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KENTUCKY-Motto, "United we stand, divided we fall." Bears the Indian name of one of her rivers. The Indians termed it the "dark and bloody ground." It was the battle field of Northern and Southern Indians. Is called the "Blue Grass State."

LOUISIANA-Motto, "Union and confidence." Named from Louis XIV, King of France. It is called "The Creole State." MAINE-Latin motto, Dirigo, "I direct;" indicative of sovereignty. Was named for a province of France. Is called "The Pine Tree State."

MARYLAND-Latin motto, Crescite et multiplicamini, "Increase and multiply." Name from the Queen of England, the wife of Charles I.

MASSACHUSETTS-Latin motto, Ense petit placidam sub libertate quietem, "By the sword she seeks placid rest in liberty," or "Conquers a peace." The name was acquired from an Indian tribe and the bay on her coast. Is called the "Bay State" from her numerous bays.

MICHIGAN-Latin motto, Tuebor, and, Si quæris peninsu lam amanam circumspice. "I will defend." "If you seek a pleasant peninsula, look around you." The name is derived from two Indian words meaning "Great Lake," by them applied to Huron and Michigan lakes. Is called "The Wolverine State."

MINNESOTA-French motto, L'Etoile du Nord, "The Star of the North." The name, meaning whitish water, (foam of the falls,) is derived from the Indians.

MISSOURI-Latin motto, Salus populi suprema lex esto, "Let the welfare of the people be the supreme law." Named from her great river. It means "Muddy water."

MISSISSIPPI-Has no motto. It is named from the river, whose name signifies "The Father of Waters."

NEBRASKA-Motto, "Equality before the law." Its name is derived from one of its rivers, meaning "broad and shallow, or low."

NEW HAMPSHIRE-Has no motto. It is named from a

county in England. Familiar name is "The Old Granite State."

NEW JERSEY-Motto, "Liberty and Independence." for the Island of Jersey on the coast of England.

Named

NEW YORK-Latin motto, Excelsior, "Higher." Named from the Duke of York. Is called "The Empire State."

NORTH CAROLINA-Has no motto. It was named for Charles IX, King of France. It is called "The old North," or "The Turpentine State.”

NEVADA-Latin motto, Volens et potens, "Willing and Able." It was named from its mountains. Spanish name means "Snowy."

OHIO-Latin motto, Imperium in imperio, "An empire in an empire." It took its name from the river on its south boundary. It is familiarly called "The Buckeye State."

OREGON-Latin motto, Alis volat propriis, "She flies with her own wings." Name is derived from her principal river. PENNSYLVANIA-Motto, "Virtue, liberty and independence." Named from Wm. Penn, "Penn's woods." Is called the "Keystone State."

RHODE ISLAND-Her motto is "Hope." Named from the Island of Rhodes, in the Mediterranean Sea. Is familiarly called "Little Rhody."

SOUTH CAROLINA-Latin motto, Animis opibusque parati, "Ready in will and deed." Has the Latin name of Charles IX, of France (Carolus). Is known as the "Palmetto State."

TENNESSEE-Motto, "Agriculture, Commerce." Has the Indian name of one of her rivers. She is called "The Big Bend State."

TEXAS-Has no motto. Has preserved its Mexican name. Is called "The Lone Star State."

VERMONT-Motto, "Freedom and Unity." Has the French name of her mountains (Verd Mont, "Green Mountains "). VIRGINIA--Latin motto, Sic semper tyrannis, "So always with tyrants." Was named from Elizabeth of England, the "Virgin" Queen. It is called "The Old Dominion."

WEST VIRGINIA-Latin motto, Montani semper liberi, "Mountaineers are always free." Retained the former name, when divided from Virginia."

WISCONSIN-Latin motto, Civilitas successit barbarum, "The civilized man succeeds the barbarous." Has the Indian name of one of her rivers. It is called "The Badger State."

CHAPTER LXVIII.

THE NATIONAL DOMAIN.

1. When the War of Independence closed, and the people and government had leisure to look about them and estimate. their situation, they found the organized States covering the coast from Nova Scotia to Florida, (then in possession of Spain.) There was no vacant territory near the ocean; but west of the States-which run back only a few hundred miles was a vast region, peopled by a few tribes of Indians and, in Kentucky and Tennessee, by a few hundred whites These with singular hardihood and self reliance, had not hesitated to brave a thousand perils to get possession of the charming valleys and fertile savannahs of the eastern part of the great Mississippi Valley. The settlements were made near the mountains that skirted the western boundaries of the original States. Beyond, to the Mississippi river, extended as beautiful and fertile a territory as any land could boast; many times larger than the original territory, whose people, poor and few as they were, had fought for and won it by persistent bravery. It lay in virgin beauty and wealth, the prize of their strong hands and courageous hearts. The future of the new government once determined, and the fundamental Law of the Land adopted, they prepared to take possession by organizing a government over those already there, surveying and laying off the unsettled lands, and bringing them into market for sale and settlement.

2. The States had owned all the property, and held all the

real power, up to the adoption of the present Constitution. It was now agreed that the unsettled lands should be considered as the common property of the whole country, and be administered by the General Government. It was not without much difficulty, and many severe contests, that this point was so settled. There were two parties; one headed by Alexander Hamilton who wished a strong, consolidated central government; the other, afraid to confer on it too much power lest it should prove a tyrannical master, wished to preserve most of the substance of power in the State governments. They were led by Thomas Jefferson. The adoption of the Constitution was difficult, and the struggle over it perilous to the confederation. It embraced the main views of the first party. But for the personal influence of Washington, who had presided over the Convention that framed it, and had, as it were, been its father, it could not have received the approval of the majority of the people. The people allowed their fears to be overruled by their trust in his wisdom and prudence.

He alone it has been believed could have put its machinery in successful operation; and the admirable manner in which the statesmen, in Congress and the executive offices, infused the spirit of freedom and moderation into the administration, following in the lead of the revered "Father of his Country," settled it in the confidence and affections of the people.

3. We have dwelt on this point because it is intimately related to the organization and government of the Territories, and to the provision made for the increase of States. It was important that they should be in harmony with the original ones, and there were no means of securing this and providing against the future growth of governments, differing from those of the original States, but by giving the central power a general control over them. The Constitution conferred it on Congress. Ohio, and all the territory north of the Ohio river, was obliged to wait till this point was settled, before it could be opened to the entrance of emigrants. This region was early erected into a separate government, by Congress, called

WEST VIRGINIA-Latin motto, Montani semper liberi, "Mountaineers are always free." Retained the former name, when divided from Virginia."

WISCONSIN-Latin motto, Civilitas successit barbarum, "The civilized man succeeds the barbarous." Has the Indian name of one of her rivers. It is called "The Badger State."

CHAPTER LXVIII.

THE NATIONAL DOMAIN.

1. When the War of Independence closed, and the people and government had leisure to look about them and estimate their situation, they found the organized States covering the coast from Nova Scotia to Florida, (then in possession of Spain.) There was no vacant territory near the ocean; but west of the States-which run back only a few hundred miles was a vast region, peopled by a few tribes of Indians and, in Kentucky and Tennessee, by a few hundred whites These with singular hardihood and self reliance, had not hesi tated to brave a thousand perils to get possession of the charming valleys and fertile savannahs of the eastern part of the great Mississippi Valley. The settlements were made near the mountains that skirted the western boundaries of the original States. Beyond, to the Mississippi river, extended as beautiful and fertile a territory as any land could boast; many times larger than the original territory, whose people, poor and few as they were, had fought for and won it by persistent bravery. It lay in virgin beauty and wealth, the prize of their strong hands and courageous hearts. The future of the new government once determined, and the fundamental Law of the Land adopted, they prepared to take possession by organizing a government over those already there, surveying and laying off the unsettled lands, and bringing them into market for sale and settlement.

2. The States had owned all the property, and held all the

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