ing at this time, "composed of a few miserable houses, occupied by men extremely poor, and the whole in a mean condition. He however prognosticated its future greatness, if indulged with the immunities, which he then recommended.

CHAP. VI.

FROM 1665 TO 1710.

Administration of Nichols. Lovelace. New York retaken by the Dutch, and soon after restored to the English. Andros. Dongan. Revolution. Leisler. Sloughter. Bellomont. War with the French, &c.

SEC. I. 1665. Nichols having taken possession of the country, assumed the government, with the title of "deputy governor, under his royal highness, the duke of York, of all his territories in America." He next proceeded to erect a court of assizes, consisting of the governor, council, and justices of the peace, who now commenced the compilation of a body of laws.

The court of assizes collected into one code the ancient customs and usages, with such additional improvements as the great change of things required, regarding the laws of England as the supreme rule. These ordinances were transmitted to England, and confirmed by the duke of York, the following year.

1. Who assumed the government in 1665?- -Give some account of his proceedings.

In what manner was this code established?

On the 12th of June, the inhabitants of New York were incorporated under the care of a mayor, five aldermen, and a sheriff. Previous to this time the city was ruled by a scout, burgomasters, and schepens.

SEC. II. 1667. After having for three years exercised the government with integrity and ability, Nichols resigned. Col. Francis Lovelace was appointed by the duke to succeed him. Under Lovelace, the affairs of the colony were happily administered until its re-surrender to the Dutch, which put an end to his power, and is the only event, that signalized his administration.

SEC. III. 1673. A second Dutch war having recently commenced, a small squadron was sent from Holland, which arrived at Staten Island, on the 30th of July. The commander of the fort at New York sent a messenger, and treacherously surrendered to the enemy.

The same day, the Dutch ships came up, moored under the fort, landed their men, and entered the garrison without giving, or receiving a shot. The city immediately followed the example of the fort; and soon after, all New Netherland submitted to the same humiliating submission.

Anthony Colve was constituted governor, but enjoyed his office for a very short season.

When was New York incorporated?

II. Who succeeded Nichols?- -What is said of his administration?

III. Give some account of the surrender of New York to the Dutch. -Who was constituted governor?When, and in what manner was New York restored to the English?

On the 9th of Feb. 1674, a treaty of peace was concluded between England and the States General of Holland, by which New Netherlands was restored to the English.

SEC. IV. 1674. At the close of the war, the duke of York, to remove all controversy respecting his property in America, took out a new patent from the king; and commissioned Maj. Edward Andros, " governor of New York, and all his territories in these parts." The Dutch, in October, resigned their authority to Andros, who immediately received the submission of the inhabitants.

Andros, the following year, made efforts to acquire the country of Connecticut river, but was effectually frustrated by the spirited conduct of the Connecticut colony.

1677. Andros sent a sloop with some forces to the Province of Maine, to take possession of the lands, which had been granted to the duke of York; and in the following year built a fort at Pemaquid.

The province of New York contained, at this time, about twentyfour towns, villages, or parishes, in six precincts, ridings, or courts of sessions. The militia of the province amounted to about two thousand.

Its annual exports, beside peas, beef, pork, tobacco and peltry, consisted of about sixty thousand bushels of wheat. Its annual imports were to the value of about fifty thousand pounds. The city of New York contained at this period three hundred and fortythree houses.

The administration of Andros appears not to have been remarkably popular. The principal part of his public

IV. Who was appointed Governor?- -What efforts did he make the following year?- -What enterprise in 1677. What can you say of the colony at this time?Its exports ? -Imports ?- -City of N. Y. ?— Of Andros's administration?

proceedings, during his continuance in the province, was comprised in the ordinary acts of the government, which then consisted mostly in passing of grants, and presiding in the court of assize.

SEC. V. 1682. Thomas Dongan was appointed by the duke of York, to supersede Andros in the government of the province; but did not arrive at New York, until August of the following year.

1683. The court of assizes, council, and corporation of New York having requested that the people should have a participation in the choice of their rulers, on the arrival of Dongan, orders were given to summon the freeholders for the choice of representatives. The assembly consisted of a council of ten, and house of representatives consisting of eighteen members.

SEC. VI. 1686. James the Second, formerly duke of York, having now come to the throne, refused, on the renewal of governor Dongan's commission, to confirm the privileges granted, when he was duke. The assembly was prohibited, and printing forbidden. Much disaffection at this time prevailed among the colonists on account of the appointment of professed papists to the principal crown offices. Albany was this year incorporated.

In the following year, the French court aimed a blow, which threatened to destroy the British interest in North America. M. Denonville

When, and by whom was Andros superseded?What took place on the arrival of Dongan?

VI. What took place on the accession of James II. ?ing year?

-The follow

with fifteen hundred French and five hundred Indians took the field against the Senecas. The latter were known to be firmly attached to the English, and it was therefore determined to make them examples of French resentment to all others.

When Denonville with his army had arrived within a quarter of a league of the chief village of the Senecas, the Indians, who lay in ambush, suddenly raised the war shout, with a discharge of fire-arms. This surprise threw the French into confusion, of which the Senecas took the advantage, and fell on them with great fury; but the French Indians rallied, at length, and repulsed them.

In this action, a hundred Frenchmen, ten French Indians, and about eighty Senecas were killed. The next day, Denonville marched forward with the intention of burning the village, but found it in ashes. The Senecas had burned it, and fled. Nothing was left to employ the valor of the soldiers, but the corn in the fields, which they effectually destroyed.

The war was undertaken by the French chiefly to put a stop to the English trade, which was extending itself into the continent, and would in consequence ruin theirs. Denonville soon after returned to Canada.

SEC. VII. 1688. It was determined to add New York and the Jerseys, to the jurisdiction of New England. A new commission was passed in March appointing Andros captain-general, and vice-admiral over the whole.

Francis Nicholson was soon after named his lieutenant, with the accustomed authority. The constitution established, on this occasion, was a legislative and executive governor, and

Give some account of the action ?— -What was the object of the French in this war?

VII, What alteration was made in the government in 1688 ?