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19-Sewalls Pt. attacked by U S. steamers. Two schooners with Southern troops, captured.

20-North Carolina formally secedes. Kentucky proclaim.ed neutral. 21-Southerners blockade the Mississippi at Memphis.

24-Alexandria and Arlington Heights occupied by Union troops. 26-Western Virginia voted largely in favor of the Union.

27-One hundred slaves fled to Fortress Monroe. Gen. Butler declared them "contraband" of war.

-Two steamers engage the rebel batteries at Acquia Creek. June 1-Various skirmishes between parties of the hostile armies. 3-Senator S. A. Douglas, of Illinois, died.

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Battle of Philippi, Va. Union Col. Kelly wounded but victorious.
Gen. Beauregard assumed command of Confederate forces at
Manassas Junction. Voluntary contributions of northern States
in aid of the Government over $32,000,000.

BATTLE OF BIG BETHEL.

"10-Three Federal regiments defeated. 16 killed, 41 wounded. "11-Skirmish at Romney. Wheeling Convention meets.

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14-Harper's Ferry evacuated and burnt by Southern forces.

15-Confederate privateer, Savannah, brought, a prize, to New York. 17-Wheeling Convention of Unionists determine to make West Vir ginia an independent State.

"18-Battle of Booneville, Mo. Gen. Lyon defeats Confederate Gen. Price.

"20-At Cole Camp, Mo., Union men defeated; at Liberty, Mo., South

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erners overcome.

23-Forty-eight locomotives of Baltimore and Ohio R. R. destroyed by Southern forces; value, $400,000.

"26-President Lincoln recognizes the Wheeling government as that of Virginia.

"29-Southern privateer, Sumter, escapes through blockade at New Orleans.

July 2-Battle near Martinsburg, Va., Gen. Patterson, Union, and Gen. Jackson, Confederate.

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3-Southern men captured at Neosho, Mo. Consisted of 94 men.

66 4-Southern forces seize Louisville and Nashville railroad.

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5-Congress assemble at Washington. President calls for 400,000 vol.
unteers, and $400,000,000 to put down the rebellion.

Battle of Carthage, between Sigel, Union, and Gen. Jackson,
Southern. Gen. Sigel retreated.

"11-Nine Southern Senators expelled from U. S. Congress.

"12-Battle of Rich Mountain, Va. Col. Rosecrans, Union, defeated Col. Pegram, taking 800 prisoners and his camp stores. 13-Confederates under Gen. Garnett, defeated at Carrick's Ford, by Gen. Morris. Gen. Garnett killed.

July 15-Col. Stuart, commanding Confederate cavalry, attacks Union forces at Bunker Hill, Va., and is defeated.

"16-Skirmishes at Millville, Mo., and Barboursville, Va.

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18-Outposts of the two armies fight at Blackburn's Ford, on Bull Run, some 20 miles from Washington. Southern troops withdraw. BATTLE OF BULL RUN.

"21-This was the first great battle. The Confederate government aims at the capture of Washington. Their forces, under Gen. Beauregard, about 22,000, afterwards strengthened by 6,000, are attacked by Union army under Gen. McDowell, with 28,000 men. It turns in favor of McDowell until arrival of Confederate reinforcement of 6,000, when Union army was totally defeated, the fugitives flying in great disorder to the defenses of Washington. Yet Confederates lost more in wounded, and failed to take the National Capital, the preservation of which was the supreme point to the Union forces. The South gained the battle, and the Union gained the cause.

"25-Gen. McClellan takes command of the Army of the Potomac. Aug. 1-Confederate forces at Harper's Ferry retreat to Leesburg.

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2-Congress authorized the raising of 500,000 men and $500,000,000 to suppress the insurrection, providing for the last by tax and tariff.

Gen. Lyon repulses the Confederates at Dug Spring, Mo. 5-Commodore Allen bombarded Galveston, Texas.

7-Hampton, Va., burned by Southern forces.

BATTLE OF WILSON'S CREEK, Mo.

"10-Gen. Lyon, (Union,) with about 5,000 men, attacked Gen. McCullough, (Confederate,) with over 10,000. Gen. Lyon killed. Federal losses in killed, wounded, and missing, 1,211; Southern losses over 1,600. Union forces retreated to Springfield. McCullough too much shattered to follow.

"12 President Lincoln proclaimed Sept. 30 a Fast Day. "14--Gen. Fremont declared martial law in St. Louis.

"15-President Davis ordered all northern men to leave the South in 40

days.

"16-President Lincoln forbids commercial intercourse with the South. "23-Cherokee Indians take part with the South.

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28-Capture of Forts Hatteras and Clark, N. C., by Gen. Butler and Com. Stringham.

"31-Gen. Fremont proclaims freedom of slaves and confiscates property of disunionists in Missouri. President Lincoln countermands it.

Sept. 1-Southerners defeated at Boonville, Va., and town destroyed.

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4-Confederate Gen. Polk occupies Columbus, Ky. Southern forces,
attempting to cross Potomac at Great Falls, repulsed.

10-Gen. Banks attacks Confederate Gen. Floyd, in intrenched camp,
at Carnifex Ferry. Gen. Floyd retreats in the night.
12-Battle of Cheat Mountain, a Union victory. Col. J. A. Washing-
ton killed.

18-Secession members of Maryland Legislature imprisoned. 19-Arrest of Gov. Morehead and others for treason, in Louisville, Ky. 20-Col. Morehead, Union, besieged, at Lexington, Mo., and compelled to surrender with over 2,000 men, after a fight of four days. Oct. 2-Battle of Chapmanville, Va. Confederates defeated. 3-Battle of Greenbriar, Va. Federal success.

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4-Confederate success at Chicamacomico, Va. Federals retreated.
5-Steamer Monticello drives Southern forces from Chicamacomico.
7—Confederate Iron Clad Merrimac appears at Fortress Monroe.
11-Confederate Commissioners Slidell and Mason escape from
Charleston, S. C.

16-U. S. troops recapture Lexington, Mo. Battle of Pilot Knob, Mo
Unionists successful.

21-Battle of Balls Bluff. U. S. forces under Col. Baker, member of Congress, 1,900 strong, defeated with loss of 918 men. Col. Baker killed.

Gen. Zollicoffer defeated by U. S. troops at Camp Wild Cat, Ky. 25-Gen. Kelly gains a battle against Confederates at Romney, Va. 29-U. S. naval and military force of 27,000 men and 75 vessels leave Fortress Monroe for the South.

Nov. 1-Gen. Scott retires from command of the Union army. Gen. McClellan appointed Gen. in Chief. Gen. Floyd fails in his attack on Gen. Rosencranz, at Gauley, Va.

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2-Gen. Fremont superceded by Gen. Hunter in Mo.

4-Houston, Mo., taken by Union troops.

7-Com. Dupont and Gen. Sherman capture Forts Walker and Beau-
regard, S. C., and occupy Beaufort and Hilton Island.

Gen. Grant captured Confederate camp at Belmont, Mo., opposite
Columbus. Reinforcements arriving he retired.

8-Mason and Slidell, Confederate Commissioners to Europe, were taken from British steamer Trent, by U. S. ship San Jacinto. On subsequent demand of the English government they were given up. 10-Union soldiers having been killed by inhabitants of Guyandotte, Va., the town was burnt in retaliation.

15-The San Jacinto arrived at Fortress Monroe with Slidell and Mason.

23-Bombardment of Pensacola, Fla., by Ft. Pickens and U. S. war vessels.

27-Gen. McClellan orders observance of the Sabbath in the army.

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29-Skirmish at Warsaw, Mo. Town partly destroyed.

30-Fight at Salem, Mo. Southern forces defeated.

Dec. 3-Congress met at Washington.

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4-Two Congressmen and Senator Breckenridge of Ky., expelled for
treason.

5-Naval engagement at Cape Hatteras.

Forces of U. S. army and navy reported very near 700,000 men.
9-Confederate Congress declares Kentucky a State in the Southern
Confederacy.

13-Gen. Milroy defeats Confederate Col. Johnson, at Camp Alleghany.
16-Platte City, Mo., burnt by Southern forces.

17-More than 20 vessels, filled with stone, sunk at the entrance of Charleston and Savannah harbors.

18-Gen. Pope captured 1,300 Southerners and 1,000 stand of arms at Millford, Mo.

31-U. S. navy increased from 42 vessels at beginning of the war to 246, of all kinds, up to this date.

1862.

Jan. 1—Mason and Slidell leave Ft. Wa.ren, Boston Harbor, for England.
2-Success of Unionists on Port Royal Island, near Charleston, S. C.
4-Gen. Milroy defeats Confederates at Huntersville, Va.
7-Confederate defeat at Romney. U. S. troops capture stores in
Tucker Co., Va.

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8-Union victory by Gen. Palmer at Silver Creek, Mo.
10-Humphrey Marshall defeated by Union troops in Kentucky.

Senators Johnson and Polk of Mo., expelled from the U. S. Senate. 11-Simon Cameron, U. S. Sec. of War, resigned; E. M. Stanton appointed.

Naval engagement on the Mississippi near the mouth of the Ohio;
Union vessels superior.

12-125 vessels and 15,000 troops, under Gen. Burnside, sail for the
South.

18-Ex-President Tyler dies.

19-Union victory at Mill Spring, Ky., by Gen. Shoepf over Gen. Zollicoffer and Gen. Crittenden. Much spoil taken; Gen. Zollicoffer killed.

27-Bishop Ames and Gov. Fish of New York appointed to visit prisons in the South, to look after the interests of Union prisoners. Confederate authorities refuse to receive them.

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CHAPTER XXV.

THE SECOND PHASE OF THE WAR.

The previous period, though abounding in battles, so-called, were really skirmishes of detached bodies without any well defined plan. It covered much of the surface of all the Border States, but especially Virginia and Missouri, and was a trial of bravery and strategy in which both parties learned how to fight, and of what metal their opponents were made.

The Second Period covered about eleven months-from the advance of the Federal armies on the South in West and East, in Feb., to the close of the year.

This period is defined in its commencement, by the surrounding of the southern territory on nearly all sides by the Union forces, both naval and military; and the inauguration of aggressive movements both by sea and land; and in its close by the failure of the two southern Generals, Bragg in the West, and Lee in the East, in the endeavor to break through this beleagering line. It was an immense and desperate conflict.

In the West it began by the ttack of Grant on Fts. Henry and Donelson, followed up by the battle of Pittsburg Landing, and various other operations in Tennessee and Mississippi; the advance of McClellan on Richmond, and his campaign in the Peninsula, his failure and return to Washington; the strengthening of the Southern Army, and the advance of Lee northward into Maryland and his defeat there. The disasters to the Union army in Virginia served to check the successes of the Western Army under Grant, Sherman, Buell, Rosecranz and others; the Confed. erate forces in the West were increased under Bragg, who checked the advance of U. S. troops eastward at Chattanooga, and he himself assumed the offensive, by invading Kentucky. He was compelled to retreat again to Chattanooga. Thus there was an alternation of great successes and great reverses on both sides.

The Union Army commenced with about 600,000 men, and the Southern with about 400,000. They both largely added to these during the campaign.

Meanwhile the navy was not idle. A foothold was gained in South Carolina, and in North Carolina, as well as at Norfolk, Virginia, the mouth of the Missisippi was opened by Admiral Farragut, and New Or leans captured. The compression of a vast naval and land force was applied in all directions, even west of the Mississippi. Missouri had been quieted by driving the organized forces into the border of Arkansas, and inflicting on them a heavy blow at Pea Ridge. This, however, was not followed up; the disasters to the Union cause in Virginia, and the rebound of the Confederates in East Tennessee, requiring concentration.

The South had shown the most determined bravery, and great steadiness in disaster; and activity, and ability in making the most of circumstances.

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