Legislature of North Carolina, prompted no doubt by the faculty and trustees, are quite remarkable.

It was provided in 1821 that theatricals should not be held within five miles of Chapel Hill without the consent of three members of the faculty. Afterward this act was enlarged so as to prohibit wire dancing and the exhibition of natural or artificial curiosities. No gaming table, should be set up within five miles of the University. No games of chance or billiards should be indulged in by the students. No horseracing or cock-fighting should be indulged in by any one within five miles of the University under a penalty of one hundred dollars.3 No election of a member of Congress was allowed to be held at the seat of the University, and it was provided in the Revised Statutes of 1883 that it is against the law for persons to indulge in election treats within four miles of the University.5

No license could be granted for the sale of spirituous liquors at retail within 2 miles of the institution, and merchants were prohibited from selling goods, wines, or spirituous liquors to students within 2 miles. These laws were collated and modified somewhat, but are still extant in their principal points in the revised statutes of 1883. It seemed to be the policy of the State to remove far from the institution all evil influences, and all things calculated to distract the minds or injure the morals of students. On the other hand, the rules of the faculty and the trustees in regard to moral and religious duties exceed the action of the Legislature in rigid requirements.

The following summary is kindly furnished me by the president of the University of North Carolina, Kemp P. Battle."

(1) The State gave the university escheats of lands, including land warrants granted Revolutionary soldiers. The receipts for these came in slowly and spasmodically. The total amount received from this source is estimated at two hundred thousand dollars, of which one hundred and fifty thousand went into a permanent endowment, and

1

1 Laws of 1821, chap. 22, p. 17.

2 Revised Statutes (1837), chap. 116. 3 Laws of 1823, chap. 13, p. 16.

4Ibid., p. 17.

"Revised Statutes, 1883, sec, 2644. 6 Letter dated March 4, 1889.

was lost by the results of the War.

The remainder was spent in pay

ing professors and for other current expenses.

(2) Ten thousand dollars in cash were appropriated for building purposes prior to 1800; fourteen thousand for the same purposes since 1800, and seven thousand in 1867 for paying professors.

(3) Four thousand dollars in bricks for building purposes.

(4) Five thousand dollars per annum from 1881 to 1885, or twenty thousand dollars.

(5) Twenty thousand dollars annually from 1885 to 1889, or eighty thousand dollars.

This would give a total appropriation to date of $335,000. If we add to this sum $5,080, the proceeds of two lotteries granted by law in 1803,1 it swells the total to $340,080, representing the State appropriations to the University of North Carolina.

SOUTH CAROLINA.2

COLONIAL EDUCATION.

"It is a gratifying fact in the history of Carolina that as soon as the English settlers placed their feet upon its soil they gave the most earnest attention to the business of education."3 The earnest example of this educational spirit is found in the formation of a public library at Charleston, which the Assembly in 1700 placed under the control of the Episcopal minister there resident. From the first, education was assisted by public money. We find the Assembly providing for a free school as early as 1710.5 This act did not go into operation in the form intended and was superseded two years later by more comprehensive legislation. By an act of December 12, 1712, commissioners were designated to take charge of all legacies that had been left for a free school, to take up land in Charleston, and to build a school-house and houses for the teachers.

Instruction was to be given in grammar and other arts and sciences, and also in the principles of the Christian religion. The master must "be of the religion of the Church of England and conform to the same," and "be capable to teach the learned languages, that is to say, Latin and

1 Smith, 59.

2 See Education in South Carolina, by C. Meriwether. Circular of Information No. 3, 1888, Bureau of Education.

3 La Borde: History of South Carolina College, 1.

*Statutes at Large of South Carolina, VII, 13. Ramsay: History of South Carolina, II, 196.

5 Statutes at Large, II, 342. Report of the Commissioner of Education for 1876,

362.

"Statutes at Large, II, 389. Ramsay, II, 197. Report of the Commissioner of Education for 1876, 362.

Greek tongues." He was to have the use of the land and buildings of the school and a salary of one hundred pounds a year, to be paid out of the public treasury, for which he was to teach twelve scholars free. For all others he was to receive four pounds a year. Provision was also made for an usher and for a master to teach writing and mathematics, each of whom was to have a salary of not over fifty pounds from the public treasury, besides fees from each scholar. It was enacted at the same time that any school-master settled in a country parish and approved by the vestry should receive ten pounds a year from the public treasury, and each vestry was permitted to draw from the same source twelve pounds towards building a school-house in each of the country parishes. This act repealed an earlier act of the same year, which had granted the school-master for the parish of St. James, Goose Creek, sixteen pounds a year from the public treasury.2 In 1756 it was provided that the school-master at Dorchester should have yearly fifty pounds proclamation money out of the public treasury. In return for this he was to teach ten poor scholars free.3

Although these instances of public aid occur, education was largely carried on by private contributions. Sir Francis Nicholson, the first royal Governor, contributed to the support of education and urged its importance upon the inhabitants, and his influence is a partial explanation of the many private donations of this period. The activity of the Assembly was chiefly confined to forming centers, about which private donations might gather. By the end of the colonial period the various free schools gave the inhabitants of the province opportunity for instruction in the common branches and in the rudiments of Latin, Greek, and mathematics.

EARLY COLLEGES.

The colleges founded toward the close of the last century form a transition from the free or Latin schools of the colonial period to the South Carolina College. State aid was manifested in gifts of land for building-sites, in permission to hold lotteries, and in grants of the escheated lands in certain districts. The last-mentioned form of aid was also frequent in the case of academies.

Legacies had been left at various times to the first college that should be founded. These were divided equally among the three colleges which the Legislature chartered in 1785. These colleges were located at Winnsborough, Ninety-Six, and Charleston. The college at NinetySix (College of Cambridge) did not flourish. In 1792 the trustees were authorized to hold a lottery for its benefit,5 and in 1803 the property

1 Statutes at Large, II, 295. Ramsay, II, 198. Ramage, Local Government and Free Schools in South Carolina, Johns Hopkins University Studies, Vol. I. Statutes at Large, II, 377.

3 Ibid., IV, 23.

4 Thid., 674.

of Assembly (Columbia, 1808), I, 258:

was sold for debt.' Better success attended the College of Charleston. The act of 1785 vested in it the land before given for a free school in that city. In 1823 the college received a considerable grant of escheated lands, and in 1854 it was given four thousand dollars in money. The college is still in existence.3

2

In 1795 all confiscated property in the district of Beaufort and all the vacant grants in the town of Beaufort were granted to a college to be established there. "All the seminaries of learning

4

in the

interior part of this State, being, for some fatal cause, become extinct," a college was established at Alexandria in 1797,5 and two years later it was granted certain escheats."

These it is believed comprise all the instances of public aid to the colleges of the early period.

SOUTH CAROLINA COLLEGE.

The policy of multiplying institutions of limited means failed to meet the educational needs of the State. Governor Drayton drew attention to this fact in 1801 in his message to the Legislature, and urged upon that body the foundation of a State College, established and fostered by the Legislature and under its direct control. The suggestion was favorably received, and the same year the South Carolina College was incorporated. Fifty thousand dollars were appropriated to erect buildings and six thousand dollars yearly for the support of the college. The college was opened in 1805. From its establishment until 1863, when it was closed on account of the War, yearly appropriations, amounting in the aggregate to $1,248,797,9 were made to the institution by the State. During much of this time the State supported from one to three students at the college.

8

In 1865 the college was revived as the University of South Carolina.10 Since that time the State has given the university in yearly appropriations $499,911.28. From 1873 to 1876, the period when the institution was open to colored students, $44,200 additional were given in scholarships. In 1877 the university was closed, and for the next four years the only appropriations made were for keeping the buildings in order. In 1881 the university was re-opened, with separate colleges for the

1 La Borde, 6.

2 Statutes at Large, VI, 211.

3A short account of the institution is given in "South Carolina; Resources, etc." (Charleston, 1883), pp. 490 ff.

4 Acts of Assembly, II, 65.

5 Ibid., 185.

6 Statutes at Large, V, 364.

7 La Borde, 8.

Acts of Assemby, II, 406. The act of incorporation is given in full in La Borde, 11. 9 Definite appropriations for insurance do not appear before 1828, although it was

ordered that the buildings should be insured in 1819.

10 Statutes at Large, XIII, 297. La Borde, 506, 573.

white and colored students. The total amount of money appropriated by the State down to 1887, exclusive of scholarships, was $1,748,708.28. The institution does not seem to have gotten all of this, as President McBryde says that from 1801 to 1888 $1,446,481 were received from annual appropriations.2

STATE MEDICAL COLLEGE.

The medical college of South Carolina at its foundation in 1825 received from the State ten thousand dollars for buildings and apparatus.3 In 1853 it received a further grant of twenty thousand dollars.

THE MILITARY ACADEMY.

In 1842 the Legislature voted eight thousand dollars for a military school at the Arsenal at Columbia, and sixteen thousand dollars for a military school at the Citadel in Charleston, in lieu of the like sums before appropriated for the Arsenal and Magazine Guard at Columbia and the Citadel and Magazine Guard in Charleston. This was the origin of the South Carolina Military Academy. In 1845, on the failure of an attempt to unite them, the Arsenal became auxiliary to the Citadel, providing for the instruction of the entering class.5 In 1861 it was enacted that the two academies should together form the South Carolina Military Institute, still retaining their distinctive titles." They continued on this basis until 1864, when they were closed. In 1882 the South Carolina Military Academy was opened at Charleston as a branch of the State university, and granted a yearly appropriation on condition that it should educate and maintain, free of charge, a certain number of cadets."

During every year of its activity the institution has received money from the State. Down to and including 1864, the appropriations amounted to $916,021.57,8 and since 1881 $128,270.50 has been granted, making a total of $1,044,291.07. In addition, beneficiary cadets were supported by the State for several years. The training has been by no means purely military; good literary and scientific instruction bas also been given. The appropriations should not be regarded as entirely for educational purposes.

THE AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE.

The Constitution of 1868, after declaring that "the General Assembly shall provide for the maintenance of the State university," goes on to direct that provision be made, as soon as practicable, for the establishment

1 Resources, etc., of South Carolina, 488.

2 Letter of November 28, 1888.

3 Statutes at Large, VI, 280.

4 Ibid., XI, 224.

5 Resources, etc., of South Carolina, 509.

"Statutes at Large, XII, 744.

7 Acts of Assembly, 727.

Appropriations were very much increased during the War, reaching $147,200 in 1864,