long-continued underfeeding and exposure. Young children especially suffer.

"In London one person at least in every four will die in the workhouse, hospital, or lunatic asylum. In 1900, out of 84,534 deaths, 48,955 being twenty years of age and upward, 13,542 were in workhouses, 10,572 in hospitals, and 345 in lunatic asylums, or, altogether, 24,459 in public institutions (Registrar-General's Report).

London's markets have long been a scandal in

the opinion of the Fabian Socialists. A Fabian tract says:

"The Corporation of the City is the largest owner of London's market property, levying an annual market revenue of about £217,000 against an expenditure of some £95,000 and a payment of £96,000 for interest on market debt. The parish of St. Saviour, Southwark, absorbs a net annual income of over £7,000 from the Borough Market, which is virtually a subsidy levied on London's potato supply in aid of the local rates, and so of the local landlords.

"Out of the total, moreover, the Duke of Bedford draws at least £15,000 a year from Covent Garden; and Sir Julian Goldsmid, M.P., a clear £5,000 a year net rental from his monopoly of the right to hold a market by Spital Church. This is an utterly unjustifiable tax on the food of the people.

"These monopoly rights are derived, not from any express charter or enactment, but by an old inference of the common law. What Charles II. gave to the Duke of Bedford's ancestor and Sir Julian Goldsmid's predecessor was merely the permission to hold a market; it is the lawyers who invented the doctrine that such a permission implies the prohibition of competing markets within about six miles and two thirds.

The London County Council is claiming that the various local authorities have the right to establish smaller retail markets and is taking steps in this direction. Various proposals are being put forth for municipalizing the port of London and buying out the dock companies.

The immense importance of the port of London may be gathered from the fact that the total tonnage entered in 1904 was 17,073,852 tons. Liverpool, which ranks next in the United Kingdom in the quantity and importance of its shipping, had a tonnage entered of 11,083,856 tons. Of continental ports Hamburg comes first with 9,611,732 tons, which is equal to 56.3 per cent of London's total. Then follow Antwerp with 9,400,335 tons, or 55 per cent, and Rotterdam with a total of 7,657,907 tons, equivalent to 44.7 per cent of that of London.

In 1901 the total valuation was £39,643,618; in 1906 it was £43,486,437, an increase of £3,842,819 in the quinquennium. Between Commerce 1901 and 1905 the average of the supplemental lists, which may be taken as the average annual value of new property, was £503,362. The increase of the revaluation of 1906 over the 1905 valuation was, however, £1,829,371, and the excess of this over the average annual value of new property may be taken as representing the increase in the general value of property in London, and as indicating to some extent the "unearned increment" of five years. It amounted to £1,326,ooo. Included in the quinquennial valuation of 1901 are the ratable values of the following special properties: Railways, £2,307,864; tramways (including, L. C. C.), £140,575; gas, £923,924; electricity, £202,729; water, £634,206; canals, £19,192; docks, £226,770; hydraulic, £30,018; telephones and telegraphs, £32,456. Total, £4,517,734.

The total gross value (used for king's taxes) is £52,928,707; but as there is no gross valuation put upon government property, the total gross value of London corresponding to the total ratable value cannot be given. On the basis of the known values, however, the gross rental value

Loria

of London may be put at £53,643,000, gross value being on an average 23 per cent higher than ratable value.

The supreme control of the London police force is vested in a chief commissioner (appointed by and acting under the control of the Home Office), who is assisted in his task by three assistant commissioners and five chief constables. The strength of the force Jan. 1, 1905, was 30 superintendents, 539 inspectors 2,148 sergeants, and 14,129 constables, giving a total of 16,846; but of these nearly 2,000 were retained by the government for service at the dockyards, military stations, and other State establishments. The cost is over £1,750,000, and the revenue is derived from the proceeds of a 5d. rate and from a government grant qual to a 4d. rate.

(See also LONDON COUNTY COUNCIL; LONDON REFORM UNION.) ROBERT DONALD.

REFERENCES: The London Manual, Robert Donald, editor; Loftie's London City, Its History, Streets, Traffic, Buildings, and People (1891); Herbert Fry, London in 1899; Besant's London (1902); C. Booth's Life and Labor of the People in London (17 vols., 1889 to 1902).

Some helpful addresses:

London Reform Union, Trafalgar Buildings, Northumberland Avenue, W. C.

Fabian Society, 3 Clement's Inn, Strand, W. C.

Independent Labor Party, 23 Bride Lane, Fleet Street, E. C.

Labor Party, 28 Victoria Street, Westminster, S. W. Social Democratic Federation, 21a Maiden Lane, Covent Garden, W. C.

London Arbitration Board, London Chamber of Commerce, Oxford Court, near 109 Cannon Street, E. C.

General Federation of Trade-Unions, Temple Chamber, Temple Avenue, E. C.

International Cooperative Alliance, 22 Red Lion Square, W. C.

Cobden Club, 28 Victoria Street, S. W.

English League for Taxation of Land Values, 376-7 Strand, W. C.

London School of Economics, Clare Market, Kingsway. W. C.

National Educational Association, Surrey House, Victoria Embankment, W. C.

Garden City Association, 348 Birkbeck Bank Chambers, W. C.

Land Nationalization Society, 432 West Strand, W. C. National Housing Reform Council, 432 West Strand, W. C. Central Public House Trust Association, 15 Dean's Yard, Westminster, S. W.

United Temperance Council, Memorial Hall, Farrington Street, E. C.

Charity Organization Society, 15 Buckingham Street, W. C. Salvation Army Headquarters, Queen Victoria Street, E. C. Church Army, 130 Edgewall Road, N. W.

Guild of St. Matthew, 376 Strand, W. C.

British Institute of Social Service, 11 Southampton Row, S. W.

British Women's Temperance Association, 47 Victoria Street, S. W.

Central Society for Women's Suffrage, 25 Victoria Street, S. W.

Women's Industrial Council, 7 John Street, Adelphi, W. C. National Union of Women Workers, 9 Southampton Street, High Holborn.

Young Woman's Christian Association, 25 George Street. Hanover Square, W.

Toynbee Hall, 28 Commercial Street, E.
Mansfield House, Canning Town, E.
Oxford House, Snape Street, Bethnal Green, E.
Maurice Hostel, 64 Britannia Street, City Road.

LONDON, JACK: Socialist, novelist; born in San Francisco, Cal., 1876; educated in the University of California. To gain material for writing he became (1893) successively sailor, goldminer, salmon-fisher, oyster pirate, fish-patrol, longshoreman, seal hunter in Bering Sea, and in 1900 began writing his very successful novels. But became interested in social subjects and eventually a Socialist. To get further experience he tramped over the United States and Canada, more than once getting into jail, and living also as a vagabond in East London. He went to the

Klondike in the gold rush of 1897, then as war correspondent to Japan and Manchuria. He was nominated Socialist candidate for the mayoralty of Oakland, Cal., and has done much lecturing for the Socialist Party. In 1906 he started on a seven years' cruise around the world, in a fiftyfoot yacht. Among his novels are: "The Son of the Wolf" (1900); "The Call of the Wild," "The Sea Wolf" (1904); "The Game" (1905); "Before Adam" (1907). His main Socialist writing: "War of the Classes." Address: Glen Ellen, Sonoma County, Cal.

LONDON COUNTY COUNCIL, THE: The London County Council was established in 1889 by act of Parliament under the Local Government Act of 1888. (See LONDON.)

The Council consists of 19 aldermen, 118 councilors, and a chairman. Aldermen serve 6 years, and 9 or 10 must retire every 3 years, but may be reelected. The councilors are elected for 3 years. The councilors are elected directly by the rate-payers; and they elect the aldermen from their own members. The positions of aldermen and councilors vary only in regard to the term of office.

The powers and duties of the Council may be grouped under four heads: First, those formerly belonging to the Metropolitan Board of Works, e. g., raising and borrowing money, and loaning money to the councils of the metropolitan boroughs; drainage, and the sanctioning of local sewers; fire-brigade; parks and open spaces; construction of embankments; Thames crossingsbridges, tunnels, and ferries; street improvements -building lines, width of new streets, naming and numbering of streets; supervising buildings and district surveyors; dangerous structures; construction of theaters, music halls, artizans' dwellings; cattle diseases; testing of gas, gas-meters, and electric meters; protection of infants' life, etc. Second, powers transferred from former county judges affecting the granting of music and dancing licenses; provision of asylums for pauper lunatics, of reformatory and industrial schools; testing weights and measures; county buildings; coroners, and other minor matters. Third, powers transferred from various sources in regard to highways, licensing of theaters, slaughter-houses, cattle-yards; supervision of common lodginghouses, etc. Fourth, new powers in regard to the registration of voters, public health, historic buildings; inspection of factories and fire-escapes; suppression of nuisances; regulation of traffic; administration of the Shop Hours' and Shop Seats' Acts, of the Employment of Children Act, of the Midwives Act; reformatories for inebriates; registration of automobiles; the establishment of a steamboat service on the Thames, etc. Since the passing of the Education Act (London, 1903), the Council has become the authority for all public education in the county, both elementary and higher. As the central representative body of London, the Council is interested in numerous other affairs, and has delegates on all the important boards in London.

The Council elects numerous committees which report at the weekly meeting. The Finance Committee is the most important and has many statutory powers, since the Council is the principal moneyraising body for all the different local boards in the county. It has a gross debt of £74,500,000. The annual expenditure amounts to £15,000,000, more than one third of which goes for education.

733

No costs, debt, or liability exceeding £50 may be incurred by the Council, except on a resolution passed on an estimate submitted by the Finance Committee. The Asylums Committee have special powers under the Lunacy Acts, and manage eight asylums. An experimental working colony for 300 male epileptics has been established on the Horton estate, and a new asylum for 2,000 patients is in course of erection. The different institutions provide for 17,000 patients. The Housing of the Working Classes Committee perform the duties conveyed to the Council by the Housing of the Working Classes acts, including the clearance of insanitary areas and the building of dwellings for working men. The Council has established a model municipal_ lodging-house for men at Parker Street, Drury Lane; and another for 800 men at Mill Lane, Deptford. In 1906 a third house of this class was opened. The Council has also built a large number of houses on estates in the suburbs, which are self-supporting. The Bridges Committee are concerned with the crossings and embankments of the Thames.

The most popular work of the Council is that connected with parks and open spaces.

The Main Drainage Committee have in charge the disposal of sewage. There are 290 miles of main, storm-relief, intercepting, and outfall sewers; nine pumping-stations and two sewage precipitation stations. The sewage of London is conveyed to Barking and Crossness, and there the solid matters held in suspension are precipitated, the harmless effluent being allowed to flow into the river. The Council obtained an act in 1900 for a comprehensive scheme of enlarging the main drainage system, and this was supplemented in 1904 by a scheme of extensive flood relief works. Work on these schemes is well under way. The total expenditure on main drainage up to March 31, 1905, was £9,633,000.

The Council has gradually bought up the different tramway systems of London, and is now in possession of all the tramways with the exception of a few miles, chiefly in the northwest-the system of the London Southern Company having been acquired in 1906. The Council leased one of the purchased lines to the North Metropolitan Tramways Company for a period of years expiring in 1910. But in 1906 the Council compensated the company for the surrender of the lease and took over the working of the line with a view to reconstructing all London tramways for the purpose of installing electric traction. The lines south of the river are furnished with an electric system, and 60 miles of double track are already equipped and working. The total of mileage of tramways under the Council is 110; 50 miles north and 60 south of the river. The system is extended constantly. The total capital outlay on tramways up to March 31, 1906, was £4,724,477; the outstanding debt, £4,274,459; the yearly revenue is about £1,400,000.

The Education Committee is composed of 38 members of the Council and 5 cooptated lady members. During 1904-5 the Council had a staff of about 20,000 teachers, 17,000 of whom were engaged in public elementary schools; there was an administrative staff of 500, and a corps of about 400 attendance officers. The average roll of public elementary schools was about 750,000. The estimates of expenditure for 1906-7 for education is £5,177,132, of which £4,322,798 is for elementary and £854,334 for higher educa

Loria

tion. The latter includes now evening schools, pupil teachers' centers, secondary schools, polytechnics, and technical schools, and university teaching.

The charge falling on the rates, after deducting grants and other receipts in aid, is £3,441,990, or is. 7d. in the pound—an increase of id. in the pound over 1905-6.

The attempt of the Council to provide better facilities for traffic on the Thames by means of a good steamboat service has not been financially successful, and the boats have been laid off over the winter of 1906-7 until spring.

The Council obtained authority from Parliament in 1906 to build a new county hall.

The Council has two principal sources of revenue -the sale of stock and the county rate. The Imperial Exchequer makes contributions, chiefly for education. The current expenses, interest on debt, are paid out of the rates; disbursements in behalf of working-class dwellings and street improvements are generally recouped from receipts. Capital expenditures and current expenses of tramways are wholly covered by receipts. Permanent disbursements, e. g., purchase of tramways, are met by the sale of stock or bonds. During the year 1906 the Council issued no London County Council Consolidated stock, but provided for its capital expenses partly by stock issue of 1905, partly by London County bills. All borrowings of the Council are subject to the provision of a sinking-fund-under treasury approval-sufficient to repay all expenditure within sixty years. The total stock now outstanding amounts to £67,000,000. The rating for 1906-7 is 2s. 91d. per pound over the whole county, including the city; and a further rate of 23d. per pound over the county outside the city-owing to street improvements in the new parts. This includes Is. 7d. for education.

The assessable value of the county on April 6, 1906, was £43,477.772; the estimated amount of a 35. rate per pound for 1906-7 is £6,460,246.

The Council from its beginning until the last election has had a majority of Progressives, including such well-known Labor and Fabian leaders as John Burns, Sidney Webb, Graham Wallas, W. Crooks, W. C. Steadman, H. Gosling, and others.

THE RESULT OF ELECTIONS LONDON COUNTY COUNCIL

Luther and Social Reform

fessorship first at Sienna, and since then has been at Padua. Cossa places him among the ablest of Italian economists, and says of his views: "In criticizing the established order of things economic he goes with the Socialists, lavishing upon them expressions of attachment with a profusion which is quite out of place, and yet he will none of their schemes and remedies, and abides steadfastly in the expectation that the course of nature will heal social wounds by a simple process which is already at work and consists in the 'diffusion' of property and the 'elision' of rent." Author: "La rendita fondiaria e la sua elisione naturale"; "La legge di popolazione ed il sistemà sociale"; "Carlo Darwin e l'economia politica"; "Analisi della proprietà capitalista" (2 vols.).

LOS ANGELES FELLOWSHIP, THE: An association of people united together for the purpose of encouraging trustful and unselfish living. Other than this purpose, this young and virile organization authorizes no platform, program, or creed. The fellowship is the direct outgrowth of a series of addresses delivered in southern California by the Rev. B. F. Mills during the winter and spring of 1904. It is not a church in the technical sense, but yet in the best sense it means to be thoroughly religious and to endeavor to be what a church ought to be and do all that a living church should do for the community. founder of the fellowship declares: "This society means to meet the demand of our time, a time when, as Mazzini says, 'The old world passes away but a new world comes into existence.' proposes to minister to every need of humanity, individually and collectively. The object of this organization is nothing less and it could be nothing greater than the attempt to put the true content into the idea of religion.

The

It

The officers of the society are not rulers but administrators.

The fellowship has adopted the two great modern principles of the initiative and referendum and of the recall or imperative mandate, by which methods the entire membership is enabled to partake in the government of the fellowship and in the administration of its affairs. The officers are Benjamin Fay Mills, Permanent Minister and President of the Council; Mary Russell Mills, Senior Associate Minister; Clarence Thompson, Assistant Minister, and a Board of Trustees. Clark R. Mahan, Associate Secretary. Offices, 434 South Hill Street, Los Angeles, Cal.

LOTTERIES. See GAMBLING.

LOVEJOY, ELIJAH PARISH: Abolitionist; born at Albion, Me., 1802. Studying theology at Princeton, was ordained a Presbyterian minister in 1833, and became editor of the St. Louis Observer, a religious paper. While disclaiming any connection with the abolitionists, he nevertheless wrote sympathetically of the antislavery agitation, which was then beginning. This greatly offended many of the citizens, and the feeling against him increased in bitterness, until finally the office of the Observer was destroyed by a mob. He then resolved to remove his paper to Alton, Ill., but as soon as his press was brought there a mob broke it into fragments. The town reimbursed him for his loss, and another press was procured, only to be destroyed by the mob. He bought a third press, but it met the same fate.

By this time the question had become serious. A convention comprizing many of the noblest men in Illinois was held at Upper Alton. It supported him and bought another press, which arrived Nov. 7, 1837. At midnight a mob of thirty or forty men came from the neighboring drink-shops and commenced to throw stones at the warehouse, to fire shots, and at last attempted to burn it. The roof being set on fire, Mr. Lovejoy and several others stepped out and were fired upon by the rioters. One of the bullets struck Mr. Lovejoy, who only lived long enough to return to the warehouse.

LOVEJOY, OWEN R.: Secretary (1907) of the National Child Labor Committee; born 1866 at Jamestown, Mich. Graduated from Albion College, 1893. Minister in Methodist Episcopal Church in Michigan (1893-1900) and in Congregational Church, Mt. Vernon, N. Y. (1900–6). Assistant secretary of the National Child Labor Committee since 1905, mainly engaged in investigation of child-employing industries in the Northern states. He believes that society is to become politically and industrially democratic and free in the production and use of the everincreasing store of wealth, through the development of higher ethical standards and systematic training for industrial efficiency.

near

LOVETT, WILLIAM: Chartist; born Penzance, Eng., 1800. He was apprenticed to a ropemaker, then moved to London in 1821, where he found a precarious living in cabinet-making and by opening a confectionery store. Joining the First London cooperative_association he became (1830) secretary of the British Association for Promoting Cooperative Knowledge, which, however, failed in three or four years. Becoming acquainted with Owen Coblett and others, he became active in various reforms-for the opening of museums on Sunday, against stampduties on papers, etc. In 1831 he refused to serve in the militia and execution was levied on his furniture, tho this led to Parliament's abolishing drawing. He was arrested in 1832 for taking part in a procession (rioting), but was soon acquitted. He joined the National Union of the Working Classes (1831) and the London Working Men's Association (1836). He drafted the bill afterward circulated as the "People's Charter." (See CHARTISM.) He was secretary of the first Chartist's Convention. He was imprisoned several times, once for twelve months. In 1844 he organized a society for political refugees, called Democratic Friends of All Nations. In 1848, with Hume and Cobden, he formed a People's League to try and unite the middle classes and the working men. For this he was much criticized by O'Connor and other Chartists, and after this he largely devoted himself to educational reform. He tried teaching and wrote extensively. He died in 1877. His main works are: "Chartism" (1841); school text-books, and an "Autobiography.' (See CHARTISM.)

LUDLOW: One of the best model villages in America, near Springfield, Mass., where the Ludlow Manufacturing Associates (jute and hemp mills) offer over 500 attractive houses to their employees. No land can be bought, at any price, in the portion of the village owned by the company, and on which all the houses stand. The houses, tho built on streets somewhat scattered