Of English Origin. XVI. Father, mother, sister, brother, son, daughter, husband, wife, bride, godfather, stepmother. XVII. Trade, business, chapman, bookseller, fishmonger, &c.; pedlar, hosier, shoemaker, &c.; outfitter, weaver;baker, cooper, cartwright, fiddler, thatcher, seamstress, smith, goldsmith, blacksmith, fuller, tanner,sailor, miller, cook, skinner, glover, fisherman, sawyer, groom, workman, player, wright. XVIII. King, queen, earl, lord, lady, knight, alderman, sheriff, beadle, steward. XIX. Kingdom, shire, folk, hundred, riding, wardmote, hustings. XX. White, yellow, red, black, blue, brown, grey, green. XXI. Fiddle, harp, drum. Of Romance Origin. Family, grand (-father), uncle, aunt, ancestor, spouse, consort, parent, tutor, pupil, cousin, relation, papa, mamnia, niece, nephew, spouse. Traffick, commerce, industry, mechanic, merchant, principal, partner, clerk, apprentice, potter, draper, actor, laundress, chandler, mariner, barber, vintner, mason, cutler, poulterer, painter, plumber, plasterer, carpenter, mercer, hostler, banker, servant, journey(man), labourer. Title, dignity, duke, marquis, viscount, baron, baronet, count, squire, master (mister), chancellor, secretary, treasurer, councillor, chamberlain, peer, ambassador, captain, major, colonel, lieutenant, general, ensign, cornet, sergeant, officer, herald, mayor, bailiff, engineer, professor, &c. Court, state, administration, constitution, people, suite, treaty, union, cabinet, minister, successor, heir, sovereign, renunciation, abdication, dominion, reign, government, council, royal, loyal, emperor, audience, state, parliament, commons, chambers, signor, party, deputy, member, peace, war, inhabitant, subject, navy, army, treasurer. Colour, purple, scarlet, vermi lion, violet, orange, sable, &c. Lyre, bass, flute, lute, organ, pipe, violin, &c. XXII. All words relating to art, except singing and drawing, are of Romance origin. XXIII. Familiar actions, feelings, qualities, are for the most part unborrowed. Of English Origin Talk, answer, behave, bluster, gather, grasp, grapple, hear, hark, listen, hinder, walk, limp, run, leap, &c. &c. Of Romance Origin. Converse, respond, reply, impel, prevent, direct, ascend, traverse, &c. XXIV. The names of special action, qualities, &c., are mostly pure English; general terms are Latin, as— Warmth, flurry, mildness, heat, wrath, &c. Even, smooth, crooked, high, brittle, narrow, &c. Impression, sensation, emotion, disposition, temper, passion, &c. Equal, level, curved, prominent, fragile, &c. 32. The Romance element has provided us with a large number of synonymous terms by which our language is greatly enriched, as - 33. Sometimes we find English and Romance elements compounded. These are termed Hybrids. I. Pure English words with Romance suffixes :- Ance. Hindr-ance, further-ance, forbear-ance. Age. Bond-age, cart-age, pound-age, stow-age, tonn-age. Ment. Forbode-ment, endear-ment, atone-ment, wonder-ment. Ry. Midwife-ry, knave-ry, &c. Ity. Odd-ity. Let.} Stream-let, smick-et. Ess. Godd-ess, shepherd-ess, huntress, songstr-ess. Talk-ative. Ness. Immense-ness, factious-ness, savage-ness, with numerous others formed from adjectives in ful, as merci-fulness, use-ful-ness, &c. Less. Use-less, grace-less, harm-less, and many others. Full. Use-ful, grate-ful, bounti-ful, merci-ful, and numerous others. Some. Quarrel-some, cumber-some, venture-some, humour-some. Ish. Sott-ish, fool-ish, fever-ish, brut-ish, slav-ish. Ly. Round-ly, rude-ly, savage-ly, and innumerable others. III. English words with Romance prefixes:— En, Em. En-dear, en-thral, em-bolden. Dis. Dis-belief, dis-burden. Re. Re-kindle, re-light, re-take, re-seat. IV. Romance words with English prefixes: Be. Be-siege, be-cause, be-powder. Under. Under-value, under-act, under-price. Un. Un-stable, un-fortunate, and very many others. After. After-piece, after-pains. Out. Out-prize, out-faced. Up. Up-train. CHAPTER IV. OLD ENGLISH DIALECTS. 34. BEFORE the Norman Conquest we find evidence of two dialects, a Southern and a Northern. The Southern was the literary language, and had an extensive literature; in it are written the best of our oldest English works. The grammar of this dialect is exceedingly uniform, and the vocabulary contains no admixture of Danish terms. The Northern dialect possesses a very scanty literature. An examination of existing specimens shows us, (1) that this dialect had grammatical inflections and words unknown to the Southern dialect; (2) that the number of Danish terms are very few. Some writers think that these differences are due to the original Teutonic tribes that colonized the north and north-east of England. As these tribes are designated by old writers Angles, in contradistinction to the Jutes and Saxons, this dialect is called Anglian. The chief points of grammatical difference between the Northern and Southern dialects are : (1) The loss of n in the infinitive ending of verbs, as, (2) The first person singular indicative ends in u or o instead of , as, N. Ic getreow-u= S. getreow-e, I believe, trow. N. Ic drinc-o = S. drinc-e, I drink. (3) The second person singular present indicative often ends in -s rather than -st, and we find it in the second person singular perfect indicative of weak verbs— N. Ju ge plantad-es = S. ge plantod-est, thou hast planted. (4) The third person sing. frequently ends in s instead of th. (5) The third plural present indicative and the second person plural imperative often have -s instead of -th. (6) The occasional omission of ge before the passive participle. S. geherod, praised. N. bledsed= S. gebletsod, blessed. N. hered = (7) Occasional use of active participle in -and instead of -end. N. drincande = S. drincende, drinking. (8) The use of aren for syndon or synd = are (in all persons of the plural). In nouns we find much irregularity as compared with the Southern dialect. (9) Plurals end in a, u, o, or e, instead of -an.1 (10) -es is sometimes found instead of - as the genitive suffix of feminine nouns. (11) the and thio are sometimes found for sẽ (masc.) and seo (fem.) = the. (12) The plural article tha sometimes occurs for the demonstrative pronoun hi they. = We see that 10, 11, 12, are really changes towards modern English. 35. After the Norman Conquest dialects become much more marked, and in the thirteenth and fourteenth centuries we are able to distinguish three great varieties of English. (1) The Northern dialect, which was spoken in Northumberland, Durham, and Yorkshire, and in the Lowlands of Scotland. (2) The Midland dialect, spoken in the whole of the Midland shires, in the East Anglian counties, and in the counties to the west of the Pennine chain; that is, in Cumberland, Westmoreland, Lancashire, Shropshire. In the Southern dialect words belonging to this declension had n in the oblique cases of the singular, but this is dropped in the Northern dialect. |