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INDEX.

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Atmosphere, drying power of the,
311; height deduced from meteors,
642; from polarisation, 639; mode of
measuring the pressure, 50.
Atmospheric pressure, distribution over
the globe, Chap. III.; its relation to
temperature, winds, rain, &c., pas-
sim; methods of representing it in
storms, 499-501; its irregular distri-
bution in storms, 521.

Aurora borealis, 605; height, 607, rela-
tion to terrestrial magnetism, 606,
609; to storms, 611; distribution over
the earth, 606.

BABINET's neutral point of polarisation,
636.

Babington, T. H., 665.

Bacon, Lord, 483.

Baddeley on dust-whirlwinds, 602.

Baker, Sir S. W., inundation of the

Nile, 470; dust-whirlwinds of Nubia,
602.

Balfour, Professor J. H., 539.
Ballingall, R., 655.

Ballot, Dr Buys, 17, 87; LAW OF THE
WINDS, 517; apparent exceptions to,
520, 521, 522; 564, 574.
Barker, Sir R., 210.

Barometer, invention, 6; description of,
27; neutral point of, 34; mode of re-
moving from place to place, and of
expelling air from, 37; must be hung
perpendicularly, 38; scales, 51; re-
ducing to 32, 47; correction for
height, 52; example showing method
of reducing, 61; daily variation, 63;
do. of dry air, 69; annual variation,
75; corrections for range, their use
and abuse, 73, 74; variations, where
large, 77; low in storms not the effect
of centrifugal force, 565; extraordi-
nary fluctuations in tropical storms,
540; table comparing millimetres
with English inches, page 357; and
Table III., Paris lines with English
inches, page 358.

Barometric gradient, 531, 532.

Barometric measurement of heights, 62.
Barometric tubes, use of air-trap in, 36.
Bates, Rev. J. Chadwick, observations
with rain-gauges, 396.

Baxendell, Joseph, 512; on moon's in-
fluence on atinospheric temperature,

652.

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Brewster, Sir David, on daily march of
temperature, 145; causes which inter-
fere with it, 146, 151; polarisation of
the atmosphere, 637 et seq.
Brewster's neutral point of polarisation,
637.

Bridge of Allan, advantages as a winter
and spring resort, 157.

British Islands, suminer temperature,
273; chart showing, page 121; winter
temperature, 263; where best for in-
valids, 264.

Brough, 622.

Bryce, Dr James, 353.
Buzzard, H. M.S., 570.
Bulletin International, 24.
Burckhardt, 490.

CALMS in storms, 526; region of, 453.
Capacity, error of, in barometer, 34; of
air for vapour in relation to tempera-
ture, 320.

Capillarity in barometer, error of, 33.
Casella's mercurial minimum thermome-
ter, 132.

Caswell, Professor Alexis, 575.

Cavallo's electrometer, 580.

Celsius's thermometer, 121.

Chatfield, Commander, 540, 547, 550.
Chrimes's, R., observations with rain-
gauges, 397.

Cistern barometers, 32.
Climate influenced by great specific
heat of water, 184; influenced by
maximum densities of fresh and salt
water, 207; currents of the sea, 241;
sheets of shallow and deep water
respectively, 267; winds, 268; moun-
tain-ranges, 269; vegetation, 179;
forests, 180, 218, 352; sandy deserts,
178.

Climates, insular and continental, 270;
extreme, their effect on the death-rate,
274.
Clouds, general causes, 358; apparently
resting on hills, cause of, 356; formed
at junction of valleys, 353; classifica-
tion, 369; cirrus, 370; its relation to
storms, and value as a prognostic,
371; cumulus, 375; cause of their
shape, 376; stratus, 378; cirro-cumu-
lus, 380; cirro-stratus, 382; cumulo-
stratus, 385; cumulo-cirro-stratus,
386; pocky cloud, 655; mode of ob-
serving, 389; height, 367; colours;
628; velocity of clouds, 391; relation
to storms, 514, and auroras, 612.
Clouston's, Rev. Dr C., description of
natural snowballs, 425; pocky cloud,

655.

Coffin, Professor J. H., winds of nor-
thern hemisphere, 456, 537.
Cold weather, January and March 1867,
280; Christmas 1860, 286; July 1867,
289; Southern Europe, January 1868,
497. See Temperature and Frosts.
Conduction of heat, 169.
Conservatory hygrometer, 321.

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Density of water, maximum, 206.

Dew, history of Theory of, 13; how de-
posited, and where most copiously,
202.

Dew-point of the air, 323; how ascer-
tained, 324, 330; important to horti-
culturists, as predicting frosts, 334.
Diathermancy of the air, 340.
Dové, isothermal lines, 16, 17, 87; ther-
mic isabnormals, 275; annual march
of temperature of the globe, 276; Law
of rotation of the wind, 483, 564; storms
formed by mutual interference of air-
currents, 573, 515.

Drainage as affecting temperature of
soil, 313.

Dry air of atmosphere, daily variation of
pressure of, 69; importance of know-
ledge of distribution of, 682 et seq.
Drying property, its importance as an
element of climate, 311.
Dry-and-wet-bulb hygrometer, 325; pre-
caution in using, 326.

EAST winds of Great Britain, 486; cause
of unhealthiness, 345; as a prognostic,
656, 657.

Education, importance of meteorology as
a branch of, 26.

Elastic force of vapour, 330; represents
the absolute humidity, 336.
Electreity of the atmosphere, 579;
sources of, 585; in relation to its va-
pour, 586; annual and diurnal periods,
584; great changes during thunder-
storms, 588.

Electrometers, 580.
Electroscopes, 581.

Elliot's, Professor James, experiments
on drainage and temperature of soil,
315, 318.

Ellis, W., on moon influence on cloud,

649.

English Channel, cause of gales there,
528.

Espy on clouds, 363; on charting storms,

501; charts of American storms, 538.
Etesian winds, 497.
Evapometer, 309.

Evaporation, 308; heat lost by, 312;
temperature of, 329; as affecting
sandy, peaty, and heavy soils, 315,
317.

Everett's, Professor J. D., observations

on complete saturation of the air, 319;
underground temperature at Green-
wich, 255.

Explosions in mines in relation to the
barometer, 526.

Extreme temperatures, their value,
158.

FAHRENHEIT's thermometer, 8, 120.
Farquharson, Rev. J., 353.

Fitzroy's, Admiral, storm-warnings, 23,
665 et seq.; temperature of the sea,
228; barometer, 41.
Fleming's rain-gauge, 395.

Fogs of radiation, 347; where most pre-
valent, 355; locally distributed, 351;
on the coast, 354; accompanying
storms, their importance meteorologi-
cally, 357.

Forbes, Principal, on underground tem-
perature, 17, 254, 256; on an interrup-
tion of temperature, 299; on colours
of clouds, 631.

Forests, retardation of their daily maxi-
mum and minimum temperatures,
with the effect on climate, 180; as
affecting mists and rain, 180, 352; on
winter temperature, 218.
Fortin's barometer, 35.

Fournet's Rainfall of France, 19.
Franklin's experiment on atmospheric
electricity, 579; suggests lightning-
conductors, 594; theories for decrease
of rainfall with the height, 398.
Frost, frequency of occurrence as an
element of climate, 166; degree in
which it penetrates into different
soils, 170; may be predicted by the
hygrometer, 335.
Fulgurites, 592.

GALTON, Francis, anti-cyclones, 475; on

small barometric disturbances, 521.
Gases, law of independent pressure, how
modified in the atmosphere, 307.
Glaisher, 17; barometric range for
Greenwich, 72; corrections for heat
and rain temperatures to reduce
to mean temperature, 152; experi-
ments on terrestrial radiation, 196,
199; on long and short grass, 200;
temperature at different heights dur-
ing, 212; hygrometric tables, 331;
balloon ascents in relation to humidity
of atmosphere, 336; to currents of

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Hansteen, 17; on auroras, 605, 609.
Harmattan, 494; probable cause, 569.
Harrison, Park, on moon's influence on
clouds and temperature, 650, 652.
Hartnup, John, on velocity of the wind
at Liverpool, 1st February 1868, 530.
Heights measured by thermometer,
119; measured by barometer, 62.
Hemispherical-cup anemometer, 440.
Henley's quadrant electrometer, 580.
Henry, Joseph, 564.

Hermetic barometer, 45.

Herschel, Alexander, on meteors, 641.
Herschel, Sir J., observation on effect
of forests on rain, 352; on rotation of
wind in storms, 549, 564; on atmos-
pheric electricity, 586; on an oak-tree
struck by lightning, 592; on height of
aurora, 607; on temperature of stellar
spaces, 642; on moon's influence, 649.
Hicks's maximum and minimum ther-
mometer, 133.

Hoar-frost, 202; crystals of, 418.
Home, D. Milne, experiments on drain-
age, 316.
Houzeau, 615.

Howard's nomenclature of clouds, 369.
Howson's barometer, 42.

Humboldt's isothermal lines, 16; re-

mark on borary oscillation of barome-
ter in tropies, 63; current, tempera-
ture of, 234.

Humidity, absolute, how distributed,
336; relative, of the air, how calcu-
lated, 332; low, observed at Djeddah,
338; Corrimony, 337.
Hurricane of Calcutta, 5th October 1864,
541; of Guadaloupe, 6th September
1865, 540; West Indian, of 1st October
1866, 540; barometric fluctuations,
540, 541; wave of sea accompanying,
541.

Hurricane, moisture of air, 513; track
of centre, see Plate VIII.; rate of its
progressive motion, 546; direction of
wind, 543; veering of wind, 548; ba-
rometer and winds at St Croix, and
H.M.S. Buzzard, 570.
Hurricanes, West Indian, time of occur-
rence, 551.

Hydrometer, 245.

Hygrometers, invention of, 9; of ab-
sorption, 321; condensation, 324;
evaporation, 325.

Hygrometry of the atmosphere, 319.

ICE, its manufacture in Bengal, 210.
Interruptions of temperature determined
by the wind, 297; by distribution of
pressure, 298; not by meteors, 643;
use in forecasting weather, 646.
Ireland, climate of (see British Islands);
its influence on Great Britain, 273;
its importance on a system of storm-
warnings, 511.

Isabnormals, thermic, 275.
Isobarometric charts, Plates I., II.,
III.

Isocheimals, or lines of equal winter
temperature. See Isothermals for Jan-

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Mann, Dr, on climate of Natal, 561.
Marine barometer, 36.

Marriotte's law, 303.

Martin on decrease of temperature with
height in cold weather, 212.
Maury's ocean-charts, 21, 242, 564.
Maximum thermometers, 125.
Mean temperature, importance of re-
solving into the extremes which com-
pose it, 159, 160; vague meaning of,
157.

Meldrum, Charles, region of calms in
Indian Ocean in January, 110; on
rainfall of Mauritius, 405; on storms
of Indian Ocean, 553 to 563; a revolv-
ing storm, 566; on notification of
storms at Mauritius, 659 to 662.
Mercury, freezing-point of, 116.
"Merry dancers," 605.
Meteors, 641.

Milne's, Admiral Sir A., observation on
temperature of Gulf Stream, 243.
Minimum thermometer, 129.

Mist and fog, how caused, 346.
Mist on hills, 356.

Mistral, 497.

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Osler's anemometer, 442.

Ozone, 613.

Ozonometer, 615.

PAMPERO, 495.

Paraselenæ, 627.
Parhelia, 627.
Parry, 607.

Phillip's maximum thermometer, 126.
Phillip's observations on rain, 397.
Plantamour, Professor E., on the distri-
bution of temperature in Switzerland
during the winter of 1863-64, 215.
Plants, their destruction by frost, how
prevented, 335.

Pluviometer, or Rain-gauge, q. v.
Poey's table of hurricanes, 551.
Polarisation of the atmosphere, 633;
prognostics from, 653.

Poor man's barometer, 45.

Prediction of storms. See Storms and
Storm-Warnings.

Proctor's, James, evapometer, 309.
Prognostics from amount of moisture in
the air, 322; the cirrus clond, 373; the
cumulus cloud, 377; the stratus cloud,
379; cirro-cumulus cloud, 381; cirro-
stratus, 383; cumulo-stratus, 385;
colours of clouds, 630, 632; rainbows,
621; silent lightning, 589; polarisation
of the atmosphere, 653. See Weather
and Storm-Warnings.
Puna winds, 485.

QUETELET, A., 17, 87; on an interruption
of temperature, 299.

Quetelet, Ad., meterology of Belgium,
152.

RADIATION of heat, 175; SOLAR, first dis-
cussed by Halley, 13; its effect on
earth's surface estimated by black-
bulb thermometer, 187; on land, 177;
on water, 183.

Radiation, why small in insular climates,
344; why great in elevated situations
and at the poles, 343; TERRESTRIAL,
191; first discussed by Lambert, 13;
how estimated, 197; its effects on dif-
ferent substances, 199; circumstances
affecting, 212.

Rain, general causes of, 392; specific

conditions required, 393; in relation
to atmospheric pressure, Chap. XI.
Rainbow, solar, 617; lunar, 620; extra-
ordinary, 619; supernumerary, 617.
Rain-cloud, 386.

Rainfall diminishes with the height
above the ground, theories to account
for, 398; cases of heavy falls, 400; re-
lation to storms, 514; in the region
of calms, 403; the tropics, 402, 407;
Hindostan, 404, 406; Europe, 408;
Mediterranean, 413; America, 414.
Rain-gauges, 395; size of, 396; position
of, 397.

Rainless regions of the globe, 399.
Rainy days, 401.

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St Elmo's fire, 595.

St Martin's summer, 647.
Samiel, 492.

Sanctorio, inventor of the air-thermo-
meter, 7.

Saturation of the air, 319.

Saussure's hygrometer, 9, 321; on forms
of clouds, 376.

Schönbein on ozone, 613.
Schübler, 652.

Scoresby's, Capt., observations on solar
radiation, 344; classification of snow-
crystals, 417.

Sea, density of, 245; causes of difference
in, 250; as affected by rains, 249.
Sea temperature, 223; at the surface,
226; daily range of, 205; round Scot-
land, 227; in different parts of the
globe, 228; depth at which it is uni-
formly 39°, 223.

Sea and land, their daily range of
temperature in Scotland compared,

211.

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