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Some fluctuations in price must be expected...
Mode of rendering them as small as possible.....
CHAPTER XII.
Recapitulation of the last five chapters, and the conclusion
deducible therefrom....
Question of encouragement to agriculture, one of degree..
How much is absolutely necessary in highly advanced
countries
Reasons for thinking that it may be afforded, not only with- out injury, but with permanent benefit to the state
General conclusion from this argument...
CHAPTER XIII.
310
ib.
311
812
....
316
......
Recapitulation and conclusion of the second book
Lord Bacon's opinion concerning the power of states
Comfort and happiness of the people are its foundation
This book shews the specific means of securing these
Summary of Chapter I.
of Chapter II.
of Chapter III..
318
319
320
321
322
of the remaining Chapters
No physical impossibility of maintaining the people in com-
fort
Moral knowledge and integrity are, however, necessary to
ensure public happiness according to the principles of
this treatise
323
BOOK III.
MORAL CONSEQUENCES DEDUCIBLE FROM THE PRINCIPLES
OF THIS TREATISE.
CHAPTER I.
Application of the third principle:-"that the tendency of
population will neither be materially altered nor diverted
from its natural course (as exhibited in the foregoing
chapters), in a country whose government, laws, and
customs, are founded in the main upon principles of
religion, morality, rational liberty, and security of person
and property; although these principles may obtain only
an imperfect influence
page 324
Progress of society depends upon men's spontaneous ope-
rations
Which must be regulated more by moral than political ex-
325
326
327
329
Degree of morality necessary to ensure the healthy pro-
gress of society
330
Doubtful nature of what is called political expediency....
Natural selfishness of mankind........
Any principle of conduct allowable on religious and moral
grounds must be politically expedient, and vice versa.. 331
Best mode of answering arguments in which this truth is
overlooked
332
CHAPTER II.
Of the nature and extent of the duty of charity...
Superfluous in this age and country to enlarge upon the na- ture of charity...
...
Our ideas, however, as well as the commands of Scripture,
appear inconsistent with the conclusions of the author of
the Essay on Population.....
Also the goodness and justice of Divine Providence......
Impression which these conclusions ought to make upon us
even could we not prove them politically inadmissible..
Gratifying, however, to be able to prove them so...
Proofs to this effect drawn from the principles of this treatise..
.....
Especially with respect to the support of children, the aged,
and the diseased
340
To the mitigation or extirpation of mortal diseases...
Enlarged exercise of charity not only free from evil conse-
quences arising out of the principle of population.... 341
But calculated to give force to its beneficial tendency by
the impulse given to industry, and to the moral sensibility
and mutual intercourse of the different ranks of the
people
Illustrated by a fact.
And a serious reflection....
Illustrated by a reference to Ireland...
SOCIETY FOR PROMOTING THE EDUCATION OF THE POOR
IN IRELAND, established in DUBLIN ...
Edinburgh Society for educating IRISH Poor
342
344
345
347
349
page 349
Irish absentees, and other benevolent persons, exhorted to
establish a similar society in London.....
The communication of religious and moral knowledge;
charity in individuals; but positive political duty on the
part of governments....
352
354
355
Especially a legislative provision for the increase of church
establishments in proportion to the increase of population 353
Unhappy consequences of neglecting this duty......
Exposes a church to great and severe trials
Which are only to be overcome by its purity and spirituality ib.
The general increase of public schools in proportion to that
of population, also a duty of government
Objections which have impeded their establishment ex-
amined and explained .....
Real effects arising from the general spread of moral and re-
ligious instruction, and of imparting a degree of general
information to the lower orders......
By no means favourable to despotic and immoral govern-
ments
Highly so to free and rational governments, and therefore to the United British Kingdom
CHAPTER III.
On economical systems of charity, by which the poor
assist in providing for themselves
Preceding arguments on charity by no means exclude the
propriety of these systems
Various plans suggested for enabling the poor to assist in
providing for themselves.
356
357
358
361
363
364
They have been principally confined to Great Britain
And are of two descriptions; viz. Friendly Societies and
Saving Banks
365
Investigation of the prineiples upon which the rules of
friendly societies are usually founded, and of the degree
in which they have attained their professed objects ›...
Extraordinary conclusion of Sir Frederick Eden respecting
Friendly Societies
Reference to the work of Mr. Duncan, of Ruthwell, on
Of the Right Honourable George Rose...
Of Barber Beaumont, Esq.
376
Reference to a work entitled "A short Account of the
Edinburgh Savings' Bank "...
Comparative merits, in a political point of view, of Friendly
Societies and Savings' Banks...
In a moral point of view...
Objection to Savings' Banks answered
CHAPTER IV.
page 376
379
380
$81
General conclusions with respect to the exercise of charity 383
Unfair to compare the sums spent in charity in different countries, without also comparing their respective condi- tions of society....
Progress of the demands for charity, and of the means for meeting them as society advances
Demands of the agricultural state
Of the mixed agricultural and commercial state
Of the highly civilized and manufacturing state
Progressive state of the means for meeting these demands
Whether upon a contemplation of these demands, and the
means of meeting them, it appears that the condition of
the people is upon the whole deteriorated....
Comparative expense in the support of objects of charity in
England and other countries....
In Naples, Milan, Edinburgh, Liverpool, and London....
In England, Scotland, Holland, and Ireland, &c... . . .
Conclusions upon this subject.
CHAPTER V.
384
385
386
389
392
393
394
Brief recapitulation of the preceding Chapters on charity 396
No political mischiefs can arise from the liberal and en-
lightened exercise of this virtue....
Wherever it is most widely diffused, there the people are
found to be in the most enviable state in consequence of
its exercise
All apprehensions may be discarded of any general excess in the practice of charity...
CHAPTER VI.
On the propriety of affording a free and equal option of
marriage to all classes of the community
The option of marriage may be afforded to the lower orders upon moral considerations only, without direct reference to political expediency...
Difficulties attending the opposite opinion
397
398
399
400
Effects of the progress of society on the marriages of the
higher orders
Afford a free option of marriage to the lower
Without creating a redundancy of people..
Commands and permissions of Scripture on this subject..
With observations
Conclusions to be drawn from this review with respect to
the arguments of my opponents..
And to those advanced in this treatise
Beautiful system of compensation afforded by Providence
to the different ranks of society by their spontaneous ar-
rangements on the subject of marriage..
404
405
408
409
410
Qualifications of the preceding doctrine
Object of the argument in this chapter..
Apparent impossibility of realizing Mr. Malthus' hypothesis on this subject..
CHAPTER VII.
On the influence of the principle of population, and of the
progress of society upon the individual virtue and happi-
ness of the people
Object of this chapter to ascertain how far the principle of
compensation alluded to in the chapters upon charity,
and the marriage of the lower orders, generally applies
to all cases involving individual virtue and happiness as
society advances..
Higher ranks fully compensated for the alterations in their
condition, introduced by the changes in society...
Question as to the middle and lower ranks resident in towns.
Their comparative happiness to be determined by the ex- cess of premature deaths in towns above what take place in the country...
Quantity and proportions of that excess.
Whether an increase of vice be necessary to produce that
excess.
412
413
414
415
416
417
418
419
420
421
Determined by a reference to the births, deaths, and
numbers of the Quakers resident in towns.
And to the proportion of deaths respectively taking place
in the suburbs and the interior of great cities. . . . . . . . . 422
Question respecting the degree of moral degradation said
to be essentially inherent in the society of great towns
They have not hitherto had fair play in a moral point of view
424
425