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THE AVERAGE WEALTH TO EACH INDIVIDUAL.

1. New York.....$1,483.27 | 14. Missouri..

2. Massachusetts.. 1,463.03 15. Nevada..

3. Connecticut. 1,441.30 16. Vermont...

4. Rhode Island... 1,266.28 17. Wisconsin.. 1,140.15 18. Michigan

5. California.

6. Pennsylvania

7. New Jersey..

8. Ohio...

9. Illinois

10, Maryland..

$746.48 26. Louisiana.

$444.51

732.72 27. West Virginia..

431.32

711.99 28. Tennessee

395.89

665.90 29. Virginia..

334.31

607.41 30. Arkansas

322.81

601.03 31, South Carolina... 294.99

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777.35 25. Kentucky..
754.58

518.36 36. Alabama......... 202.46
457.46 37, Texas...... ... 194.30

1,081.31 19. Iowa...
1,038.49 20. Oregon
838.73 21. Nebraska.
835.34 22. Maine
824.37 23- Minnesota.

11. New Hampshire, 793.66 24. Kansas..

12. Delaware

13. Indiana.........

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CHAPTER XVI.

WAR DEPARTMENT.

Men, unfortunately, have never been able to so arrange their mutual relations as to dispense with violent and deadly contests. Although they are less frequent and shorter now than formerly, they are more costly and more destructive, and every nation is still, as formerly, obliged to anticipate the possibility of war and to make provision for its sudden occurrence, that it may not be borne down and overwhelmed by the first shock. It is an event so probable, even, and especially if the country should be in a defenseless state, that it has become a maxim of prudence with statesmen to avoid war by being prepared for it. The nation that can best repel an attack is least likely to be attacked.

Most goverments, like our own, had their birth and early history in the confusion and devastation of that great destroyer of life and property; and it is natural that the first leisure of peace should be occupied in preparing themselves, in the most effective manner possible, for both defensive and offensive operations in case of its return.

The Constitution contemplates the existence of an army and navy for warlike purposes, and makes the President Commander-in-chief of both. The first Congress assembled under the Constitution hastened, in its first session, to provide him an army and navy to command by organizing the Department of War. At its head was placed the Secretary of War, and so necessary was it deemed to the dignity and security of the nation that he was made one of the principal officers of the government, having a seat in the cabinet and being regarded as one of the advisers of the Chief Magistrate. He is appointed by the President with the consent of the Senate. A Chief Clerk, to be appointed by the Secretary, was

provided for by the act of 1789 creating the Department, who was the second authority in it, and acted as Secretary, in case of a vacancy; but when the Civil War raised this Department to great prominence, in 1861, a law was passed authorizing the appointment of an Assistant Secretary, and. in 1863, two additional Assistant Secretaries were provided for by law; all to be appointed by the President. This last measure was temporary only, designed to expire when returning peace should reduce the Department to its ordinary condition.

At first the affairs of the national navy were managed by the Secretary of War. This was changed, as we shall see, when our commerce and foreign relations became more important.

The Secretary of War ranks next to the President in military authority and dignity, and has the whole oversight, under him, of the army and its affairs. He makes out military commissions to be signed by the President, has the care of providing for the support, clothing, pay, and equipment of the army, and of all military stores required to keep the army in efficient drill, and in readiness against a possible war. He has the care of all books, records, and papers relating to the army and to military affairs. The names, grades, time of enlistment, term of service, and time of mustering out of all officers and privates in the army, whether in the regular or volunteer service, are to be found in his office. All military accounts are kept and adjusted under his supervision. These cares and duties have become so numerous and important as to require a careful organization of the Department into sub-departments, or bureaus, as the Commissary's, the Quartermaster's, and the Ordnance bureaus. The general management of the whole depending on the Secretary of War, he evidently requires to be a man of judgment, thoroughly versed in military affairs, and of eminent organizing ability.

A Solicitor, to have charge of the legal business of this Department, was provided for by law in 1863, to be appointed by the President and the Senate.

SECRETARIES OF WAR.

Henry Knox, Mass., Sept. 12, 1789. Timothy Pickering, Pa., Jan. 2, 1795. James McHenry, Md., Jan. 27, 1796. James Marshall, Va., May 7, 1800. Samuel Dexter, Mass., May 13, 1800. Roger Griswold, Ct., Feb. 3, 1801. Henry Dearborn, Mass., March 5, 1801. William Eustis, Mass., March 7, 1809. John Armstrong, N. Y., Jan. 13, 1813. James Monroe, Va., Sept. 27, 1814. William H. Crawford, Ga., March 2, 1815. Isaac Shelby, Ky., March 5, 1817. G. Graham, Va., April 7, 1817. John C. Calhoun, S. C., Oct. 8, 1817. James Barbour, Va., March 7, 1825. Peter B. Porter, N. Y., May 26, 1828. J. H. Eaton, Tenn., March 9, 1829. Lewis Cass, Mich., Aug. 1, 1831. Benjamin F. Butler, N. Y., March 3, 1837. Joel R. Poinsett, S. C., March 7, 1837. John Bell, Tenn., March 5, 1841. John McLean, O., Sept. 13, 1841. John C. Spencer, N. Y., Oct. 12, 1841. James M. Porter, Pa., March 8, 1843. William Wilkins, Pa., Feb. 15, 1844. William L. Marcy, N. Y., March 5, 1845. George W. Crawford, Ga., March 6, 1849. Charles M. Conrad, La., Aug. 8, 1850. Jefferson Davis, Miss., March 5, 1853. John B. Floyd, Va., March 6, 1857. Joseph Holt, Ky., Dec. 30, 1860. Simon Cameron, Pa., March 5, 1861. Edwin M. Stanton, Pa., Jan. 13, 1862. Ulysses S. Grant, Ill., 1868.

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