by the Methodist Episcopal Church in Baltimore in 1890, also receive no State aid.

16. Professional Schools. (a) The oldest of such schools is the Roman Catholic theological seminary of St. Mary's, conducted by the Sulpicians and engaged in preparing young men for the priesthood. This was founded in Baltimore in 1791. Other Roman Catholic theological seminaries are Mt. St. Mary's, at Emmittsburg, established by the secular clergy in 1828; Woodstock College, established by the Jesuits in 1867, the Redemptorist College, established at Ilchester in 1867, and St. Joseph's Seminary, established by the Sulpicians in Baltimore in 1891, to educate colored men. The Methodist Protestant Church established a divinity school at Westminster in 1882, and the Methodist Episcopal Church founded the Centenary Biblical Institute at Baltimore in 1867, to educate colored clergymen.

(b) The first medical school in the State was that of the University of Maryland, founded at Baltimore in 1807. Since the Civil War seven others have been established in Baltimore: the College of Physicians and Surgeons in 1872, the Baltimore Medical College in 1882, the Woman's Medical College in 1882, the Baltimore University Medical School in 1884, the Southern Homœopathic Medical College in 1890, the Johns Hopkins Medical School in 1893, and the Maryland Medical College in 1898.

(c) In 1870 the University of Maryland revived its Law School, which had been closed for some years. It still flourishes, as does the Baltimore University School of Law, founded in 1890.

(d) The Baltimore College of Dental Surgery, opened in 1839, is the oldest institution of the kind in the world. The University of Maryland Dental School was opened in 1882, and that of the Baltimore Medical College in 1895.

(e) The Maryland College of Pharmacy was begun at Baltimore in 1841, and reorganized in 1856.

(f) The Maryland Institute for the Promotion of the Mechanic Arts was organized in 1825, and reorganized in 1848. It conducts a school of art and design in Baltimore City, and receives donations from both State and city.

(g) The Maryland Agricultural College was established in Prince George's County in 1856. Its income is largely derived from the grant of land made for that purpose to Maryland by the National Government in 1862. In 1888 the United States made a further grant for the establishment of an agricultural experiment station in each State. The station for Maryland is con

nected with the College.

In connection with the Agricultural College is a horticultural department, which endeavors to suppress injurious insect pests and plant diseases throughout the State.

A farmer's institute is held on the grounds of the College every summer, and during the year such public meetings are held in the various counties of the State. At these institutes agricultural topics are discussed by skilled persons.

The Normal and Industrial Academy of Morgan College, located at Princess Anne in Somerset County, has been aided by the State, as the Agricultural College for colored youth, since 1890.

17. Female Education. Girls were taught in private schools, and their education received little attention from the State until this century. With the opening of the public school system, care was given to their elementary education. About the middle of the century, incorporated secondary schools supplemented the private ones. The Frederick Female Seminary, established in 1844, was one of the first of these incorporated schools. In the city of Baltimore there have been two colleges for girls, one of which is dead; the other, known as the Woman's College, founded by the Methodist Episcopal Church in 1884, is a very flourishing institution. The public school system now provides high schools for girls as well as for boys. The State makes special appropriations for St. Mary's Female Seminary, in the County of that

name.

18. Education of the Blind and Deaf. The education of these special classes of the people, defective in their sight or hearing, is comparatively a new thing. In 1853 a private corporation opened the Maryland School for the Blind in Baltimore City. Private gifts and an annual appropriation from the State have made this one of the best equipped institutions of the kind. In 1867 the State established a school for the deaf, and placed it on a fine site owned by the State in Frederick City. Excellent buildings have been constructed, and the deaf children are taught there to become useful citizens. The colored blind and deaf children are cared for by a State institution in Baltimore City. In all these institutions manual training and industrial education are made important features. The State also makes an

appropriation to a private institution for the deaf in

Baltimore City.

19. Libraries. (a) The State Library: This is placed in the State Capitol at Annapolis and contains about 50,000 volumes. It is especially strong in law books, which are used by the Court of Appeals and the lawyers practising there. The librarian is appointed by the Governor, with the consent of the Senate, and holds the office from the date of appointment until the end of the Governor's term, and until a successor has qualified. The librarian must account for the books and give a bond to perform the duties of the office. He receives a salary of $1500. No appropriation can be made to pay for any clerk or assistant to him. The present librarian was appointed in 1896, and is the first woman who ever held a State office. (Const. VII. 3; XV. 9.)

(b) Municipal Libraries: There are a number of fine Libraries in the City of Baltimore, two of which take the place of the public libraries supported by the people in most towns in the United States; these are the reference Library of the Peabody Institute, established in 1857 by the liberality of George Peabody, a former resident of Baltimore, and the Enoch Pratt Free Library, founded in 1882 by the merchant whose name it bears.

The latter circulates books throughout the city, and has six Branches in addition to a Central Building, that the different sections of the city may be better reached. It has distributed throughout the city nearly seven million books since it was opened in 1886. In 1898 the Legislature passed a bill enabling any municipality in the State to establish a public library and lay a tax for its support.

CHAPTER XVI.

REFORMATORY, PENAL, AND BENEVOLENT INSTITUTIONS.

This is man

1. The State Prison or Penitentiary. aged by an unpaid board of six members, appointed by the Governor. It is situated in Baltimore City, and is the place of confinement for persons convicted of the graver crimes. The inmates are compelled to work at some industrial occupation, and efforts are made to have the prison become for them not only a place of punishment but also of reformation. Religious services are held among them; they are released somewhat before the close of their terms of imprisonment if their conduct has been good, and a Prisoners' Aid Society, composed of benevolent men, endeavors to watch over them both before and after their release. The institution is supported entirely by the proceeds of the labor of the prisoners, and a surplus is annually turned over to the State Treasury.

2. House of Correction, etc. This is a State institution for the confinement of prisoners sentenced for short terms of imprisonment. It is located at Jessup's Cut, Anne Arundel County, and is partly supported from the proceeds of the labor of the prisoners. It is governed by a Board composed of the Governor, Comptroller, Attorney-General, Treasurer, and nine persons appointed by the Governor to hold office for six years.