The Drug and Chemical Market

B

Review of the Wholesale Drug Market.

It should be understood that the prices quoted in this report
are strictly those current in the wholesale market, and that
higher prices are paid for retail lots. The quality of
goods frequently necessitates a wide range of prices.

NEW YORK, January 24, 1899.
Condition of Trade.

USINESS continues fairly active in the several departments, and jobbers report a better inquiry from out-of-town buyers, who are purchasing more freely. There is a marked quickening in the movement perceptible on all sides, and increased attention is being extended to speculative purchases, the present statistical position of the market favoring a possibility of higher prices on the staple drugs. The general distribution continues good, and the reports received from the traveling representatives of the jobbing houses, who are again calling on their customers after the New Year holidays, are very encouraging. The market is firmer on a few pharmaceutical preparations, notably on the salts of citric acid, which have advanced since our last in sympathy with the higher prices for acid. While the statistical position of opium continues favorable to holders, speculative interest in this drug is still an absent feature. Orders for both opium and quinine now seldom exceed jobbing proportions, and these two articles might as well be under syndicate control, for all the figure they cut in speculative buying. The outlook for spring trading is regarded as very promising, and a heavy and profitable business is looked for. The fluctuations of the fortnight are shown in the tabular statement below, and in succeeding paragraphs.

Arnica Flowers are offered at 7c. to 7c. but the demand is confined to small lots. Balsam Copaiba, Central American, is offered more freely at revised quotations; recent sales have been at 36c. to 38c.; Para held at 41c.

Balsam Fir, Canada, is well sustained at $1.70 to $1.75, and Oregon 65c. to 70c.

Balsam Peru is in moderate demand only; small sales within the range of $1.90 to $1.95.

Balsam Tolu has ruled quiet during the fortnight, though the price remains 32c. to 34c.

Barks. Cascara Sagrada is neglected at the moment, but the market appears steady upon the basis of 7c. to 8c. Sassafras has met with some attention during the interval, and several parcels have changed hands at 6c. to &c. Soap is offering more freely at 4c. to 6c. for whole and cut, our figures representing inside prices for large lots.

Bromide Salts have advanced all along the line to the extent of 2c., the ammonium, potassium and sodium salts being especially affected. We revise the quotations in our original package prices.

Buchu Leaves continue in moderate demand; recent transactions in short have been at nominally unchanged quotations, or say 13c. to 16c. as to quantity and quality.

Burgundy Pitch has been in active consuming demand since our last, with the sales at 2c. to 3c. as to quantity.

Citrate Salts are higher in sympathy with advanced quotations from manufacturers of citric acid, and there has been a general revision of quotations in the direction of a higher range.

Cantharides, Russian, are offered more freely in view of recent arrivals, and the quotation for original packages is now 42c., though 50c. is quoted in some quarters for choice quality.

Caffeine is offered at $3.75 for both large and small quantities; the quoted figure was the former bulk price.

Castor Oil has declined a notch or two in the face of a lessened demand from consumers. Manufacturers are urging the distribution at a decline of c., or say 10c. to 11c. for barrels and cases.

Calomel has advanced in price in sympathy with the recent advance in quicksilver. Manufacturers' quotations are 71c. to 73c., with a slight advance asked on small jobbing lots.

Cassia Buds are moving fairly into channels of consumption, at the range of 25c to 27c. for jobbing lots.

Cacao Butter is decidely firmer, and recent sales of foreign bulk have been at 31c. to 35c. as to quantity and quality.

Cocaine is held with increased firmness, and the tone of the market for this staple drug is improving, though prices remain as previously quoted.

Coca Leaves are offered at 15c. to 16c. for Truxillo, and 24c. to 25c. for Huanucco. The demand is unimportant.

Cod Liver Oil does not improve in demand, but holders are not endeavoring to force the distribution at any lower prices, and our quotations still hold.

Formaldehyde continues in good demand, and recent sales have been within the range of 18 c. to 20c., the inside quotation being for 5 carboy lots.

Menthol continues in limited supply, and values are hardening, some holders

advancing quotations to $2.40 to $2.50, though a firm bid on limited quantities might be met at $2.35.

Opium is without any action of consequence either as regards price or demand. The position of this article remains unsettled, with quantity lots easily obtainable at $3.25. Buyers and holders are still apart in their ideas, the former holding out for lower prices, and the latter representing the "bull" element holding out in hopes of an advance. There has been a fair movement of jobbing parcels, for which $3.37 to $3.40 is quoted, and powdered is held at $4.20 to $4.35.

Quinine has sold well in the interval in a jobbing way. Cable advices on the 13th inst. reported a decline of 5 per cent in the average price of bark at the Amsterdam sale, without, however, affecting prices for the alkaloid in this market. Most of the business transacted has been for consuming interests, the consumption by pill manufacturers continuing of large proportions. The consumption of quinine during 1898 exceeded all previous records, it being estimated that during the war with Spain 125,000,000 grains were consumed by soldiers alone. As large as these figures are, they are hardly as surprising as those for the entire population of the United States, whose consumption of quinine represents one-third of the product of the world. Speculative purchases of the drug in this market may be said to be entirely suspended, and the sales during the interval have been at manufacturers' quotations from manufacturers' agents.

Vanilla Beans continue in moderate jobbing demand, and the market is firm at $11 to $16 for whole Mexican, and $10 for prime cut; Bourbon held at $4 to $9, and Tahiti held at $2.50.

DYESTUFFS.

Cutch has remained quiet during the fortnight, though the price is maintained at 4c. to 5c. for bales, and 5c. to 7c. for refined in cases.

Divi-divi is firmer, and recent transactions have been within the range of $35 to $40.

Gambier is quiet at nominally unchanged prices.

Nutgalls, Blue Aleppo, are jobbing fairly within the range of 15c. to 15c., with holders firm in their views.

Sumac is maintained at $43 to $45 for Sicily, with a fair movement reported. CHEMICALS.

Interest has been directed to the chemical market during the past fortnight by the recent continuous advances in citric acid. Three advances of 1c. each have been made by the manufacturers since our last report, and the price of the pharmaceutical salts of citric acid have increased correspondingly, though not in exact proportion. According to one of our esteemed contemporaries tartaric acid values are firmer, owing to the limited production of bergamot juice, but we hardly think that this statement will receive much credence from dealers better informed as to the source of the acid. The manufacturers of potassium, sodium and ammonium bromide, as well as the other salts of bromine, advanced quotations last week 2c. per pound, and the respective quotations for the salts named

are 46c. to 47c., 51c. to 52c. and 56c. to 57c. for quantity lots. Dilatoriness on the part of manufacturers in filling orders

has caused a temporary advance in the price of epsom salt in second hands, $1 to $1.25 being now quoted for 100 pound lots. Mercurial preparations continue very firm under the influence of the stronger position of quicksilver, and prices have a decided upward tendency. Prices for the entire line of mercurial preparations have been advanced, and the revised range will be found in our Original Package Prices. Values on potassium permanganate in this market are not on a parity with foreign markets, and an early advance is anticipated.

ESSENTIAL OILS.

Anise is jobbing fairly at the range of $1.55 to $1.571.

Bergamot, with the other Messina essences, is in firmer position though values are quotably unchanged.

Clove, bud, is slow of sale, though the price is maintained at 52c. to 60c.

Lemon, prime, in coppers, is held at 95c. to $1.05 as to brand, and a fair jobbing business is reported.

Orange, new crop, has arrived, and values have weakened slightly, with $1.55 to $1.70 generally quoted as to brand and quantity.

Peppermint is sustained with less firmness, and values are generally easier. Bulk has declined 5c., but H. G. H., which, at the date of our last, was selling at $1.15 to $1.17, has improved in position, and $1.17 to $1.20 is now asked.

Sassafras, artificial, has advanced to 35c. for 1.070 specific gravity, and is in good demand, though relatively higher than the natural oil. No. 2 artificial is easier, and sales are making at 23c.

Wormwood is firmer in tone, and the inside quotation has been advanced to $3, while some holders decline to shade $3.25.

GUMS.

Aloes continue in moderate demand, and the market appears well sustained at 54c. to 6c. for cake, and 21c. to 22c. for Socotrine.

Asafetida, in a jobbing way, is passing out to the trade at 15c. to 17c.

Camphor continues firm, and offerings are still made with a show of reserve, in view of strong advices from primary markets. Sales are reported at 38c. to 38c. for barrels and cases respectively, ounce cakes being held a trifle higher. Tragacanth is firmer, but quotations are nominally unchanged, recent sales being at our list prices.

ROOTS.

Prices on the various lines of druggists' roots remain unchanged, with the exception of ipecac, which has hardened in value, and is now quoted $2.50 to $2.65. Recent cable advices have influenced an upward tendency in Chirata, and powdered is now quoted 23c. to 24c. as to quantity.

SEEDS.

We have no changes to report in the general line of druggists' seeds. The market remains firm, and values are fairly well sustained throughout, with an advancing tendency reported in Russian hemp.

A Modern Drug Store Ad. Just drop into our store to-day And see the prices fall;

Our peerless bargains bring disease Within the reach of all.

Hints To Buyers.

McGreer & Hicks, 84 Market street, Chicago, have a very interesting folder for strictly up-to-date advertisers, which our readers should write to them for.

Young & Smylie, Brooklyn, have got a line of liquorice products, which are not only attractive to the public, but profitable to the retailer to handle. Write them for quotations, mentioning this journal.

The Norwich Pharmacal Co., Norwich, N. Y., will send you, free of charge, a twenty-five cent tube of their new antiseptic unguentine, an ideal antiseptic dressing, if you will mention this journal when writing them.

We invite the attention of our readers to the new advertisement of Crandall & Godley Co., New York, which appears in this number. This line of fruit juices has been on the market a number of years and has grown steadily in popular favor.

The Duroy & Haines Co., Sandusky, O., would like to furnish all our readers with a free sample of their pure wines for use in medicine and at the soda fountain. They have some interesting suggestions to make to soda dispensers, which will be forwarded to applicants mentioning this journal.

Samples and prices of Warrick Freres' Virgin Olive Oil will be forwarded upon application to the American depot, 252 Greenwich street, New York. This article is guaranteed to be absolutely pure, without inter-mixture of any kind, and is something that pharmacists are certain to appreciate.

Boehringer's pyrogallic acid is a pure product, perfectly white and very bulky. It is popular with, and meets fully the stringent requirements of photographers and others who utilize the product. Druggists dealing in photographers' supplies find "B. & S. Pyro" salable and profitable. See Boehringer's ad on page 20.

M. A. McAllister, 69 Cortland street, New York, is the successor to F. E. McAllister, and the manufacturer and proprietor of the original McAllister Mocking Bird Food. Druggists should be careful when purchasing this article to see that they get the genuine, and hereafter the genuine will always bear the signature of F. E. McAllister on the label. Write M. A. McAllister for full list of specialties in this line, mentioning the AMERICAN DRUGGIST.

The Manierre-Yoe Syrup Co., 30 River street, Chicago, would like to submit samples of rock candy syrup, fruit juices, crushed fruits and concentrated fruit syrups for the soda fountain trade. This firm have ample facilities for making this line of goods, and believe that they can furnish a fine article which can be purchased at as low a price, or lower, than similar goods can be obtained anywhere else. Write them for free samples and prices, mentioning this journal.

It has been found by many druggists that veterinary remedies of established merit can readily and profitably be sold by them. The well-known liniment known as "Absorbine," manufactured by W. F. Young, P. D. F., 34 Amherst street. Springfield, Mass., is a case in point. This is a most excellent remedy for shoe boils, wind puffs and other inflammations and soreness of the horse's legs, and has given great satisfaction wherever used. It represents a good profit to the dealer and is sold almost exclusively through the drug trade. It is something which the druggists can afford to stock and push.

From a Manufacturer's Standpoint.

B. T. Whitmore, M. D., LL.D., of the scientific department of Parke, Davis & Co., in an interview with an American Druggist reporter on the stamp tax said: "None of the goods of Parke, Davis & Co., under this ruling and Judge Brown's decision and the opinion of AttorneyGeneral Boyd, No. 519, December 22, 1898, are now taxable in any schedule of the war revenue act with the exception of euthymol tooth-paste, euthymol cream, and euthymol powder. Dr. Jokichi Takamine's Taka-Diastase was held as taxable before Judge Brown rendered his decision. That judicial determination of the law has freed this article from the tax inasmuch as it is an uncompounded medicinal remedy under patent protection. It has taken a great deal of time and close attention to put into proper use this war tax as applied to drugs. This arises from the circumstance that it was a new departure into an untried field for the department of the internal revenue. Its numerous agents were of necessity quite unfamiliar with the details of the drug business, and by reason of this unfamiliarity they fell quite naturally into error in some cases. In the first attempt to apply the law many articles were taxed inadvertently or through misapprehension of their nature. This result was reached by a combination of the zeal of the revenue agents with the patriotism of the retail druggists. Neither was familiar with the true intent of the law; it naturally came to pass that the agents laid taxes at random and the retailer was not sufficiently acquainted with the law at that time to prove to the agent that such a tax was not the intent of the law. These were questions which could be settled only by the higher officials of the department. When sufficient instances had accumulated for examination the Commissioner and his deputy gave the subject their attention with the result that they reached the present fair and just decision."

The Westchester Association.

The regular annual meeting of the Westchester County Pharmaceutical Association was held at Mt. Vernon, Wednesday, January 11th. The following officers were elected for the ensuing year: president, J. T. Lennon, Yonkers; first vice-president, E. J. Horton, Peekskill; second vice-president, W. I. Townsend, Sing Sing; treasurer, J. B. Sackett, Tarrytown; secretary, Percy W. Rice. Sing Sing. Executive Committee-Albert Van Houten, Yonkers, chairman; George Gill, Mt. Vernon; J. A. Hart. Sing Sing.

made public, which was found to be so at variance in its construction of the law as it applies to proprietary remedies, that the Commissioner has found it necessary to issue a completely revised circular of instructions to internal revenue officers. This circular we print elsewhere for the guidance of our readers. It will be observed that nearly all of the contentions of the manufacturing pharmacists as to their right to the use of descriptive labels, couched in technical language, has been conceded by the Commissioner. A comparison of the revised circular as we print it and the original circular of instructions shows that Commissioner Scott made a number of blunders in the original circular, which have cost the drug trade thousands of dollars, and which might easily have been avoided had he taken the proper steps to obtain a final opinion from the AttorneyGeneral upon all the mooted points as soon as the law went into effect, instead of waiting for nearly half a year, and in the meantime subjecting the drug trade to a great deal of annoyance and loss by making them conform to regulations which were based upon what the Attorney-General's opinion proves to have been, and what he was assured by the drug trade at the time was an erroneous interpretation of the law.

generous enough to stand 30 per cent and compel the druggist to bear the remaining 70 per cent. In consequence of this unjust stand, the druggists are justly wrought up, and there are many threats to take the instruments out. On the new rates it becomes a picayune business; for ten calls a day is a large number, and the amount of work necessary to earn 10 or 15 cents is out of proportion to the compensation.

At best the telephone service is a positive expense to the druggist, for he has to pay the company 10 cents per call when transacting his own business; this in itself would not be a great item, but the public expects to use the drug store telephone in calling physicians, and for this service it is not possible to charge without displeasing both the public and the physician. Then, to still further excite the ire of the druggist, the prescription often goes to a fellow pill-roller. A case of this kind came to light a few days ago; a drug store telephone was used fifteen times for calls and conversation with a physician, and the prescriptions went to a neighboring pharmacy. A bill of $1.50 was rendered, but beyond exciting the layman and making an enemy, nothing was accomplished. Altogether, the telephone business in drug stores is attended with many disadvantages, and especially since this unjust reduction of

ness.

It is a case of benefiting the public, the telephone company, and "soaking" the druggist. The latter characterization is admitted by the manager of the telephone concern. Many of these substations are located in drug stores and receive considerable patronage from the public. But even at the old rates it is not a source of great profit to the druggist, when one takes into account the amount of space occupied by these booths and the amount of time required to make calls for stupid patrons, and to keep the finances well in hand.

Hitherto the charge to the public for this service has been 15 cents, but now, in response to pressure from the public, the charge has been reduced to 10 cents. The commission formerly allowed to sub-stations was 33 1-3 per cent, but since the reduction in price the telephone company is endeavoring to decrease the amount allowed druggists to 15 per cent. Of the 33 1-3 per cent reduction allowed the public, the telephone company is

ORGANIZATION IN NEW

THE

YORK CITY.

HE lack of union among the retail druggists of New York City has been a matter of reproach to them for a number of years past. While the druggists of all the larger cities of the country have active working organizations for the protection of their interests, the city of New York has stood alone as an example of general disorganization, in so far as matters affecting the commercial side of pharmacy were concerned. It is true that the College of Pharmacy of the City of New York numbers among its members many of the more prosperous of the retail druggists of the city, but the college rarely interferes in commercial disputes or to oppose the passage of objectionable measures in the Legislature, where they relate to the business side. The German Apothecaries' Society is an active organization, which has been able to secure many advantages for its members and to champion their interests whenever assailed by the politician, or the sensational newspaper; but, as has been admitted by one of its officers, the German Apothecaries' Society is handicapped by the fact that its membership is limited to one nationality, and its proceedings are conducted in the German language.

The need for a central organization, which should embrace in its membership a majority of the retail pharmacists of the old city of New York, was never more apparent than at the time when the reporter of a sensational newspaper started in to provide "copy" for his editor and maintenance for himself by prosecuting druggists for the sale of poisons. The powerful aid of the District Attorney's office was ranged on the side of the newspaper; and the druggists who were charged with having violated the law by selling certain poisonous drugs were helpless to protect themselves, as they stood alone, and had not the support of public sentiment. Although the druggists were acting strictly within the law, as they understood it, ia selling the poisons listed in Schedule B of the pharmacy provisions of the consolidation act applying to the County of New York, under which the Board of Pharmacy itself was constituted, the court would listen to no argument bearing on the rights of druggists in this respect, and the law might have been a dead letter for all that the city magistrates were concerned.

With a strong organization, well officered, and in healthy condition financially, the progress of such a crusade would have been arrested very quickly. As it was, each druggist had to defend himself at his individual expense, and suffer besides the ignominy of being haled to court like a common criminal. This was one phase of newspaper work as discreditable to its instigators as it was annoying to its victims, which should have received the attention of some responsible individual who could speak for the druggists of the whole city, and be prepared to furnish legal aid to the victims if necessary. But there was no organization in existence at the time to which an appeal for aid could be made, and the trade suffered as much through the lying and defamatory statements of the reporters as through the prosecutions instituted.

All concerned will be gratified to learn that a union has at last been happily effected in the organization of "The Manhattan Pharmaceutical Association," whose membership is made up of the registered pharmacists of the boroughs of Manhattan and the Bronx. The names of the incorporators of this association, which will be found in the complete account of the proceedings given in our news columns, will be sufficient guarantee of the character of the organization.

Membership in the Manhattan Pharmaceutical Association is open to both employing druggists and drug clerks, and any pharmacist in the two boroughs who desires to join the association is urged to send his name and address at once to the secretary, Thomas J. Keenan, 66 West Broadway, New York.

EXCHANGING GOODS.

то

BY GEO. L. KELLEY,
Everett, Mass.

O be generous and lenient is a grand, good thing, so good, indeed, that perhaps many will question my good purpose in advising anything to the contrary. But, although in many instances advice of this nature might be condemned, yet, when to be guided by these good principles is a source of danger to the pharmacist's patrons and a menace to the stability of his reputation, he is justified in being only in a limited way either generous or lenient. By this I do not mean that every generous act of the pharmacist will result in harm either to himself or his patron. My remarks apply only to that generosity and leniency sometimes shown customers in changing articles either for their accomodation or for the rectification of mistakes which they have made.

As an example of what I mean I will cite a case which every pharmacist will recognize as one of daily occurrence. A child purchases, let us say, ten cents worth of syrup of tolu, to be dispensed in a bottle which she has brought for the purpose. The child takes the package

and goes home, everything being apparently satisfactory. But it is not long before she returns, and states that she has made a mistake, or, perhaps, accuses you of having given her the wrong article. She then requests you to change it, which, of course, you are expected to do. But before doing so your own interests behooves you to consider the possible consequences.

This bottle comes to you in a condition of cleanliness of which you can know but little if anything definite. The bottle may have contained some poisonous substance or may have been in contact with a person ill with some contagious disease. Again, it might contain traces of some chemical substance which might cause you trouble in a prescription should it happen that the returned article came in contact with another preparation incompatible with it. Anyone of these, if known to you, would be sufficient to prevent your returning the material to the stock container. If this is so, and if you cannot tell positively the condition of the bottle, then you are justified in telling your little customer that you cannot change the syrup, or, if the child is too small, in writing a note explaining briefly

your reasons for being unable to exchange it. If the amount or value is small you may find it expedient to throw it away, and give in its place the desired article.

In the example given above I have mentioned only liquids, but the same principles are applicable to powders. With powders, however, it is usually possible to tell whether the package has been tampered with or not. In any case if the package is not returned within a reasonable time to change it would be inadvisable.

same

Rubber goods must be exchanged with almost the care accorded other lines. They are used for such purposes that they are much exposed to infectious diseases. Even with nipples little freedom should be allowed the customer.

Many people, not content to try a nipple by holding it to the light, wish to do so by putting it in their mouth. This practice is most reprehensible and should be resolutely put down. The same may be said of the practice of returning syringes or atomizers after using them, unless, of course, they are defective. Even in a case like this an effort should be made to repair the article and return it to the customer rather than supply another in place of it and return the repaired article to stock.

to

These points about exchanging goods are too little observed by the average pharmacist. Part of this negligencefor negligence it is-is due to a desire to please, and part is due to a desire to avoid the trouble of explaining a refusal exchange an article. These reasons will appear to many to have merit, but do you think that a lady could stand by and see a man ask to see some nipples, try all of the nipples shown him in his mouth which but a moment before had held a. strong-smelling pipe, and then step up to make her choice? If she could she would be the most unnatural of mothers. Her first impulse would be to flee from a store where such repulsive tests of goods were permitted.

Care in a matter of this kind requires but little effort. The greatest effort is to introduce the rule, but that once done your customers will respect you for it.

Of Exceeding Importance.

The AMERICAN DRUGGIST AND PHARMACEUTICAL RECORD, "America's Leading Drug Journal," should be in the hands of every progressive druggist. Each semi-monthly issue is distinctive in itself, and is a thoroughly revised edition of reference. A large amount of useful information concerning various drugs and preparations is given in each number, any one of which may be of exceeding importance to a subscriber.-Good Reading.

TOILET AND MEDICINAL SOAPS.

Processes and Formulas.

We frequently receive requests from our readers for formulas for some particular kind of toilet or medicinal soap. but the manufacture of these soaps embraces so much which is outside of the ordinary routine work of pharmacy that it is impracticable to give any mere formula which would be of any value without some general explanation of the subject. The following is based principally upon the chapter on soaps contained in the latest edition of Buchheister's "Vorschriftenbuch fur Drogisten" and furnishes the information necessary to make the formulas comprehensible.

The greatest variety of methods are employed in the preparation of toilet and medicinal soaps, and the "blank" soap used as a basis for their preparation also varies very widely in its composition. The cheaper kinds of toilet soaps are made from the lowest grades of "filled" soaps, a term applied to soaps containing a large admixture of foreign inert substances, such as talcum, clay, etc., but the better qualities of the toilet soap are, as a rule, made out of mixtures of pure olive oil and tallow. Where the manufacture of toilet and medicinal soaps is to be undertaken on a limited scale it is advisable to purchase the soap base from a large manufacturer. This is the method generally followed in England, and to a

considerable extent in America and in Germany. The conversion of such soap into a cosmetic or toilet soap may be carried out in either one of two ways; namely, the entire operation may be conducted in the cold, the plain soap being cut into shavings, and the necessary coloring matter and perfume being added in the mixing machine. As above intimated, this method is to be preferred where the perfume used is at all delicate. In the second process the soap base is cut into shavings and is melted in a water or steam bath, and the required perfumery and coloring matter added, and the melted soap then poured into moulds and allowed to cool. If very hard waterfree soap is purchased to begin on, 10 to 15 per cent of water may be added in the water bath.

The following requirements may be laid down for a soap suitable for medicinal or toilet use:

(1) The soap must be completely neutral, since "filled" soaps or those containing lye irritate the skin.

(2) The amount of moisture present in soaps intended for cosmetic purposes must not be too small, for thoroughly dried soap is too insoluble and makes too little lather to be quite satisfactory. On the other hand, an excess of water also detracts from the value of the soap.

(3) Lathering is prevented by the presence of uncombined fat. Such soap also becomes rancid on standing. Nevertheless, it should be borne in mind that the superfatted soaps have marked cosmetic value in some instances, though not particularly suitable for cleansing purposes. The occurrence of rancidity and stickiness in the superfatted soaps may be prevented by using lanolin instead of fat for the final 8 to 10 per cent of fat which is added after the saponification is complete.

(4) The soap should present a fine, uniform and permanent color, and if it