Annual Expenditure of five Groups of Church Schools. 121

122 Analysis of Schools in Church School Inquiry.

cated data, and that of the rest could be altered only in their proportions to each other. Moreover, it must be remarked, that the data of the Table correspond with the facts collected by the National Society, in the number of the Schools and of the scholars, the annual amount of the salaries of the teachers, and the total annual expenditure.

If these results be accepted as affording a fair general view of the distribution of the annual expenditure of the Church of England Schools in 1847, there were

To these facts it must be added that the National Society reports in 1847, "the number of parishes and ecclesiastical districts which possess no Church School whatever is 1172, having a population in the aggregate of 776,663, while 2144 possess a Sunday School only, or a Dame's School only, or both, having a population in the aggregate of 1,566,367. A proportion of these, however, have no doubt too small a population to require a National School building." 2

On the 31st December 1851 the Committee of Council on Education had awarded certificates of merit, with augmentations of salary, to 1173 teachers. The average amount of these augmentations in 1851 was 177. 19s. 2d. for each master, and 117. 19s. 41d. for each mistress; and the total average salaries amounted to 831. 8s. 54d. each for 689 schoolmasters, and to 53l. 98. 34d. each for 259 schoolmistresses. The average salary of each teacher was therefore 75l. 4s. 9d. In 2745 schools included in the first group of the Table the average salary is 697. 6s., without the augmentation.

1 In support of the probability of teachers of common, private, and Dames' schools being constrained to subsist on such low incomes as are supposed in this estimate, I refer to the Table No. 1. Appendix D.

2 Church School Inquiry.

Certificated and Uncertificated Teachers. 123

This is a very probable result, seeing that this group includes schools supported by endowments, subscriptions, and payments of scholars.

The second group in the Table contains 2,389 schools in a state enabling them to fulfil that condition of the augmentation grants which requires "that the trustees and managers of the school provide the master with a house rent free, and a further salary equal at least to twice the amount of this grant." The average salaries in this group being 431. 6s. 3d., according to a rule which will be found in a note to the next page, this average would give a salary of 52l. 7s. 6d. to each master, and 347. 18s. 4d. to each mistress, if they were in equal numbers. The lowest salary required by the Committee of Council to be paid by managers, as a condition of their grants of augmentation, is 267. for mistresses, and 401. for masters, where the master or mistress has not a house or suitable lodgings rent free.

Of the 1173 certificated teachers who had received augmentation grants in 1851, two-thirds were probably in Church of England Schools, and this number, 782, might have been in any of the 5134 schools contained in the first two groups, or in about 8001 other Church of England Schools, built, enlarged, or furnished with aid from the Committee of Council in the four years succeeding 1847, and which would belong to the same classes.

From these data it results, that there probably were, on the 31st December 1851, 5934, or nearly 6000, schools connected with the Church of England, in which the conditions of grants in augmentation of the salaries of certificated teachers could be fulfilled; and as 782 (twothirds of 1172) such certificates had been issued to

1 In the previous calculation from which the number 2,745 resulted, 240 schools were deducted for each of four years from 1847 to 1851. About one-seventh of these do not belong to the Church. We, therefore, here restore 200 annually for these four years.

In Table V. p. 137, Vol. I. Minutes, 1851-2, the whole number of certificated teachers to whom augmentations were paid in 1851 was 948,

124 Schools below Level of Augmentation Grants.

Church of England teachers on the 31st December 1851, there remained 5152 such schools in which the conditions of the augmentation of the teacher's salary could be so fulfilled by the managers1, but in which the teacher had either not attempted, or had failed, to fulfil them, by obtaining a certificate of merit. This fact affords abundant proof of the need which exists of a new class of teachers.

In the third group of 869 schools, an average salary of 291. 12s. 9d. was given to each teacher; and by the rule in the note below2, the masters (if in equal numbers with the mistresses) would have salaries of 35l. 11s. 4d., and the mistresses only 231. 14s. 3d. Both these sums are below the minimum salary required by the Committee of Council to be provided by the managers of schools, as a condition of their grants in augmentation. It has already been said that this minimum salary for masters is 40l., for the lowest division of the lowest class of certificates, and 267. for the lowest division of certificated mistresses, when a house or lodging rent free is not provided.3

There are, therefore (see Table, p. 121.), 11,881 schools in connection with the Church of England, the income of which is below the level which would entitle them to participate in the grants of the Committee of Council, in aug

of which number 639, or two-thirds, belonged to the Church of England. This fact is the basis of the above estimate.

1 The endowments are more than exhausted by the miscellaneous expenditure.

2 In Table V. Vol. I. Minutes, 1851-2, the average salary of the masters is (797. 11s. 73d.—177. 15s. 6d. the average augmentation) 617. 16s. 14d., and that of the mistresses is (537. 118. 114d. 12. 1s. 31d. the augmentation) 417. 10s. 84d., and the mean of the two is 517. 13s., so that they bear to the mean the respective proportions of six-fifths and four-fifths. According to this rule the average salary of the 4th group or 297. 12s. 10d. would give the masters 357. 11s. 43d., and for mistresses 237. 14s. 3d., or if this average salary be raised to 317. 4s. 2d. then the masters would obtain 377. 98. and the mistresses 247. 19s. 4d.

3 See Table of the Rates and Conditions of the Augmentation Grants, No. II. in Appendix D. The annual value of the house when provided has been before shown to be included in the estimated amount of the salary in the National Society's Inquiry.

Low Salaries of Teachers in Church Schools. 125

mentation of the salaries of teachers, even if their teachers were able to obtain certificates.

The tendency of the measures of the Committee of Council may be estimated from the facts which Mr. Moseley reports as to the rate of stipends paid to the masters who have been educated in the following Training Schools (H stands for house in addition to salary):

These stipends are paid, in addition to any augmentations of salary which these teachers receive, in consequence of the certificates which they hold.

We may now consider the rate of progress which may be expected from the influence of the Training Schools, in educating from the Queen's Scholars a superior class of teachers.

It is impossible to glance at the fact that, in Church of England Schools in 1847 the salaries of 8,691 teachers averaged only 297. 12s. 10d. (or were, for masters 35l. 118. 4d., and for mistresses 23l. 14s. 3d.), while 3,190 Dames starved on a pittance of 217. 16s., without feeling that the unavoidable tendency of the education of a large class of highly instructed teachers must be, first, greatly to augment the contributions of the wealthy to provide a salary suitable for efficient masters; and, next, to diffuse among the poor a reasonable confidence in the value of education, which will induce them to purchase it, at the expense both of their children's earnings and of the school pence. The fact that 11,881 teachers of Church Schools are now employed at wages below those of an agricultural labourer in Kent or Lancashire, is a sign of the condition of public opinion in such parishes, as to what is needed for the education of the humbler