familiar with the varieties adapted to their region. But the planters are becoming aware of the fact that it is a mistake to plant these varieties, and inquiries are being made as to varieties that should be planted, and it is the intention to give the best varieties for the different localities and to place it in such a form that it may be more easily understood by the average farmer. I have divided the state into three sections, as can be seen by referring to the map. The divisions are outlined with red. As the topography of the state varies there will be some exceptions; for instance the Baldwin apple is a true winter apple north of latitude 42, it is a true winter apple in section No. 1 shown in map, where the altitude is over five hundred feet. It is a second grade winter apple in portions of sections one and two where the altitude is from six hundred to one thousand feet. That this is correct, is shown by reports received from the different counties; the Baldwin received the highest number of votes as the best winter apple, yet these same reports say that it drops early, that it does not keep well; we cannot, therefore, class it as a true winter apple, but if the altitude is high enough and the soil a clay loam with clay subsoil, it will acquire the good qualities it does in New York State. I mention the soil because this is always an important factor in profitable orcharding; for instance, the Grimes' Golden, which is one of the most profitable varieties in section three, will produce fifty per cent. more fine fruit in a clay loam than it will in a lighter soil and will keep longer. Keeping in mind these points; soil, altitude, latitude, then referring to the map, and list of varieties given, the planter cannot err in selection of varieties.

SECTION 1.

Including Wayne, Susquehanna, Lackawanna, northern portion of Pike and Luzerne, Wyoming, Sullivan, Bradford, Tioga, Lycoming, northern portion of Clinton, Potter, McKean, Cameron, Elk, northern portion of Jefferson and Clarion, Forest, Warren, Erie, Crawford, Venango, Mercer, Lawrence, Butler and a portion of Armstrong, Allegheny and Beaver counties. Varieties adapted to Section I-Summer Varieties,-Benoni, Sweet Bough, Early Strawberry, Early Harvest, Red Astrachan, Fanny, Golden Sweet, Yellow Transparent, Primate Sweet. Autumn Varieties.-Jeffries, Summer Rambo, Porter, Stump, Maiden's Blush, Wealthy, Gravenstein, Oldenburg, Twenty Ounce, Wolf River, Paradise Sweet. Winter Varieties. Stayman Winesap, Grimes' Golden, Jonathan, Baldwin, King, Northern Spy, Hubbardston, R. I. Greening, Roxbury Russet, Stark, Stuart's Golden, Sutton Beauty, Aikin, Dominie, Perewaukee, McIntosh, Tollman's Sweet, Wagoner, Westfield Seek-no-further. Varieties to test.-Rome Beauty, Paragon, York Imperial. Varieties

to plant commercially,-Yellow Transparent, Red Astrachan, Jeffries, Maiden's Blush, Summer Rambo, Wealthy, Hubbardston, Grimes' Golden, Stayman Winesap, Baldwin, King, Northern Spy, Stark, Jonathan.

SECTION II.

Summer. Benoni, Early Strawberry, Early Transparent, Red Astrachan, Early Harvest, Fanny, Golden Sweet, Primate Sweet. Autumn,-Jeffries, Maiden's Blush, Smokehouse, Summer Rambo, Porter, Fall Pippin, Mother, Wealthy. Winter,-Hubbardston, Stayman Winesap, York Imperial, Rome Beauty, Mammoth Black Twig, Roxbury Russet, Grimes' Golden, Stuart's Golden, Fallawater, Jonathan, Gano, Smith's Cider, Stark, Salome, Dominie. Varieties to plant commercially.-For summer and autumn the same as Section I. Winter-Hubbardston, Stayman Winsap, Grime's Golden, Rome Beauty, Jonathan, Mammoth Black Twig, York Imperial, Fallawater.

SECTION III.

Summer varieties, same as in Section II., with the addition of Summer Queen, Townsend and William's Favorite. Autumn.--Cornell's Fancy, Jeffries, Jersey Sweet, Maiden's Blush, Mother, Porter, Summer Rambo, Senator, Smokehouse, Wealthy, Hubbardston. Winter. Stayman Winesap, Grime's Golden, York Imperial, York Stripe, Smith's Cider, Stuart's Golden, Salome, Nottingham Brown, Heigis, Highfill, Rome Beauty, Gilbert, Fallawater, Gano, Collins, Ben Davis, Evening Party, Nero, Mammoth Black Twig. For commercial orchards.-Yellow Transparent, Red Astrachan, William's Favorite, Jeffries, Maiden's Blush, Smokehouse, Hubbardston, Wealthy, Summer Rambo. Winter-Stayman Winesap, Grime's Golden, York Imperial, Nottingham Brown, Fallawater, Gano, Rome Beauty.

Before leaving this subject, I wish to say, there are varieties here listed that are not my favorites, but tastes differ, and the final selection of varieties must be made by each individual grower after extensive research and consultation, concerning the merits of the various kinds in your vicinity. The fact cannot be too strongly emphasized that the principal failure of apple culture is due, primarily, to a selection of kinds not adapted to the location; so in the present and future there is no aspect of apple growing that should be given more serious thought than the selection of permanent varieties. The list represents those varieties that are being planted most extensively. Plant such varieties as are recommended for commercial orchards; do well your part in other respects, and success will crown your efforts.

ENEMIES TO THE APPLE.

Space will not permit us to take up all the insect foes and fungus. diseases and treat them scientifically and practically, but as this is to be a handbook for the orchard, we will enumerate and describe such vermin, insects, and fungi, as are met with in the orchards of Pennsylvania, in as brief and intelligible manner as possible.

A knowledge of these foes and how to control them is essential to successful orcharding, and to acquire this knowledge takes study, not only of books, where the life history is given, but if you would become familiar, and be able to grasp the elements of the classification of the different insects, it will become necessary to investigate this broad field of study for yourselves, by going into the field and the orchard, to use your eyes, and to observe for yourselves.

It is a labor of time, and requires considerable effort. Much valuable information can be obtained from scientific works, from the various bulletins issued by the different states; these are great aids. We derive the benefit from the study of these great minds, but when these facts are confirmed by personal observation, and rendered useful and applicable in practice, then we are in a position to distinguish our enemies from our friends. To destroy the former, and protect the latter, we are prone to jump to conclusions, and in our zeal we frequently destroy our friends, while they are aiding us, by destroying the eggs and larvae of our enemies. Our friends we see, because they are performing their friendly labor by the light of day; many of our worst foes we do not observe, because their work of depredation is committed under the cover of darkness, and we, then, in our ignorance, imagine our fruit and trees are being destroyed by these useful insects.

BORERS (Saperda Candida).

Thousands of apple trees of all ages are destroyed annually by this insect; its work not being discovered until it has so severely injured the tree that it cannot recover. This is commonly called the roundheaded borer. The mature beetle is about three fourths of an inch in length, of a brown color, with two plain white stripes lengthwise on its back. The beetle comes in June, and deposits eggs on the bark near the ground. The worm which hatches, soon eats its way through the bark, where it feeds through the first year. If several are in the same tree they never infringe on each others rights, always leaving a narrow strip of bark between. As their jaws become stronger they attack the harder wood, eating inward and upward toward the heart, making a cylindrical hole three or four inches. in length, when it again eats outward until the bark is reached. It then recedes, packing the upper end of the hole tight with fine

chips and worm dust, making for itself a nest with short fibres of wood, forming an elastic bed where it remains during its pupa state. These operations being over, it sheds its larva skin and be comes a pupa, at the close of the second summer. It lies in this state through the winter; in the spring, as warm weather approaches, and the season is far enough advanced, it wakens from its lethargic sleep, pulls down the loose clips that close the upper end of its burrow, until it reaches the bark; through this it cuts a smooth round hole and crawls out of the tree. The sexes then pair, and the female deposits another crop of eggs. Thus it requires three years for this insect to pass through the different stages from the egg to maturity. There is no sovereign remedy for this insect, although several have been recommended, such as painting the trunk with various preparations of soaps, sulphur, decoctions of tobacco, carbolic, etc., but the only sure way to destroy it is, when upon close scrutiny, you observe the saw-dust like material coming from the bark, you open with a pointed knife, cut the bark away over the channel until you uncover the larvae, or insert some flexible instrument, as a piece of annealed wire, or a thin twig, and punch it to death. Trees should be examined several times through the summer and the larvae destroyed before they have injured the tree seriously.

FLAT-HEADED BORER.

This is also a pest that destroys many trees; more liable to infest trees that are on the decline, or where the limbs have sunscalded. It is much smaller than the round headed borer, the adult is a dull metallic color. It lays its eggs upon the bark of the trunk or larger branches. The grub enters the sap. wood where it remains two years. Removing the worms and giving the tree good treatment, to restore vitality, are the best remedies. The wood-pecker family are their natural enemies.

APPLE-ROOT PLANT LOUSE.

This is among the worst enemies of the apple. It occurs in two forms. Throughout the summer it can be seen on the lower portion of the trunk and particularly on the water sprouts, in small cottony patches. It is commonly known as Woolly Aphis, when found on the trees above ground. The other form inhabits the roots and cannot be well seen. It is in this form that it does the most damage. On the roots its attacks cause enlargements or galls or swellings. The injury is due to the sucking up of the vital plant juices, and to the poisoning of the parts attacked, as indicated by the consequent abnormal growths. The damage is especially serious. in nursery stock; in larger trees the injury is less marked. A badly attacked tree assumes a sickly appearance and does not make satis