ATOM. ATMOS the system possessed an atmosphere proportional to PHERE. its own attractive power; but this must be the case if the elastic matter of the atmosphere were infinitely divisible hence then again we may conclude that matter is not infinitely divisible, and consequently that the atmosphere of this earth is of a finite and limited height, and may be peculiar to it. Some doubt, however, may hang over this deduction in respect to the sun, on account of the probable heat near his surface, which may produce a rarefaction far exceeding any thing that we can form an idea of; but this will not be the case if we select Jupiter as the body for observation. Here, since the mass of Jupiter is full 309 times that of the earth, the distance at which his attraction is equal to gravity must be about 309, or 176 times the earth's radius; and since his diameter is nearly 11 times greater than that of the earth, we shall have 17.6 11 = 16 times his own radius; for the distance from his centre at which an atmosphere equal to our own should occasion a refraction exceeding one degree to the fourth satellite. This distance would subtend an angle of about 3° 37′, so that an increase of density to 3 times our common atmosphere, would be more than sufficient to render the fourth satellite visible to us when behind the centre of the planet; and consequently to make it appear on both or all sides at the same time. Hence, whatever doubt may remain on the deduction made from observations on Venus seen through the solar atmosphere, in consequence of the possible effects of heat which cannot be appreciated, it is evident that no error from this source can be apprehended in regard to Jupiter. This planet therefore does not possess an atmosphere proportional to his mass, as he would do if the matter composing it were infinitely divisible, and therefore as we have seen, common to the whole solar system. Hence then we have a right to conclude, that matter is not infinitely divisible, and that each planet possesses an atmosphere peculiar to itself of limited height, composed of ultimate atoms, of definite magnitude, no longer divisible by the repulsion of their parts. ATOM, A'TOMIST, A'TOMLIKE, They all would vanish, and not dare appear, ATOM. Browne's Pastorals, book ii. Whether some Soul incompassing this Ball Leapt into form (the noble work of chance.) Dryden's Religio Laici, As for the whole atomical hypothesis, either Epicurean or De mocritic, I shall not, nor need I, spend time to confute it; this men. They suppose the matter of which the world is constituted, to be Just where the breath of life his nostrils drew, Pope. The Rape of the Lock. ATOM. In Philosophy there is a theory which is known by the name of the atomical; the object of which is to account for the origin and formation of things by the supposition of the union of atoms. The inventor of this theory has furnished a topic of controversy. Its celebrity is chiefly owing to Epicurus, by whom it was adopted, and who gave it a degree of currency, from the large number of his disciples in philosophy, which it might probably not have otherwise obtained. The origin of it is however generally ascribed to Democritus; though Dr. Cudworth seems to think that it reaches much farther into antiquity, and that its real author was one Moschus a Phoenician, who lived before the Trojan war, and who has by some been supposed to be the same with Moses. As the atomical theory formed a part of the opinions *Aroμos, from a privativa, and in philosophy embraced by Epicurus, it has been comτέμνω, I cut. That which cannot be cut, or separated into smaller particles. Meaning thereby, the resolution of the soul into a thing that hath neither intelligence nor any sense at all, which Epicurus holding to be a dissipation thereof into (I wot not what) emptinesse or voidnesse, and small indivisible bodies, which he termeth Atomy; by that means cutteth off (so much the rather) all hope of immortality. Holland's Plut. Morals. Cudworth. Intellectual System. Now, I say, as Diophantus, and Archelaus, asserted the corporeal world to be made of Atoms, but yet notwithstanding held an incorporeal deity, distinct from the same, as the first principle of activity in it; so in like manner did all other antient Atomists generally before Democritus, joyn theology and incorporealism with their Atomical physiology. They did Atomize as well as he, but they did not atheise; but that atheistical Atomology was a thing first set on foot afterward by Leucippus and Democritus. Cudworth. Intellectual System, monly considered as an atheistical doctrine. There The ancient atomic hypothesis supposes, according ATONE. ATRABI- ATOM. included in the nature and idea of it, viz. more or less It is plain that if we add to the above theory the ATO NEMAKER. R. Gloucester, p. 13. Id. P. 436. If gentilmen, or other of that contree Chaucer. The Clerkes Tale, v. i. p. 336. And thence ['Iaouds] is borowed for the pacifying and swaging of wrath and anger, and for an amendes making, a contenting, satisfaction, a raunsome, & making at one, as it is to see aboundantly in the Bible. The Whole Workes of Wm. Tyndall, &c. fo. 394. c. 1. But also [it is required] that thou be feruent & diligent to make peace and to go betwene, where thou knowest or hearest malice and enuie to be, or seest hate or strife to arise between person and person, and that thou leaue nothing vnsought, to set them at one. Id. fo. 193. c. 2. Of which good prouision none of vs hath any thing the lesse nede, for the late made attonemente, in whyche the kinge's pleasure hadde more place then the parties willes. Sir Thos. More's Workes, fo. 40. c. 2. Paul sayth, i. Timo. ij. One God, one Mediatour (that is to say, Dryden's Aurenge-Zebe. But yet thou may'st attone this difference betwixt us; verily, In a slave's mouth, against a monarch's pow'r. So rich a price was more than sufficient to ransom all the world His word acquaints us, that blessings of the highest importance Secker's Sermons. But if, the impulse of a wayward mind you all. Cowper's Iliad, book ix. ATONIA, from a privativa and Teivw I stretch, in ATOOI or ATOWAI, the largest of the westerly ATOP, on top, at or on the top. See Top. In Mil- Or, when a top the hoary western hill Atrabiliare, subject or be- ATRABILA'IRE, A preposterous love of mirth hath turned you all into wits, quite Warburton's Divine Legation of Moses Vindicated. Ded. From this black adust state of the blood they are atrabilarious. ATRA ATRE- ATRABILIS (from ater black and bilis bile.) in BILIS. Medicine black bile. The ancient physicians believed this to arise, either from the grosser parts of the blood, or from yellow bile highly concocted; and to it they attributed a melancholic or atrabiliary temperament. The moderns assign its origin to the gall rendered acrid by stagnation in the gall bladder, and viscid by the absorption of its fluid parts. The symptoms produced by it, when in this state discharged into the duodenum, are quickness of pulse, headach, delirium, hiccough, intense thirst, fetor of breath, and a violent purging or vomiting, or both. The remedies are evacuations, particularly by calomel and the infus. Senna limoniat. ATRACTOCERUS, in Zoology, a genus of insects of the order Coleoptera, family Malacodermi. Generic character; antennæ simple, nearly fusiform; elytra very short; thorax sub-quadrate. There is but one species of this genus A. necydaloides, Necydalis brevi cornis of Linnæus. ATRACTYLIS, in Botany, a genus of plants. Class Syngenesia, order Polygamia æqualis. Generic character; calyx, outer, many-leaved. Corolla, compound, radiate. Stamen, filaments five; anther cylindrical. Pistil, germ very short, style uniform, stigma biped. Seeds turbinate, receptacle villose. species have been catalogued. Three natives of the South of Europe. Two of Japan. One of the Cape of Good Hope, and one of Mexico. Seven ATRAGENE, in Botany, a genus of plants. Class Polyandria, order Polygynia. Generic character; calyx, none. Corolla, double, petals numerous, the exterior larger. Seeds, caudate. This genus is nearly allied to Clematis; there are several species, inhabiting different parts of the world. ATRAMEʼNTAL, ATRAMENTOUS. ATRIPLEX, in Botany, a genus of plants, class Atrox. Præter ATROCEM ani- Al thys proces I say shal I nothyng nede to speake of, as things Bad as Herod was, the petition of Salome at first shocked him. entertain of the murderer. Horne on the Life and Death of St. John the Baptist. When Catiline was tried for some atrocious murders, many of the consulars appeared in his favour, and gave him an excellent character. Porteus on the beneficial Effects of Christianity, Ap. To rid the world of these declared enemies to Catholic faith and piety, was represented as most meritorious. Nature, which, I stand astonished at those persons, who do not feel a resent- } atramen, atramentum. Vossus, who are not alarmed with what it threatens The second way whereby bodies become black, is an atramentous condition or mixture, that is, a vitriolate or copperose quality conjoyning with a terrestrious and astringent humidity. Brown's Vulgar Errors. Now if we enquire in what part of vitriol this atramental and denigrating condition lodgeth, it will seem especially to lye in the more fixed salt thereof. Brown's Vulgar Errors, p. 412. His helmet was of old rusty iron, but the vizor was brass, which, tainted by his breath, corrupted into copperas, nor wanted gall from the same fountain; so that whenever provoked by anger or labour, an atramentous quality of most malignant nature was seen to distil from his lips. Swift. The Battle of the Books, vol. i. p. 159. ATRAPHAXIS (àrpápağıs, also in Theophrastus and Hippocrates àôpápağıs and åvôpápağıs. It is said to be derived ἀπὸ του αθρόως ἄυξειν, from growing quickly.) In Botany Orach. An annual plant. Class Hexandria, order Digynia. It is a native of Armenia, Persia, and Siberia, and flowers in August. It contains two species. ATREBATES, or ATREBATII, a Belgic tribe which inhabited the country now called Artois. Their capital was Origiacum, now Arras. Their history will be found in Cæsar's Commentaries. There was also a tribe of ATREBATII in Britain, properly colonists from Belgium; Camden places them in Berkshire, Baxter in Oxfordshire. Both, however, agree that Wallingford, in the first county, was their capital. Horsley places their capital at Silchester, in Hampshire, and Stukeley at Farnham. These disagreements arise from the obscurity of the tribe, which was of little note, and soon disappeared. (Henry's Great Britain, i. and ii.) VOL. XVIII. ATROPA, in Botany, a genus of plants, class Pentandria, order Monogynia. Generic character. Corolla campanulate. Stamina distant. Berry globose, two celled. The A. Belladonna, or Deadly nightshade is a native of Britain, but by no means common. A. Belladonna. Stem herbaceous, leaves ovate, undivided. The whole of this plant is strongly poisonous. The berries have occasionally proved fatal to children, who were attracted by their beautiful appearance. In Medicine, it is exhibited internally as a narcotic. The extract when applied to the eye, possesses the valuable property of dilating the pupil, which renders it useful in some diseases of that organ, and especially as a means of facilitating the operation for cataract. The extract is the form in which it is employed both externally and internally. See POISON. The A. Mandragora, a native of the south of Europe, Not poppy nor mandragora Othello. ATROPHIA (from a privativa and pèpw, I nourish) in Medicine, a disease belonging to the class Cachexia, order Marcores of Cullen. Emaciation, loss of strength, hectic fever. This disease is divided into several species. ATROPHY, from a privativa, and 7pèpw, I nourish. M ATRIPLEX. ATRO PHY. ATTA, in Zoology, a genus of insects of the order Hymenoptera, family Formicaria. Generic character; pedicle of the abdomen formed of two knots. Antennæ wholly visible; all the palpi very short; the maxillary ones having six distinct articulations. This genus differs in no considerable circumstance, except the shortness of the palpi, from Myrmica; which see. Attaccare, Ital. Attacher, Gall. ATTACHMENT.} Attachiare, Latino-barbare. Tacan Sax. capere. (Hickes, Gram. Fr. Theo.) To take, or touch. To take, to seize, to bind, to fix, or fasten; both literally and metaphorically. Tuo busses wer forfaren, þat in þe tempest brak, Je godes attached waren to be king of Cipres Isaac. B. Brunne, p. 158. Quha is attaychit vnto ane staik, we se, May go no forther, but wreil about that tre. Douglas Eneados. The Preface, p. 8. Hastely shall death attache the for their wickednesse sake, and quicke shall they droppe into hiel with Chore, Dathan, and Abyron. Bale's Image to both Churches, part 3. The same daie also, Sir Richard Empson knight, and Edmonde Dudley Esquier, greate counsailers to the late kyng, were attached and brought to the Tower, not to the litle reioysyng of many persones, whiche, by them wer greued, whiche attachement was thought to bee procured by malice of theim, that with their authoritie in the late kynge's daies wer offended. Hall. Henry VIII, Many greater miracles hast thou done, none that bewrayed more mercy and meekness, than this last cure; of all other, this cure of Malthus hath the loudest tongue to blazon the praise of thy clemency and goodness to thy very enemies: wherefore came that man, but in a hostile manner to attach thee? Bp. Hall's Contemplations. Shakspeare's Love's Labour Lost. fol. 135. Shakspeare's 1st Part King Henry VI, fol. 104. Spenser's Faerie Queene. There is no man but is more attached to one particular set or scheme of opinions in philosophy, politics, and religion, than he is to another; I mean if he hath employed his thoughts at all about, them. The question we should examine, then, is, how came we by those attachments. Mason on Self Knowledge. The attachment of the Roman troops to their standards was inspired by the united influence of religion and honour. Gibbon's Roman Empire. Xenophon, in his treatise on the Athenian republic, acknow- ATTACH. ledges that the courts of justice were to be influenced by bribes: that they favoured and saved from punishment those to whom they ATTAIN. were attached, and condemned those whom they hated. Porteus on the beneficial Effects of Christianity, Ap. Those who are attached to the constitution of this kingdom, will take good care how they are involved with persons, who under the pretext of zeal towards the revolution and constitution, too frequently wander from their true principles. Burke on the French Revolution. ATTACHMENT, in Law, apprehension by writ or precept. It differs from an arrest, because he who arrests a man carries him before a superior power to be disposed of, whereas he who attaches keeps the party attached and presents him in court on the day assigned in the writ. An arrest is only upon a man's body, an attachment is often on his goods. Attachments are much used in cases of contempt, first, of the King's writs; 2dly, in the face of the court; 3dly, contemptuous words or writings concerning the court; 4thly, contempt of the rules of the court; 5thly, abuse of its processes; 6thly, forgeries and deceits attempting to impose on it. They are usually granted on a rule to shew cause. Attachment of Goods is a distress upon goods and chattels where a man is sued for personal estate or debt by the legal attachiators or bailiffs, as security to answer an action. } ATTACK, V. Attach differently written and apATTACK, n. S plied. Attack, so written, does not appear a very old word in the language; its place was supplied by Assault. To touch, (sc. with force, violence), to assault, begin or commence hostilities. Satan, who that day Milton, Par. Lost, book vi. Dryden's Virgil, Æn. ix. He (Henry V.) drew up his army on a narrow ground between two woods, which guarded each flank; and he patiently expected in that posture the attack of the enemy. Hume. History of England, p. 101. When Scipio took Carthage, he ordered his soldiers to attack the inhabitants and put them all to death without distinction, and to spare none, according to the custom of the Romans. Porteus on the beneficial Effects of Christianity. Ap. Let a wise king strive for victory if he be attached; but let him not make war. Since, if two kings fight, both cannot be victors. Sir William Jones's Hitúpadésa. Attineo, to hold, to reach, (from ad and teneo, to hold.) . To reach, to come to; to get, gain or procure. ATTA'IN, v. ATTAINABLENESS, ATTA'INMENT, Fortune him had enhaunsed so in pride, And in a balannce weyen eche mountaine Chaucer. The Monke's Tale, v, 2. p. 160, Or elles loues grace atteine, His lose tonge he mote restreine, Whiche beareth of his honour the keie. Gower, Con, Am, book i, ATT ATTAIN. ATTAINT. In whose most perfect worcks suche craft apperyth playne, That to the least of them there may no mortal hand attayne. Surrey. But God forbyd, that any man so iudge of Christe: or thinke that the grace of hys gospel dooeth lacke any perfeccion, so that toward the attainment of saluacion, we should nede to seeke, Údal. Galathians, cap. ii. somewhat out of Moses lawe. A true temper of a quiet and peaceable estate of the soul upon good grounds can never be attained without the in-operation of that holy Spirit, from whom every good gift, and every perfect giving proceedeth. Bp. Hall's Remedy for Discontent. Yet he who reigns within himself, and rules Passions, desires, and fears, is more a king; Which every wise and virtuous man attains: And who attains not, ill aspires to rule Cities of men, or head-strong multitudes. Milton. Par. Reg. book ii. If, for attaining or preserving a small stock of uncertain riches in this world, we shall reduce ourselves into a state of most uncomfortable nakedness and penury in the other: it is clear as the sun that we are downright fools and madmen. Barrow's Sermons. It (industry) sweeteneth our enjoyments, and seasoneth our Id. attainments with a delightful relish. For tho' a man endeavour never so much to settle himself in the principles of infidelity, and to persuade his mind that there is no God, and consequently that there are no rewards to be hoped for, nor punishments to be feared in another life; yet he can never attain to a steady and unshaken persuasion of these things. Tillotson's Sermons. Ambition is an infinite folly: when it has attained to the utmost pitch of humane greatness, it soon falls to making pretensions upon heaven. Dryden. Life of Virgil. So pleas'd at first the tow'ring Alps we try, Pope. Essay on Criticism. While we are curious in tracing the progress of barbarism we wonder more that any arts existed, than that they attained no degree of perfection. Walpole's Anecdotes of Painting. Yet there is left attainable by man, Glover's Atheniad, book xxiv. From the attainment of every desired object the desire is satisfied; a man rich in himself, has obtained his object! ATTAINT, v. ATTA'INT, n. ATTA'INT, adj. ATTA'INTMENT, ATTA INTURE, ATTA'INDER. Sir Wm. Jones's Hitópadésa. Attaindre, perhaps from the Fr. Teindre, Lat. Tingere, to stain. Whence Teint, Lat. Tinctus, stained, as we say he is attainted or tainted of treason, &c., that is, stained. Minshew. At his coming he fond of clerkes & men of pleýnt, R. Brunne, p. 246. The Vision of Piers Plouhman, p. 400. The last three which were Powell, Fetherston, and Abell, were put to death for treason, and in their attainder, is speciall mencion made of their offences, which was for the deniyng of the king's supremacie, and affirming that his mariage with the Ladie Katheryn was good: These with other were the treasons, that they were atṭaynted of, and suffered death for. Grafton, vol. ii. For, Amoret right fearfull was and faint The king did giue them all the earles lands there, which now ATTAINT. were forfeited by vertue of his attainture. Speed's History of Great Britaine. A man unto whom nature hath so crowded humors, that his valour is crusht into folly; his folly sauced with discretion: there is no man hath a vertue, that he hath not a glimpse of, nor any man an attaint, but he carries some staine of it. Shakespeare. Troyl. and Cress. fol. 79. Was not thy father, Richard, earl of Cambridge, Shakespeare. 1st part of King Henry VI. fol. 104. The question will be, whether these canons for blood were in use in this kingdom or no? the contrary whereof may appear by many precedents in R. 3. and H. 7. and the beginning of H. 8. in which time there were more attainted than since or scarce before. Selden's Table Talk. The strong limb'd steed beneath his harness faints, And the same shiv'ring sweat his lord attaints : Dryden's Brit. Red. ATTAINDER, from the Latin attinctus, stained, denotes an immediate legal consequence of judgment of death, which attaches to the culprit on the instant that judgment is passed. Attainder in high treason causes a forfeiture to the crown for ever of all the traitor's estates of inheritance; and of the rents and profits of all his lands not of inheritance, so long as the estate which he had in them shall continue. On judgment of death for all other crimes to which that punishment attaches, the property of which the convict is siezed in fee-simple, is forfeited for his life, and a year and a day only after his death: other estates of freehold for the term of his life only and his, chattel interests (as estates for years, &c.), absolutely. In all cases, the forfeiture consequent on attainder, has relation to the time of the commission of the crime (treason or felony), and not to that of the attainder. These effects of judgment of death existed under our ancient Saxon laws. But there is yet another consequent of attaint, arising out of the Feodal system, introduced with it, and which has survived the majority of its oppressive corollaries. This is technically called corruption of blood; and is a part of the doctrine of Escheat; whereby, all lands, being supposed to be held of some lord, reverted to him on failure or defect of inheritable blood in the tenant. Attainder was deemed to introduce such defect, or corruption, of blood, as led to escheat; and, therefore, on judgment of death, all the estates of the offender revest in the Feodal lord for ever, without possibility of revocation by any authority less than an act of the legislature. Such was the Norman Law. But on its introduction into this country, the Saxon rules of forfeiture intervened; and by vesting in the King, took away from the Feodal lord, the estates of inheritance in cases of treason, for ever: and, in other cases of attainder, for the periods for which we have seen above that they vested in the crown; after the expiration of which they became absolutely vested in the lord, instead of returning into the line of descent from the culprit. Nor was this all, an attainted person is not only incapable of inheriting himself, or transmitting his own possessions to his heirs, but he will be an obstacle in the course of future descents from his remotest ancestors to his remotest posterity. The cruelty and extravagance of this doctrine was felt very early; and in most, if not all, of the new ATTAINDER. |