Netherlands Land and improvements, $324,242,997; buildings, $71,902,265; implements, $18,859.757; live stock, $84,936,215; total, $499,941,234. Negro owners of premises: Virginia, 26,566; Mississippi, 21,973; Texas, 20,139; Property, South Carolina, 18,970; North Caro1900 lina, 17,520; Alabama, 14,110;_Arkansas, 11,941; Georgia, 11,375; Tennessee, 9,426; Louisiana, 9.378; Florida, 6,552; Kentucky, 5,402; Maryland, 2,262; West Virginia, 534; Delaware, 332; District of Columbia, 5. Homes owned by negroes, 1,832,723; farms, 757,427; other homes, 1,075,296; total, 3,665,446. In Georgia, negroes owned, in 1901, 1,041,135 acres valued at $4,656,042 and city lots and buildings valued at $9,007,977. Personalty, $6,621,834 (Report of Controller General.) In Virginia, in 1901, they owned 1,066,303 acres, valued at $4,342,074, with city lots and buildings valued at $12,856,417 and personalty of $3,966,194. (Auditor's report.) Education On the 20th of May, 1865, Major-General O. O. Howard was appointed Commissioner of the Freedman's Bureau. He gave great attention to the subject of education, and after planting schools for the freedmen throughout a great portion of the South, in 1870-five years after the work was begun-he made a report: Schools established, 4.239; teachers employed, 9,307; pupils, 247,333. The emancipated people sustained 1,324 schools themselves, and owned 592 school buildings. The Freedman's Bureau furnished 654 buildings for school purposes. There were 74 High and 67.15 32.85 63.64 3 Some missing data supplied. For 1901-2 the common-school expenditure in the sixteen former slave states, with the District of Columbia, for both races was $37.567.552. About 20 per cent of this amount was expended upon the public schools for the negroes. The aggregate common-school expenditure in the South since 1870 has been $687,691,329. It is estimated that at least $125,000,000 of this sum has been expended to support common schools for negro children. While General Howard, General John Eaton, A. D. Mayo were the leaders in establishing the common-school system of the South, they found worthy assistants in the Rev. R. H. Cain of South Carolina, Rev. C. H. Pierce and Rev. J. H. Gibbs of Florida, Bishop Hood and G. W. Brodia in North Carolina, Dr. H. M. Turner, Rev. W. J. Gaines in Georgia. It was the joint work of the leaders of the two races. The progress of the colored schools has only been excelled by the progress of the colored teachers. When organized there were not more than 500 teachers, while now we have them manning all departments of educational work. BENJAMIN W. ARNETT. NEIGHBORHOOD GILDS: The name of certain social reform institutions first proposed by Dr. STANTON COIT (q. v.), as the result of his experience in the social settlements started by him in New York City and London. He embodied his ideas on this subject in a book entitled "Neighbourhood Guilds," published in 1891. According to this work (p. 7), "The very name, 'neighborhood gild,' suggests the fundamental idea which this new institution embodies: namely, that, irrespective of religious belief or non-belief, all the people, men, women, or children, in any one street, or any small number of streets in every working-class district in London, shall be organized into a set of clubs, which are by themselves, or in alliance with those of other neighborhoods, to carry out, or induce others to carry out, all the reforms, domestic, industrial, educational, provident, or recreative, which the social ideal demands." Dr. Coit's idea is that the forming of separate societies or clubs for special purposes tends to magnify out of all proportion that one side of life or culture which it aims to develop. It tends again to break up the family unit. It sends the boys to one club, the girls to another, the father to another, the mother to another. Thirdly, it breaks up neighborliness. The Neighborhood Gild aims at organizing the social life of all the people in one small district. It thus brings neighbors together, families together, different interests together. In the Neighborhood Gilds there are departments for boys, for girls, for men, for women, for art, for education, for recreation, for the various interests of life; and they are not all separate; for certain purposes, and at certain times, all come together. According to Dr. Coit, no gild should be so large as to prevent all the members forming a circle of acquaintance. To develop persons in all sides of character is its aim. Dr. Coit started the first gild in New York City, about 1885, and it has now grown into a University Settlement (q. v.). In 1889 Dr. Coit, on his removal to London, started one there in Kentish Town. For all details, see Dr. Coit's book, "Neighbourhood Guilds." NEILL, CHARLES P., Ph.D.: United States Commissioner of Labor; born Rock Island, Ill., 1865; educated at University of Notre Dame 1885-88; University of Texas, 1888-89; Georgetown College, D. C., 1889-91; University of Chicago, 1894-97; instructor University of Notre Dame, 1891-94; instructor and associate professor of political economy, Catholic University, Washington, D. C., 1897 to 1905; assistant recorder of Anthracite Strike Commission (1902) (see COAL STRIKE); recorder of Arbitration Board, Birmingham (1903). Appointed U. S. Commissioner of Labor, Feb. 1, 1905. As commissioner has been active in settling important strikes. In 1906 with J. P. Reynolds (q. v.) made an important report as to the packing-house industry in Chicago. (See PACKING-HOUSE INDUSTRY.) Address: U. S. Bureau of Labor, 1429 N. Y. Avenue, N. W., Washington, D. C. In NELSON, NELSON O.: Manufacturer and cooperator; born in Norway, 1844; came to United States as a boy; educated in public schools. 1872 he established himself as a manufacturer of plumbers' and steam-fitters' supplies in St. Louis, with manufactories at Leclaire, Ill., and now recently at Bessemer, Ala. In 1886 he introduced profit-sharing (q. v.) into his works, and in 1890 established the cooperative village of Leclaire, Ill. (q. v.). In 1902 he established a "Consumptives' Camp" on desert sand at Indio, Cal., and in 1903 an industrial school at Leclaire. Mr. Nelson has been one of the most active leaders and workers in national and local movements for social reform, especially as regards cooperation, the single tax, and evolutionary socialism. In his views Mr. Nelson is a Tolstoian and non-resistant, and believer in "the simple life," tho largely favorable to the Socialist program, if adopted without any compulsion. Address: Leclaire, Edwardsville, Ill. NETHERLANDS, THE: A European kingdom -formerly the Republic of The Netherlandsconstituted a hereditary monarchy in 1815. PROVINCES North Brabant. Zealand.. Total. General Statistics I. Statistics AREA AND POPULATION Netherlands The population is almost entirely Dutch, there being (1899) only 52,625 foreigners in the kingdom. The principal cities are: Amsterdam (population 551,415), Rotterdam (370,390), The Hague (234,459), and Utrecht (112,796). The birth-rate in 1994 was 31.02, and the death-rate, 15.82. Total number of births, 171,495; of deaths, 87,128; surplus, 84,367. The illegitimate births numbered 3,659, or about 2.15 per cent of the total number. Marriages in 1904 were about 8 per 1,000 of population. The urban population numbers 2,049,779, or 37.2 per cent, and the rural 3,459,880, or 62.8 per cent. With regard to religion the (1899) population is divided as follows: Dutch Reformed, 2,471,021; other Protestants, 598,111; Roman Catholics, 1,790,161; Jansenists, 8,754; Jews, 103,988; other creeds, 132,102. There is full religious liberty, and the State pays annual allowances to the main bodies as follows: To Protestants, 1,373,000 florins; Roman Catholics, 578,000 fl.; Jews, 14,000 fl. In 1904 the Protestant churches had about 1,900 clergymen; the Roman Catholics, 2,700; the Jansenists, 27. Education The cost of primary education in The Netherlands is defrayed partly by the State and partly by the communes. Instruction is compulsory between the ages of six and thirteen, and illiteracy is rare. Elementary education is largely in the hands also of private schools, which are supported by the State. Religious instruction is separated from secular instruction. There were, in 1904, four universities (Leiden, Utrecht, Groningen, and Amsterdam) with 182 teachers and 3,135 students, of whom 331 were females. Elementary schools numbered 4,796 (3,216 public and 1,580 private), with 26,114 teachers and 831,589 pupils. There were 1,112 infant schools with an attendance of 118,230 children. teachers are trained in normal schools supported by the State; and there are also several industrial, agricultural, and technical high schools, as well as a military academy, eleven navigation schools, an academy of art, and a polytechnic institute. The total expenditures for educational purposes (State and communes) were, in 1903, about $12, 000,000. The In 1903 there were 31 prisons and 36 houses of detention. Convictions for crime numbered (1904) 17,393, and for minor offenses 146,174. Workhouses for vagabonds and drunkards are five in number, having, in 1903, 6,304 inmates. In the same year there were 700 boys and 114 girls in four State reformatories. Pauperism is largely relieved by private charity and by religious societies. About 3.25 per cent of the population received aid in 1903. Mendicants and vagabonds are treated as criminals and sentenced to work in State institutions. Industry and Commerce The Netherlands is largely an agricultural and horticultural country. The soil is generally divided into small holdings, altho comparatively large estates prevail in some provinces. In 1904 there were 216,092 hectares under rye, 158,732 under potatoes, 144,762 under oats, and 54,081 under wheat. Buckwheat, legumes, and beet-roots are also important. Fishing engages 5,781 vessels with about 22,000 Herrings and oysters are the chief catches. Mining is unimportant, with the exception of coal which yields an annual revenue of about 2,000,000 florins in the province of Limburg, the mines being nearly all owned and operated by the State. Manufacturing establishments comprize 531 distilleries, 40 sugar refineries, 39 salt works, 476 breweries, and 90 vinegar distilleries. men. Trade is free in The Netherlands, the duties levied on imports being too insignificant to afford protection to home industries. The total exports for 1905 amounted to 1,994,000,000 florins, and imports to 2,584,000,000 fl. The chief articles of import were: Cereals and flour, 476,329,ooo fl.; iron and steel, 301,405,000 fl.; textiles, 144,131,000 fl.; copper, 14,130,729 fl.; coal, 81,220,000 fl.; and rice, 66,448,000 fl. Chief exports: Cereals and flour, 188,476,000 fl.; iron and steel, 188,476,000 fl.; textiles, 107,343,000 fl.; copper, 105,127,000 fl.; oleomargarin, 51,432,000 fl.; vegetables, 45,300,000 fl.; wood, 53,670,000 fl.; butter, 23,607,000 fl.; and cheese, 16,363,000 fl. The values of imports and exports by countries were as follows in 1905: II. Constitution and Government The present constitution of The Netherlands dates from its reconstruction as a monarchy in 1815, and was revised in 1887. The present ruler is Queen Wilhelmina who succeeded to the throne in 1890, the crown being hereditary in the female line in default of male heirs. The sovereign holds the executive power, while the legislative functions are vested in a parliament (the States-General) consisting of an Upper and a Lower Chamber. The Upper Chamber consists of fifty members elected for nine years by the provincial states from among the highest taxpayers. The Lower Chamber consists of 100 members who are elected for a period of four years by universal suffrage, all male citizens of more than twenty-five years of age being entitled to vote if they fulfil certain qualifications with regard to economical conditions. Bills can be introduced only by the government or by the Lower Chamber. The Upper Chamber passes on the bills, either approving or rejecting, but has no power of amending any measures introduced. The main parties are Liberals and Anti-Liberals, the latter being composed of Catholics and orthodox Protestants, who are also called Conservatives. The Catholics and Protestants unite only in demanding that government recognize the supremacy of religious authority, and the AntiLiberals urging that the religious questions be kept separate from the government. In 1901 a split took place through the advanced. section of the Liberals demanding universal suffrage on the "one man one vote basis. This broke up the powerful Liberal Union, and the election of 1901 resulted in the return of 32 Protestant Anti-Revolutionists, 25 Catholics, and one Christian Democrat, forming the Right, 58 strong; and of 26 Liberals, 9 Radicals, and 7 Socialists, forming the Left, 42 strong. Dr. Kuyper, the leader of the Anti-Revolutionists, then formed a cabinet, in which three seats were given to the Catholics. This ministry was overturned in the election of 1905, when there were elected to the Second Chamber 52 Liberals (24 Liberals of the Left, 10 Liberals of the Right, 11 Liberal Democrats, and 7 Socialists), against 48 Ministerials (24 Catholics, 16 orthodox Protestants, and 8 "Historic Christians"). M. de Meester formed a cabinet avowedly free trade. In the First Chamber there was a small clerical majority. The present government is partly Liberal, partly Liberal Democratic, having only a very small majority in the Second Chamber, counting the Social Democrats on its side. The Roman Catholics base their program on the Encyclica Rerum Novarum. The Anti-Revolutionist Protestants represent the Orthodox religion. The Liberals are led by Goeman Borgesius and Professor Van der Vlugt. The Liberal Democrats, under leadership of Professors Drucker and Treul, aim at curtailing the privileges of capital and securing the rights of labor and of the laborers, and at a more equitable distribution of wealth. They maintain the urgency of changing the constitution in order to take away the obstacles against the introduction of universal suffrage. For purposes of local administration each of the eleven states has its own House of Representatives whose members are elected for six years by a popular vote. These provincial bodies have full power of legislation and taxation within their jurisdiction, altho their ordinances must be submitted to the sovereign for approval. Municipal boroughs have an aldermanic board presided over by a mayor appointed by the sovereign. The estimated expenditures for 1906 amounted to 181,714,219 florins, and the revenues to 171,432,295 fl. Of the revenues 54,080,ooo fl. were derived from excise duties, and 24,141,500 from indirect taxes. The national debt (1906) is 1,144,757,450 fl., its annual interest being 36,674,411 I fl. Finances The army, which is drawn partly by conscription and partly by enlistment, numbers 30,131 men on a peace footing, and about 68,000 men on a war basis. There is also a national guard, and a landstorm or emergency reserve which consists of all able-bodied men. The yearly contingent for the regular arms is about 17,500 men. The navy is maintained for coast defense and for the defense of the East Indian colonies. It numbers 8 battle-ships, 8 cruisers, 2 old ironclad turret ships, 6 unprotected cruisers, 30 old gunboats, several coast-defense monitors, and 40 torpedo boats (about 20 additional building). The complement of officers and men is about 8,500; and of the marine infantry about 2,200. Internal tion There are (1904) 1,817 miles of railroads, of which 985 miles belong to the State, the balance to private companies. In 1904 the revenue of the State lines was 27,Communica-157,000 florins; expenditures, 23,572,000 fl.; freight carried, 8,335,000 tons; passengers, 13,714,000. The private lines had a revenue of 23,373,000 fl.; expenditures, 18,828,000 fl.; freight, 5,372,000 tons; passengers, 24,460,000. There Post-office are 1,907 miles of navigable canals. receipts (1904) amounted to 12,539,858 fl., and expenditures to 9,846,599 fl. Most of the telegraph lines are owned by the State. In 1904 there were 826 State telegraph offices, the length of the lines being 4,296 miles and that of wires 18,901 miles. Paid messages numbered 5,807,951; the receipts aggregated 2,557,330 fl., and expenditures 3,184,655 A. In the same year there were 1,431 miles of telephone lines; 15,460 miles of wires; 1,390,520 interurban and 79,566 international conversations. Telephone revenues amounted to 507,675 fl., and expenses to 55,471 fl. There are 247 private savings-banks and i State postal savings-bank. The amount deposited in the former aggregated (1903) 83,976,000 fl., and in the latter (1904) 120,435,000 fl., the average per inhabitant being 15.46 fl. in private banks, 21.86 in the postal bank. The merchant marine numbers 467 sailing vessels of 59,364 tons, and 269 steamships of 341,964 tons. Colonies The colonies belonging to The Netherlands are situated in the East and West Indies. The chief dependencies in the East Indies are: The western and southern parts of the island of Borneo (212,737 sq. m.; pop. [1900] 1,129,889); the islands of Celebes (71,470 sq. m.; 884,141); Java and Madura (50,554 sq. m.; 28,746,688), and Sumatra (161,612 sq. m.; 3,168,312); the Molucca Islands (43,864 sq. m.; 410,190); and part of New Guinea (151,789 sq. m.; about 200,000). In the West Indies: Surinam or Dutch Guiana (46,060 sq. m.; 73,542), and the Curaçao Colony (403 sq. m.; 53,244). These possessions enjoy religious liberty and a steadily increasing educational system based on that existing in the mother country. Commercially they are of vast importance. III. Social Reform The chief political question agitating Holland has long been that of the relation between Church and State, and the main parties are, therefore, largely formed according to this question. Attempts are constantly being made to effect party formation along lines of social reform; and despite lack of success in the past it is believed that a change in the franchise and taxation systems will in course of time alter political conditions. In 1898, at the request of the government, Professor Drucker drafted a bill to regulate labor conditions, especially with regard to contract labor. According to more recent legislation the regulation of labor contracts is to be incorporated in the civil code. A bill has passed the Lower Chamber of the Social Legislation States-General, and is expected to pass also the Upper Chamber. It provides for the rights of married women to contract for their labor without the consent of their husbands; for the employers' liability toward workmen in cases of sickness; and for the employers' right to collect damages in cases where the workmen, through neglect, cause deterioration in value of products or machinery. The conditions of labor are regulated according to a law of 1889, and a "safety act of 1895. These acts stipulate that women an young persons under sixteen must work no more than eleven hours per day, and that the hours of work must be between 5 A.M. and 7 P.M. Nor are women and young persons permitted to be employed on work of unhealthy and dangerous nature. Hours of rest are provided, Sunday labor prohibited, and the employment of children under eleven proscribed. A royal decree of 1896 further provides for sanitary requirements and inspection of workshops and factories, and makes the employment of safety devices obligatory on the employers. An act of May 21, 1897, provides so-called chambers of labor, which are to mediate between employers and employees in cases of dispute. Each "chamber" embraces one or more communities, and is composed of five employers and five employees chosen by the work people engaged in the particular industry in which it operates. Accident insurance is provided for by Act of 1901, by virtue of which all industries in which motors or steam- or gasengines are used are liable to pay a workman certain damages for injury sustained in the line of duty. A notable clause in this act is one which reduces the amount to which a worker is thus entitled if he was intoxicated when meeting with his injury. The Housing Act of Aug. 1, 1902, imposes upon each municipality certain rules regarding the construction and location of houses, and contains also measures intended to guard against overcrowding. Moreover, it regulates to a certain extent the amount of rent an owner may exact for his property, by stipulating a maximum percentage of interest which may be collected on the investment. In cases where private enterprise fails to provide adequate house room, provision is made for the erection of dwelling-houses by the municipality. Unemployment In Amsterdam and Utrecht government committees have been appointed to investigate the question of providing against unemployment; and measures have been proposed introducing the so-called "Ghent System," by which each municipality is to cooperate with the local trade-unions who maintain insurance funds against loss of employment. In The Hague, Leyden, Haarlem, Schiedam, and other towns, municipal labor bureaus have recently been established; and a great many commercial and industrial agencies, as well as trade-unions and private concerns, operate similar bureaus. Three acts passed in Feb., 1901, provide (1) for the care of children whose parents neglect them, (2) for the legal procedure against children who commit criminal acts, and (3) for compulsory education. There are in Amsterdam two societies which look after the welfare and protection of children. Orphans are cared for in municipal and religious homes; and there are also several private institutions that look after the education and care of destitute and neglected children. There are besides about twenty-five societies which are occupied in sending poor children to the seashore or country during the summer. School children who are in need may be provided with food and clothing at the expense of the municipality. The first act to control the liquor traffic in The Netherlands was introduced in 1881. It provided merely for a limitation in the number of licenses to be granted, but otherwise imposed no restrictions. In 1904 a new law was passed, providing for fewer saloons, higher license fees, heavier penalties for transgressions, and forfeiture of licenses by order of the municipality at any time after five years. The principal antiliquor societies are: The People's Union, Utrecht; the General Dutch Teetotalers' Union, Amsterdam; the Roman Catholic Union for Combating the Abuse of Alcohol, Maastricht; and many others. Charitable and philanthropical work are of a private nature. Associations with different Newspapers tendencies exist in nearly every locality: lecture halls for workmen, food and clothing for children, dwellings for old servants, etc. Examples of these societies are the society "Charity According to Means" and "Meals for Children" at Amsterdam. Among the associations with a general educational purpose the various Toynbee societies for university extension, especially in university towns, are most noteworthy. As to industrial education we may mention in the city of Amsterdam the Museum of Protective Appliances against danger in factories, where various provisions to prevent accidents can be seen. (See MUSEUMS OF SECURITY.) For the promotion of social education Amsterdam may boast of an Institute of Social Advice-an institute with a purpose similar to that of the American Institute of Social Service and also of its Class for Education in Social Work. Labor colonies, tho mainly penal, were early started in Holland. They are of two kinds, penal and free, with three of each kind. The penal colonies are national workhouses, at Veenhuizen, Hoorn and Leyden. The first has 3,600 inmates in three establishments. The work is agriculture, gardening, handwork, and light manufacturing. The free colonies have some 1,500 members, including 150 "free farmers' families." They are aided by the State, contented, but not progressive. They cost the State about $7.50 per year per head. The colonies save a few children, and afford a shelter for a few families, through fault or circumstance unable by themselves to make headway in the world, but do little more. Cooperation in the form of production is poorly developed in Holland, and consumptive cooperation, tho more flourishing, is still in the beginning. Still we may mention as examples of productive cooperation of capital, several agricultural associations of farmers for the manufacture of butter and cheese; of agricultural labor, the Society Van Marken's Printing Works at Delft, where, after ten years of existence, the shares have become the property of labor in its different forms (management, hand labor, control). In consumptive cooperation the society "Self-Help ("Eigen Hulp "), managing several grocery stores in The Hague, Amsterdam, and other cities, is the most prominent. The Cooperative Union, a society for propagating cooperative principles, for procuring information and the organizing of wholesale business and cooperative production on behalf of the cooperative societies, has, however, separated itself from the "Eigen Hulp." This opens the way for working men's cooperative societies to become members of the union. To this they were opposed till now, because they could not agree with the lines on which the "Eigen Hulp" worked. Cooperation There existed at the end of 1904, 114 distributive societies, 4 cooperative butcheries, 70 bakeries, 14 societies for the distribution of fuel, 227 societies for distributing manure, seeds, fodder, etc., 42 other distributive societies-8 productive tailoring societies, 2 boot and shoe societies, I cigar factory, I smithy (forge), 1 upholsterers' society, 504 cooperative creameries, 26 societies for the selling of agricultural products, 2 societies for the improvement of the breed of horses, 2 societies for the improvement of cattle, 2 societies of workmen in wooden shoes, 6 mills for preparing potato meal, 4 societies of beehivers, 1 society of oil makers, I society for the preparation of fodder, I beet-sugar mill, 2 societies for the use of steamthrashing machines, 4 straw pasteboard mills, 6 printing societies, 32 different productive societies, 309 people's banks, 4 life-insurance societies, 6 fire-insurance societies, 5 cattle-insurance societies, 9 societies for assistance in case of illness and inability, 143 building societies. A large factory has made an experiment with small gardens for the children of working men. There are, in The Netherlands, one post-office savings-bank and nearly 300 private savingsbanks. The number of depositors per 1,000 inhabitants was 62 in 1890, and 200 in 1904; and the average amount deposited increased from 75 florins in 1890 to 106 fl. in 1904. Trade-unionism in The Netherlands is characterized by its division into religious groups; and this is probably one of the main reasons why this movement is not very strongly developed. In 1905 there were 104 unions with about 1,600 local branches. The diamond-workers' union is the strongest of these bodies, embracing about 80 per cent of all the diamond-cutters in Amsterdam, this industry being confined to that city. strikes are shown in the following table: Recent Ended without decision No. of strikes Decided in working men's favor favor Socialism Socialism entered Holland in 1869, in connection with the International, but did not take permanent root. In 1878 a new Socialist movement sprang up largely under the lead of Domela Niewenhuis, a former Protestant clergyman. He started the Recht Voor Allen, a Socialist paper, and a Social Democratic Union. In 1888 he was elected to the legislature and remained till 1891. But gradually becoming anarchistic or communistic, most of the Dutch Socialists broke away from him and the movement became divided. In 1889 a Social Democratic League was formed, and since then the Socialist movement has been conducted mainly on Marxist lines. Cooperation in connection with socialism, as in Belgium, has been attempted, but with small success. There were reported in 1905, 65,743 Socialist votes and fiftytwo Socialist or Labor journals. Some of the leading Dutch societies are: Centraal Bureau voor Sociale Adviezen, 37 Vossiusstraat, Amsterdam; Centraal Bureau voor de Statistiek, The Hague; Het Volk (Socialist organ), 117 Gelderschke Kade, Amsterdam; Jordaan (Working Men's Dwellings), The Hague; Tiefdadigheit naas Vermogen (Charity According to Means), Amsterdam. REFERENCES: Jaarcijfers voor 1905 door de centrale commissie voor de statistiek; Nederlandsch Staatsalmanak, Pyttersen, 1906; Dutch Life in Town and Country, by P. M. Hough, London, 1901; Holland and the Hollanders, by D. S. Meldrum, 2d ed., London, 1899. NEW HARMONY: Though later identified with Robert Owen (q. v.), this community was founded by a small German sect, the followers of one George Rapp, a weaver, noted for his biblical knowledge and piety. Rapp gathered together in Württemberg a number of people who |